Longman Academic Writing Series 5: Chapter 4 – Flashcards
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liberty
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the freedom to live as you wish and go where you want
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oppress
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to govern people in an unfair and cruel way and prevent them from having opportunities and freedom
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poverty
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the condition of being poor
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latter
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the second of two people, things, or groups previously mentioned
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starve
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to become weak or die because there is not enough food to eat
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indifferent
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lacking in interest or feeling
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ineffective
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not producing the effects or results that are wanted
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survive
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to continue to live or exist, especially after coming close to dying or being destroyed or after being in a difficult or threatening situation
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majority
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the larger number or part of something
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extent
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the degree to which something happens or is likely to happen
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exist
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to be, or to be real
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census
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a count for official purposes, especially one to count the number of people living in a country and to collect information about them
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crammed
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very full of people or things
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mud
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earth that has become wet and sticky
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filthy
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extremely or unpleasantly dirty
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ditch
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a long, narrow open hole that is dug into the ground, usually at the side of a road or field, used especially for supplying or removing water or for dividing land
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tunnel
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a long passage under or through the ground, especially one made by people
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dig
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1.to break up and move soil using a tool, a machine, or your hands 2. to form a hole by moving soil
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misery
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great unhappiness
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trace
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to find the origin of something
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absentee
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someone who lives a long way away from the property he or she rents to others
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state
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to say or write something, especially clearly and carefully
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property
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the things you own that you can take with you, such as money, vehicles, or furniture
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merely
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used to emphasize that you mean exactly what you are saying and nothing more
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extract
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to remove or take out something
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lease
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to make a legal agreement by which money is paid in order to use land, a building, a vehicle, or a piece of equipment for an agreed period of time
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collect
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to take money such as taxes, rents, etc.
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tenant
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a person who pays rent for the use of land or a building
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put up something
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to build a structure in an empty space
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cabin
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a small, simple house
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exchange
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to change something for something else of a similar value or type
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arrangement
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a plan or preparation for something, esp. for something to happen in a particular way
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entire
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whole or complete, with nothing lacking, or continuous, without interruption
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exclusive
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limited to only one person or group of people
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soil
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the material on the surface of the ground in which plants grow; earth
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cattle
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large farm animals kept for their milk or meat; cows and bulls
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crop
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a plant such as a grain, vegetable, or fruit grown in large amounts on a farm, or the total amount gathered of such a plant
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rot
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to decay, or to cause something to decay or weaken
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harvest
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the activity or time of gathering a crop, or a crop that is gathered
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teetered
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stood or moved in an unsteady way as if going to fall
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brink
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the edge of a cliff or other high area, or the point at which something good or bad will happen
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spark
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a very small bit of something burning that flies out from a fire, or a flash of light seen when an electric current crosses an open space
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fungus
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a fast-growing mold
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mold
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a soft green, gray, or black growth that develops on old food or on objects that have been left too long in warm, slightly wet places
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leaseholder
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a person, company, etc. that pays the owner of a building, piece of land, etc. for the right to live in or use it
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dig up
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to take something out of the ground by digging
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turn (sb/sth) into (sb/sth)
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to change and become someone or something different, or to make someone or something do this
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gooey
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soft and sticky
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mess
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1. a situation that is full of problems 2. to do something badly or spoil something
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famine
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a situation in which there is not enough food for a great number of people, causing illness and death, or a particular period when this happens
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virtually
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almost
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pawn
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leave something with another in exchange for borrowing money
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initiate
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to cause something to begin
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hire
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to employ someone or pay them to do a particular job
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canal
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a long, thin stretch of water that is artificially made either for boats to travel along or for taking water from one area to another
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shovel (verb)
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to move with a shovel
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shovel (noun)
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a tool consisting of a wide, square metal or plastic blade, usually with slightly raised sides, fixed to a handle, for moving loose material such as sand, coal, or snow
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dirt
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dust, soil, or any substance that makes a surface not clean
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wage
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a fixed amount of money that is paid, usually every week, to an employee, especially one who does work that needs physical skills or strength, rather than a job needing a college education
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worsen
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to become worse or to make something become worse
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disease
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(an) illness of people, animals, plants, etc., caused by infection or a failure of health rather than by an accident
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strike
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to cause a person or place to suffer severely from the effects of something very unpleasant that happens suddenly
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inspector
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someone whose job is to officially inspect something
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wonder
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to ask yourself questions or express a wish to know about something
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wretched
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1. unhappy, unpleasant, or of low quality 2. very ill or very unhappy
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being
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a person or thing that exists
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rag
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a torn piece of old cloth
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seed
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a small, round, or oval object produced by a plant and from which, when it is planted, a new plant can grow
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come in
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be received
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blight
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a disease that damages and kills plants
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desperate
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very serious or bad
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labor
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practical work, especially that which involves physical effort
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filth
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thick, unpleasant dirt
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typhoid fever
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an infectious disease spread by dirty water and food, causing a high body temperature, red spots on the upper body, severe pains in the bowels, and sometimes death
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cholera
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a serious infection of the bowels caused by drinking infected water or eating infected food, causing diarrhea, vomiting, and often death
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dysentery
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a disease of the bowels that causes the contents to be passed out of the body much more often and in a more liquid form than usual. It is caused by an infection that is spread by dirty water or food.
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break out
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1. something suddenly starts 2. to suddenly have spots or sweat appear on your skin
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estimate
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a guess of what the size, value, amount, cost, etc. of something might be
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flee
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to escape by running away, especially because of danger or fear
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coffin
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a long box in which the body of a dead person is buried or burned
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show up
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to arrive somewhere in order to join a group of people, especially late or unexpectedly
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glimmer of hope
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a small sign of hope
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realize
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to understand a situation, sometimes suddenly
