lifespan chapter 3 - Flashcards

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The genetic endowment that most members of a particular species have in common is called

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species heredity.

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Most dogs bark but don't speak, and most humans speak but don't bark. This is best explained by

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species heredity

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All human babies, regardless of which culture they live in or which language is spoken around them, begin to babble at about the same age. This is an example of

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species heredity

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Which of the following is NOT a major claim of Darwin's theory of evolution?

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New species emerge on their own and are not related to earlier species.

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The idea that some genes aid in adaptation more than others is known as

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natural selection

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. Kettlewell's research on the color of moths and their geographic location demonstrates the principle of

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natural selection

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In Kettlewell's research, the proportion of dark-colored moths increased as _____ increased.

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pollution

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The main point of evolution is that development

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involves an interaction between genetic and environmental forces.

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The belief that we inherit tried and true ways of adjusting to the environment from past generations is referred to as

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cultural evolution

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Which best exemplifies the process of cultural evolution?

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Inheriting a stronger left arm than a right arm because in the past, this allowed for the faster cutting of grains and more food for families

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Conception is defined as the moment when the

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egg is fertilized by a sperm.

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At conception, the genetic material of the mother's ovum and the genetic material of the father's sperm unite, creating a new cell called a(n)

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zygote.

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Which is the most genetically complex structure?

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A zygote

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Which statement concerning the genetic code is FALSE?

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DNA strands consist of many zygotes

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Which statement is TRUE?

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Chromosomes consist of thousands of genes.

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Dr. Spock is using a microscope to observe a reproductive germ cell. He suddenly remarks, "That cell just underwent meiosis!" What has Dr. Spock just seen?

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A cell dividing into new cells with half of the chromosomes of the original reproductive cell

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A sperm cell and an ovum each contribute 23, rather than 46, chromosomes to a zygote because they

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were produced through the process of meiosis.

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The typical outcome of a female reproductive cell that has undergone meiosis is

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one egg and three nonfunctional cells

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Following mitosis, each daughter cell has _____ number of chromosomes as that of the mother cell.

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the same

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Mitosis is to meiosis as

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doubling is to halving

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Which is NOT one of the genetic code bases of human DNA?

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Phenylalanine

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Scientists estimate that the average human cell contains about _____ genes.

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20,000-25,000

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What was once thought to be "junk" DNA is now known to

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regulate activity of other genes

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A gene

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provides instructions for the production of proteins.

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The purpose of the Human Genome Project was to

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map the sequence of strands of DNA in human chromosomes.

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It is estimated that about _____ percent of the human genome consists of what are traditionally defined as genes.

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3

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The majority of the human genome consists of what was once thought to be "_____" DNA

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junk

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According to data generated by the Human Genome Project, all humans share about

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999

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Due to the nature of chromosomes, the odds of a couple producing two children with identical genes is a minimum of 1 in

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64,000,000,000.

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As the genetic material in two cells pair up just prior to meiosis, parts of the chromosome are exchanged with a second chromosome. This is called

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crossing over.

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Identical twins occur when a(n) _____ divides to form two separate, individual cells.

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fertilized ovum

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Statistically, for every 250 births, you would expect _____ pair(s) of identical twins.

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1

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We know that two people have precisely 50 percent of their genes in common if they are

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parent and child

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Fraternal twin siblings share

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on average about 50 percent of their genes.

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. In order to produce fraternal twins you must have two

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sperm.

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While Click and Clack are brothers and look somewhat alike, they have only about 50 percent of their genes in common. This would mean that Click and Clack are most likely

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fraternal twins

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With regard to twins, monozygotic is to dizygotic as

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one egg is to two eggs.

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In addition to the sex chromosomes, a typical human being has _____ pairs of autosomal chromosomes.

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22

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Most cells of a typical male contain

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one X and one Y chromosome.

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Which statement concerning human sex chromosomes is true?

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The X chromosome has more genes.

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Who has the set of chromosomes found in a typical female?

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(XX) Rose

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If you are told that you are about to see a karyotype, you should expect to look at a

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photograph of a complete set of chromosomes.

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What determines the chromosomal sex of a child?

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An X or Y chromosome carried by the father

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Jack desperately wants to have a son. He and his wife already have three children, all girls. Jack divorces his wife and remarries. He expects that his new wife will be more successful in providing him with a son. Which of the following is true?

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Jack's chances of having a son are not changed by a change in wife.

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Genotype is most accurately described as

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your inherited genes.

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Which is the best example of a genotype?

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The genes on your X chromosome

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Which of the following is true of a genotype?

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The expression of the genotype may be affected by environmental factors.

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The term _____ refers to the actual characteristics a person exhibits.

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phenotype

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When Topaz comments on Azure's "blue eyes," Topaz is describing an example of a(n)

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phenotype

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The activation of particular genes in particular cells of the body at particular times is called

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gene expression.

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It was noted in the text that the genetic "code" is best thought of as written in

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erasable pencil.

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The activation of a particular gene in a particular cell at a particular time of life is referred to as gene

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expression

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Gene expression is affected by

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both genetic and environmental factors.

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Fraga and colleagues (2005) study on aging and RNA in identical twins found that the pattern of genetic expression

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was nearly identical in very young twins but differed in older twins.

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The fact that Orson is extremely obese appears to be completely due to one pair of genes that he received (one from mom and one from dad). In this case, Orson's obesity is best explained by

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single gene-pair inheritance

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During his groundbreaking genetic work with peas, 19th-century monk Gregor Mendel found that dominant characteristics

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appeared more often in later generations than opposite traits

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If a person needs one matching pair of genes in order to express a characteristic carried by a pair of genes, the characteristic is considered

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recessive.

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Tongue-curling is a(n) _____ trait.

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dominant

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When a dominant gene is paired with a recessive gene, the characteristic associated with the dominant gene will be

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expressed.

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If blonde hair is dominant and designated as "B" and brunette hair is recessive and designated as "b," probability would predict that if a couple each with a "Bb" hair color genotype had four children, _____ would have blonde hair.

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three

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A human trait is influenced by a single pair of genes, with "T" representing the dominant gene and "t" representing the recessive gene. Joe (genotype Tt) and Meg (genotype Tt) decide to have children. According to the principles of Mendelian heredity, what percentage of their children would exhibit the trait?

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75

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If green eyes are dominant and designated as "G" and gray eyes are recessive and designated as "g," probability would predict that if a couple each with a "Gg" eye color genotype had four children, _____ would have gray eyes.

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one

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Incomplete dominance occurs when

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there is a compromise between the effect of two genes

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Olive has very red eyes, while her husband Skye has very blue eyes. Interestingly, their son's eyes are best described as purple. The eye color of their child best exemplifies the concept of

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incomplete dominance.

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Children who have one dark-skinned parent and one light-skinned parent can have a skin tone that is somewhere between their mother's skin color and their father's skin color. This is an example of

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incomplete dominance

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The fact that type AB blood appears to be the result of a compromise between genes for type A and type B blood provides a good example of

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codominance.

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Which is the best example of codominance?

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When a yellow flower and a blue flower are crossed and produce a yellow and blue flower

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A sex-linked characteristic most likely involves a problem with the _____ chromosome

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x

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Michael is color blind. Whose genes caused this to happen?

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Only his mother's genes

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Color blindness and hemophilia are examples of

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sex-linked inheritance.

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As a hemophiliac, Charles has a deficiency in his blood's ability to

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clot.

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The key characteristic of polygenetic traits is that they ALWAYS involve

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multiple pairs of genes

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Most complex human characteristics, such as personality and intelligence, are inherited via

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polygenic inheritance

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As it suddenly appeared in the bloodline of the royal family of Europe, hemophilia is best explained in terms of

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a genetic mutation.

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Marcia has just given birth to a baby girl. She is concerned because she is a carrier for hemophilia. Which of the following is true?

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Marcia has little cause for concern because hemophilia is most often transmitted to male offspring

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When looking at the unusual protrusion sticking out of a newborn's head, Dr. Natas says, "I am sure that the growth is due to some sudden change in the structure of the genes that was not passed on by the parents." This means that Dr. Natas suspects that the growth is due to

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mutation.

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What might make a physician suspect that the person from whom she has just drawn blood has sickle-cell disease?

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The blood cells are not round.

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Sickle-cell disease likely arose as a mutation that was passed along because it protected individuals from

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malaria.

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Who is LEAST likely to have a chromosomal abnormality?

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Dick, who has a total of 23 pairs of chromosomes

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Which disorder is the result of a chromosomal abnormality?

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Down syndrome

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Trisomy 21 is another name for a common form of

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Down syndrome

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Maria gives birth to a child with trisomy 21. Which of the following is true?

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The child received an extra 21st chromosome from either her mother or her father.

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The odds of having a child with Down syndrome increase with maternal

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age

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Meg was born with only one X chromosome. She is short, of average verbal intelligence, and lacking in spatial reasoning skills. Meg has

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Turner syndrome

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Margo and John are told that their infant daughter has been diagnosed with Turner syndrome. Which of the following should they expect?

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Their daughter will score below average on tests of mathematical reasoning.

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Yao has an extra X chromosome. He is tall, sterile, and has enlarged breasts. Yao would be most accurately diagnosed as having

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Klinefelter syndrome.

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Tony and Tina can tell at birth that something is wrong with their son. Genetic tests indicate that the child has an extra chromosome in his cells and that chromosome is a sex chromosome. Which of the following does the child most likely have?

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Klinefelter syndrome

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Which of the following is an accurate comparison of people with Down syndrome and people with Klinefelter syndrome?

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They both have cells with 47 chromosomes, but the extra chromosome in Klinefelter syndrome is a sex chromosome and in Down syndrome, it is one of the other chromosomes.

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_____ is associated with cognitive impairment as well as autism, and may not be apparent until the affected child is age three years or older.

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Fragile X syndrome

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Which statement concerning fragile X syndrome is true?

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It is more common in males.

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A service that provides potential parents with information on the risk of a child of theirs being born with an inherited disorder is called _____ counseling.

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genetic

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The gene responsible for sickle-cell disease is thought to have arisen from a mutation that protected against

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malaria

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Which statement concerning Huntington's is true?

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It disrupts the nervous system.

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Which disorder is associated with intellectual disability unless the affected individual adheres to a special diet?

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PKU

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An individual who is a carrier of a trait has

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one dominant gene calling for the absence of the trait and one recessive gene calling for the presence of the trait.

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Tony and Tina are both carriers of the same defective gene for a genetic disorder. As knowledgeable individuals, they know that each time they have a child there is a _____ risk that child will be a carrier for the disorder.

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50%

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Despite the fact that it is the result of recessive genes, some carriers of sickle-cell disease possess both normal and sickle-shaped blood cells. This phenomenon is best explained by

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incomplete dominance.

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If a physician wanted to get a visual image of a developing fetus' limbs, her best option would be to use a(n)

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ultrasound.

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When describing a recent medical procedure, Katrina says, "The worst part was the thought of that needle being stuck through my abdomen." Given this description, Katrina appears to have undergone a(n)

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amniocentesis.

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When describing her last prenatal visit, Yang says, "They basically inserted a tube into my uterus via my vagina and took a tissue sample from the sack surrounding my fetus." Given this description, Yang appears to have undergone

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chorionic villus sampling

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Which type of prenatal testing is the LEAST invasive?

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Maternal blood sampling

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During a preimplantation genetic diagnosis, a(n)

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fertilized egg is inspected

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If Huxley is ethically opposed to the creation of "designer babies" through DNA manipulation, he would likely be strongly opposed to

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preimplantation genetic diagnosis.

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_____ involves conducting DNA tests on the first cells after the mitosis of a fertilized egg.

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Preimplantation genetic diagnosis

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Which procedure involves the assessment of cells that have passed through the placenta?

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Maternal blood sampling

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What makes Huntington's disease an unusual genetic disorder?

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The genetic impact does not occur until a person reaches middle age

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Forty-year-old Chester has just begun to show symptoms indicating a deterioration of his nervous system. Chester most likely has

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Huntington's disease

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If one parent has the dominant gene for Huntington's disease, the odds of one of their children having the disease are one out of

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two

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Jeff's mother died from Huntington's disease and he inherited the Huntington's gene. What is the likelihood he will also develop symptoms of Huntington's disease?

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Jeff will almost certainly develop Huntington's

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Behavioral genetics is best described as the scientific study of how _____ impact development.

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genetic and environmental factors together

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Heritability refers to

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the proportion of the differences in a trait among a group of people that is due to genetic differences among these people.

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When looking at Fluffy the cat's family tree, Kitka notices that over several generations, owners have deliberately cultivated the characteristic of extremely black fur. This appears to have been accomplished by careful mating combinations in a process called

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selective breeding

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When studying heritability in humans, an ethical behavior geneticist would be LEAST likely to

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conduct a selective breeding experiment.

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Plomin bred animals with high learning ability to other animals with high learning ability and animals with low learning ability to other animals with low learning ability. Those from high learning ability lines continued to show high learning ability while those from low learning lines continued to show low learning ability. In Plomin's work, learning ability

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was influenced by genetics

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Which one of the following sets of data would show a strong genetic influence on the development of a trait?

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was influenced by genetics.

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Which is a common criticism of twin studies?

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Similarity in environmental experiences, not genetic similarity, may be the more important contributor to the similarity seen in twins.

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The logic behind adoption studies is that

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if adopted children are similar to their adoptive parents on a given characteristic, then the expression of that characteristic is likely to be influenced by environmental factors.

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A limitation of adoption studies is that they

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may underestimate the full range of environments experienced by a child.

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Which type of study would be most likely to compare unrelated siblings living in the same household?

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Family studies

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Your text reveals that if one identical twin is gay, there is almost a 50 percent chance that the other identical twin will also be gay. On the other hand, if a fraternal twin is schizophrenic, there is only about a 20 percent chance the other fraternal twin will be schizophrenic. The measure of likelihood that twins will share this mental illness in common is called a(n)

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concordance rate.

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A high concordance rate between identical twins for schizophrenia would suggest that the disorder

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has a genetic basis.

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Research by Plomin and colleagues indicated that the highest heritability correlation concerning the emotion of anger was found between

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identical twins raised together

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If genes alone contribute to a trait, which of the following patterns of correlations would be observed?

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1.00 for identical twins and .50 for fraternal twins raised together and raised apart

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If shared environmental influences alone contribute to the expression of a trait, which of the following patterns of correlations would be observed?

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1.00 for both identical and fraternal twin pairs raised together but no correlation for those pairs raised apart

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The consistent parenting style exhibited by parents toward all their children would represent a _____ for the children.

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shared environmental experience

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Experiences unique to an individual and not experienced by other family members are referred to as

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nonshared environmental experience

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Suppose identical twins raised apart have a correlation of .40 on a measure of some aspect of personality, and identical twins raised together have a correlation of .60 on this same measure. From these data, what can we logically conclude about this trait?

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Nonshared environment has an impact because, even raised together, the identical twins do not show a perfect 1.00 correlation.

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Molecular genetics is best described as the study of the

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impact of particular genes on particular traits.

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The apolipoprotein E or apoE gene is associated with an increased risk for developing

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Alzheimer's disease.

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Research from behavioral geneticists has found that as we get older, genetic influences on intelligence are _____ in importance, shared influences are ______ in importance, and nonshared environmental influences are _____ in importance.

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increasing; decreasing; increasing

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Which environmental factor appears to have the greatest positive impact on the IQs of children?

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Being raised in a highly stimulating environment

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Which term is best defined as an infant's tendency to respond in predictable ways?

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Temperament

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Which statement is true regarding the effects of genes and environment on temperament and personality?

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The shared environment of the home does not appear to make siblings more similar in temperament or personality.

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Which statement concerning schizophrenia is FALSE?

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It has a concordance rate of about 98 percent for identical twins.

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If one or both biological parents have schizophrenia, we can conclude that their child will

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have a greater than average risk of developing the disorder in response to an environmental trigger.

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Some traits are more influenced by genetic factors than other traits, as reflected in the correlations between the traits of identical twins raised apart. Which one of the following series of traits is arranged from most to least heritable?

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Height, brain activity, IQ scores, creativity

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Which statement concerning heritability is true?

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Heritability estimates differ by environment.

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Which statement best describes the genetic influence on depression?

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Some genes protect a person from depression and others predispose a person to depression.

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The belief that genotype expression depends on environmental experience and how we respond to the environment depends on the genes we possess defines the concept of

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gene-environment interaction

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Which does NOT belong on a list of the basic types of gene-environment correlations?

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Negative genotype-environment

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Laurie is a shy child who avoids social gatherings and seeks out solitary activities such as stamp collecting and reading a good book. Laurie's development will be influenced by this pattern of behavior. In terms of genetic-environmental, this example best illustrates a(n)

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active genotype-environment.

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Baby Gerber smiles and coos so often and is so delightful that his parents feel compelled to smile and chatter right back at him. Which sort of genetic environmental does this best illustrate?

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Evocative genotype-environment

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The fact that parents provide their children with both their genes and an environment that is impacted by their own genetic make-up defines the gene-environment correlation of

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passive genotype-environment

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_____ gene-interactions become increasingly important as we age.

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Active

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What was the main point made by Reiss et al., (2000) in the text The Relationship Code?

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Genes influence family environment and adolescent adjustment

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Epigenetic effects alter the

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expression of genes

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Oswald hears his doctor say that he plans to treat Oswald's cystic fibrosis using an aerosol spray to deliver normal genes to the lungs. This treatment is best categorized as

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gene therapy

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Which of the following is true of gene therapy?

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Because many diseases are the result of multiple genes and their interactions with other genes and the environment, gene therapy is unlikely to produce quick cures.

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A common criticism of genetic research is that

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it tells us too little about epigenesis.

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Species heredity is very important to our understanding of individual differences in human growth and development.

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false

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Some genes aid in adaptation more than others.

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true

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Genes are made up of chromosomes.

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false

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The process of mitosis results in daughter cells that have half the number of cells as the original one.

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false

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The process of meiosis results in the development of cells that have half the number of cells as the original one.

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true

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Fraternal twins are no more alike genetically than brothers and sisters born at different times.

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true

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Phenotype represents the characteristics expressed by an individual

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true

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In cases of incomplete dominance, a dominant trait is expressed but its recessive counterpart is not expressed.

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false

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A polygenetic effect is due to the actions of a single pair of genes.

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false

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A typical child with Down syndrome will have cells with 47 chromosomes.

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true

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An individual with Turner's syndrome has one X chromosome and no Y chromosome.

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true

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If Marty has an XXY chromosome pattern, he would be accurately diagnosed with Klinefelter syndrome.

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true

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During an amniocentesis, a catheter is inserted into the mother's vagina and cervix.

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false

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Concordance rates show the likelihood that if one member of a pair has a particular trait, the other member of the pair also has it.

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true

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Shared environmental influences are those common to members of a family.

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true

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Schizophrenia appears to be the result of possessing an apoE gene.

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false

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The heritability of IQ scores appears to increase between infancy and adulthood.

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true

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Concerning mental illness, people appear to inherit a predisposition for a disorder, not the actual disorder.

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true

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In an active gene-environment interaction, children's genetically based traits provoke a certain kind of reaction from their environment.

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false

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Some researchers believe that techniques for calculating heritability attribute too much importance to genes.

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true

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I am the initial organism created by the fertilization of an egg by a sperm. I am called the _____.

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zygote

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