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Motivation

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a need or desire that energizes and directs behaviour

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Instinct

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a complex behaviour that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned

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Drive-reduction theory

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the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

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Homeostasis

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a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

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Incentive

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a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behaviour

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Hierarchy of needs

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Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety need and then psychological needs become active

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Glucose

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the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger

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Set point

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the point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight

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Basal metabolic rate

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the body's resting rate of energy expenditure

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emotion

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a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience

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James-Lange theory

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the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli

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Cannon-Bard theory

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the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion

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two-factor theory

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Schachter's theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal

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Motivation is best understood as a state that

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energizes and directs behavior

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Which of the following is a difference between a drive and a need?

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needs are physiological states; drives are psychological states

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One problem with the idea of motivation as drive reduction is that

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because some motivated behaviors do not seem to be based on physiological needs, they cannot be explained in terms of drive reduction

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Increases in insulin will

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lower blood sugar and trigger hunger

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One shortcoming of the instinct theory of motivation is that it

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does not explain human behaviors; it simply names them

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The text suggests that a neophobia for unfamiliar tastes

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protected our ancestors from potentially toxic substances

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The brain area known as the arcuate nucleus is notable in the study of motivation because it

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secretes hormones that affect appetite

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Instinct theory and drive-reduction theory both emphasize___factors in motivation

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biological

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Few human behaviors are rigidly patterned enough to qualify as

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instincts

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In their study of men on a semi starvation diet, researchers found that

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the men became obsessed with food

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Research on genetic influences on obesity reveals that

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the body weight of adoptees correlates with that of their biological parents

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Research on obesity indicates that

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when weight drops below the set point, hunger increases

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Which of the following influences on hunger motivation does NOT belong with the others?

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memory of time elapsed since your last meal

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Homeostasis refers to

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the tendency to maintain a steady internal state

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The tendency to overeat when food is plentiful

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is a recent phenomenon that is associated with the luxury of having ample food

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Unit bias refers to the research finding that people tend to

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eat more when a portion of food is supersized

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According to Maslow's theory

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the most basic motives are based on physiological needs; needs are satisfied in a specified order; the highest motives relate to self-transcendence

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Which of the followings INCONSISTENT with the drive-reduction theory of motivation?

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monkeys will work puzzles even if not given a food reward

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Which of the following is NOT necessarily a reason that obese people have trouble losing weight?

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obese people tend to lack willpower

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Beginning with the most basic meeds, which of the following represents the correct sequence of needs in the hierarchy described by Maslow?

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physiological; belongingness and love; esteem; self-fulfillment

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Which division of the nervous system is especially involved in bringing about emotional arousal?

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sympathetic nervous system

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Concerning emotions and their accompanying bodily responses, which of the following appears to be true

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many emotions involve similar body responses but have a different underlying brain circuit

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The Connon-Bard theory of emotion states that

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the conscious experience of an emotion occurs at the same time as the body's physical reaction

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Which of the following was NOT raised as a criticism of the James-Lange theory of emotion?

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people with spinal cord injuries at the neck typically experience less emotion

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(Thinking Critically) Current estimates are that an innocent person taking a polygraph test would have been declared guilty approximately___ of the time

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one-third

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In the Schachter-Singer experiment, which college men reported feeling an emotional change in the presence of the experimenter's highly emotional confederate?

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those receiving epinephrine but not expecting to feel physical arousal

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Emotions consist of which of the following components?

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physiological reactions, behavioral expressions, and conscious feelings

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(Thinking Critically) Law enforcement officials sometimes use a lie detector to assess a suspect's responses to details of the crime believed to be known only to the perpetrator. This is known as the

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guilty knowledge test

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In laboratory experiments, fear and joy

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increase heart rate and stimulate different facial muscles

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Research with subliminally flashed stimuli supports Robert Zajonc's view that

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cognition is not necessary for emotion

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Which of the following most accurately describes emotional arousal?

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emotions prepare the body to fight or flee

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Schachter's and Singer's two-factor theory emphasizes that emotion involves both

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physical arousal and a cognitive label

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Which theory of emotion emphasizes the simultaneous experience of the body's response and emotional feeling?

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Cannon-Bard theory

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(Thinking Critically) The polygraph measures

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physiological indexes of arousal

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People who are exuberant and persistently cheerful show increased activity in the brain's

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left frontal lobe

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Which theory of emotion implies that every emotion is associated with a unique physiological reaction?

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James-Lange theory

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Which of the following was NOT presented in the text as evidence that some emotional reactions involve no deliberate, rational thinking?

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arousal of the sympathetic nervous system will trigger an emotional reaction even when artificially induced by an injection of epinephrine

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In an emergency situation, emotional arousal will result in

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increased rate of respiration; increased blood sugar; a slowing of digestion

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Several studies have shown that physical arousal can intensify just about any emotion. For example, when people who have been physically aroused by exercise are insulted, they often misattribute their arousal to the insult. This finding illustrates the importance of

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cognitive labels of arousal in the conscious experience of emotions

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(Thinking Critically) Many psychologist are opposed to the use of lie detectors because

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polygraphs cannot distinguish the various possible causes of arousal

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Research on nonverbal communication has revealed that

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facial expressions tend to be the same the world over, while gestures vary from culture to culture

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With regard to emotions, Darwin believed that

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the expression of emotions helped our ancestors to survive; all humans express basic emotions using similar facial expressions; human facial expressions of emotion retain elements of animals' emotional displays

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Which of the following is true regarding gestures and facial expressions?

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facial expressions are universal; gestures, culture-specific

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After spending years in the ocean, a mature salmon swims up its home river to return to its birthplace. This behavior is an example of

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an instinct

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Some students work hard in school to attain high grades. This best illustrates the importance of

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incentives

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Which of the following is a hunger-arousing hormone secreted by the hypothalamus?

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orexin

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In a classic experiment, obese patients whose daily caloric intake was dramatically reduced lost only 6 percent of their weight. This limited weight loss was due, at least in part, to the fact that their dietary restriction led to a

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decrease in their metabolic rate

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One gene scan of 40,000 people worldwide identified a variant of a gene called FTO. This gene nearly doubles the risk of

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obesity

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By motivating us to satisfy our physical needs, hunger and thirst serve to

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maintain homeostasis

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Need is to ________ as drive is to ________

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food deprivation; hunger

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Feelings of hunger accompany ________ levels of blood glucose and ________ levels of ghrelin

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low; high

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Our weight thermostats are somewhat flexible and are influence by environmental as well as biological factors. Some researchers have therefore adopted the term

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settling point

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According to health psychologists, which of the following would be the BEST advice to offer someone who wants to lose excess weight?

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"Permanent weight loss requires a lifelong change in eating and exercise habits."

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Evidence that emotion precedes physiological arousal would be most inconsistent with the ________. Evidence that emotion precedes mentally labeling our physiological arousal would be most inconsistent with the ________

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James-Lange theory; two-factor theory

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When Mr. Morgan misinterpreted his harmless symptoms of autonomic nervous system arousal as indicative of an impending heart attack, he suffered an unusually intense level of fear. His emotional suffering is best understood in terms of the

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two-factor theory

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Activation of the sympathetic nervous system

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decreases salivation and increases blood pressure

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A lie detector test is used to monitor a person's

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respiration

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Some emotional responses to visual stimuli appear to involve no deliberate thinking. These emotional responses are said to follow a "low-road" pathway that bypasses the

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optic nerve

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The instantaneous and automatic fear response we experience when unexpectedly stumbling upon a snake illustrates the importance of the

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amygdala

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Which theory suggests that you would not experience intense anger unless you were first aware of your racing heart or other symptoms of physiological arousal?

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the James-Lange theory

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A therapist tells a patient who is afraid of elevators that his rapid breathing while on an elevator is not due to fear but is a natural consequence of too little oxygen in a small, enclosed space. With this new interpretation of his arousal, the patient no longer dreads elevators. The reduction in the patient's fear is best understood in terms of the

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two-factor theory

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Antonio's car stalls in the middle of a railroad crossing just as a train is rapidly approaching. His emotional arousal is likely to be accompanied by

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dilation of his pupils

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Exuberant infants and alert, energetic adults are especially likely to show high levels of brain activity in the

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left frontal lobe

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An approach to lie detection that assesses a suspect's physiological response to details of a crime known only to police investigators is called the

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guilty knowledge test

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The arousal that lingers after an intense argument may intensify sexual passion. This best illustrates

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the spillover effect

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Chiana and her husband both want to feel and express greater warmth and affection for each other. They would be advised to spend time looking intently at one another's

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eyes

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We find it especially difficult to detect from other people's facial expressions whether they are

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lying

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If a gender-neutral face is made to look angry, most people perceive it as ________. If asked to imagine an angry face, most identify it as ________

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male; male

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In which country are people most likely to convey visible facial expressions of their inner feelings?

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Australia

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If you mimic another person's facial expressions of emotion, you probably will feel increasing empathy for that person. This is best explained in terms of

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the James-Lange theory

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Feigned smiles are initiated ________ abruptly and last for a ________ time than genuine smiles

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more; longer

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The most universally understood way of expressing emotion is through

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facial expressions

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Women show ________ facial expression of emotion than men while viewing frightening films, and they show ________ facial expression of emotion than men while viewing happy films

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more; more

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The facial expressions associated with particular emotions are

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the same throughout the world

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If people wrinkle their noses in disgust when presented with a strange-looking food, they are likely to experience an increasingly intense emotional aversion to the food. This best illustrates the

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facial feedback effect

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Psychologists have used four perspectives in their efforts to explain motivation. These include an emphasis on instincts, optimum arousal, a hierarchy of motives, and

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drive reduction

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The arousal theory of motivation states that we are motivated to seek

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an optimum level of arousal

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Which is the correct order of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, beginning with the most basic need that must be met first?

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physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness and love needs, esteem needs, self-actualization

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The tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear or happiness is called

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the facial feedback effect

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The physiological changes during emotion are caused by the activity of the _____ nervous system.

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sympathetic

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An individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting is his or her

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personality

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Humanistic psychologists emphasize ____ in understanding personality

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self-concept

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According to Freud, __________ are the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

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defense mechanisms

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The ______ is the most widely used personality test

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MMPI

Module 32: Basic Motivational Concepts and Hunger – Flashcards

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