APUSH unit 4 terms (pt 3) – Flashcards
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100 days
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Period from March to June 1933 when Congress passed major legislation submitted by Roosevelt to deal with the Depression.
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Bonus Army
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Unemployed World War 1 veterans who came to Washington in the spring of 1932 to demand the immediate payment of the bonus congress had voted them in 1922. The veterans were forcibly removed from Anacostia Flats by federal troops under the command of Douglas MacArthur.
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Court packing proposal
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In the wake of Supreme Court decisions that declared key pieces of New Deal legislation unconstitutional, Roosevelt proposed increasing the number of justices. If a justice did not retire at age seventy, the President could appoint an additional justice up to a maximum of six.
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Deficit spending
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The English economist John Maynard Keynes proposed that governments cut taxes and increase spending in order to stimulate investment and consumption. The effect was to increase the deficit because more money was spent than was taken in.
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Deflation
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A reduction in available currency and credit that results in a decrease in the general price level.
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Hoovervilles
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Shanty towns that the unemployed built in the cities during the early years of the Depression; the name given to them shows that the people blamed Hoover directly for the Depression.
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Lost Generation
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Term coined by Gertrude Stein to describe American expatriate writers of the 1920s; include T. S. Eliot, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, and Stein herself.
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Recession
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A moderate and temporary decline in the economy.
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Roaring Twenties
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Popular image of the decade as a period of prosperity, optimism, and changing morals; symbolized best by the "flapper."
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Sick Chicken Case
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In Schechter Poultry v. U. S., the Supreme court struck down the National Industrial Recovery Act as unconstitutional. The decision encouraged Roosevelt to consider ways to change the makeup of the court.
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Subsidy
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Monetary assistance by a government to a person, group, or commercial enterprise.
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Welfare state
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A social system whereby the state assumes primary responsibility for the economic and social well-being of its citizens.
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"Return to Normalcy"
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Campaign theme of Warren Harding during the election of 1920; it reflected the conservative mood of the country after the constant appeals to idealism that characterized both the Progressive Era and Wilson's fight over the League of Nations.
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"Share the Wealth"
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Program of Huey Long that proposed the redistribution of income of the rich to give every American a guaranteed annual income of $2,000 to $3,000, old-age pensions, money for a college education, and veterans benefits.
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blitzkrieg
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German term meaning "lightning war"; term applied to the rapid German military advance into Poland, Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Netherlands, and France in 1939 and 1940.
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Bracero Program
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Wartime agreement between the United States and Mexico to import farm workers to meet a perceived manpower shortage; the agreement was in effect from 1941 to 1947.
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Cash and carry
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Key provisions of the Neutrality act of 1939 that allowed the United States to sell arms and other contraband as long as nations paid cash and shipped the goods on their own vessels.
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Europe First
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Military strategy adopted by the United States that required concentrating on the defeat of Germany while maintaining a holding action against Japan in the Pacific.
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Final Solution
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Plan for the extermination of the Jewish population in Nazi-occupied Europe; a total of six million Jews were killed in death camps such as those established at Auschwitz, Belzec, Majdanek, Sobibor, and Treblinka.
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Internment
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Detaining enemy aliens during wartime; term specifically applied to Japanese aliens and Japanese-Americans living on the West Coast (and elsewhere in the U. S.) Who were sent to relocation centers (Manzanar, Topaz, etc.) In 1942 allegedly because of possible disloyalty.
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Kamikaze
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Literally "divine wind," Japanese term for fighter pilots who crashed their planes into American warships during the latter stages of World War 2.
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Merchants of death
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Term used by Senator Gerald P. Nye to describe the munitions-makers whom he blamed for forcing the United States into World War 1. Nye headed a committee that investigated the industry from 1934 to 1936.
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Rosie the Riveter
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Term that cam to symbolize all women who worked in defense plants and other industries during World War 2.
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Second front
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British and American invasion of France to relieve pressure on the Soviet Union in the east; Stalin had insisted on opening the second front from June 1941, but the invasion of Normandy (Operation Overlord) did not take place until June 1944.
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Sphere of influence
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An area in which a nation seeks to be dominant by securing preferential treatment of a political, economic, and/or social nature.
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Victory gardens
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Plots of land set aside by Americans during World Ward 1 and 2 for the cultivation of vegetables so as to limit the purchase of produce in stores.
