Test Answers on Lifespan – Flashcard

Which of the following statements about motor development in middle to late childhood is TRUE?

Which of the following activities is MOST fatiguing to elementary school children?

Disorders that are characterized by problems in social interaction, verbal and nonverbal communication, and repetitive behaviors are

__________ is the ability to order stimuli along a quantitative dimension

Researchers have found that gifted individuals with world-class status in areas such as the arts, science, and sports all share

About __________ of children with a learning disability have a reading problem

Which of the following statements regarding motor development in middle and late childhood is TRUE?

Which of the following statements about the fine motor abilities of a seven-year-old is FALSE?

Regarding reading instruction, research suggests

Cognitive processes involved in being able to read a printed word include all of the following, EXCEPT

Regarding exercise and sports in middle and late childhood, which of the following statements is TRUE?

The most common cause of death in middle and late childhood is

The period of middle and late childhood involves _______ growth.

Children in elementary school make advances in grammar, such as appropriately using comparatives and subjectives. Which of the following is an example of a subjective statement?

Cortical thickening in 5-11 year olds in the ___________ may reflect improvements in language abilities, such as in reading.

Which of the following statements about brain development in middle and late childhood is TRUE?

Referral bias is represented in which of the following statements?

__________ is a learning disability whereby individuals have a severe impairment in their ability to read and spell.

Which of the following influences intelligence?

The worldwide increase in intelligence test scores that has occurred over a short time frame is called

__________ are broad categories that reflect general impressions and beliefs about females and males.

__________ children are infrequently nominated as someone’s best friend and are actively disliked by their peers.

During middle and late childhood,

Having positive relationships with peers in middle and late childhood is linked to

It is estimated that time spent in social interaction with peers increases from 10% at 2 years of age to about ______ in middle and late childhood.

Intimacy in friendships is most likely to occur during

When examining children’s peer status, we find that __________ children are frequently nominated both as someone’s best friend and as being disliked

John Coie found that ____________ children have fewer social skills in making friends and maintaining positive relationships with peers.

__________ is the belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes.

Friendships that provide children with interesting information, excitement, and amusement serve which function?

Which of Kohlberg’s levels of moral development involves a personal moral code?

Erikson’s stage describing socioemotional development in middle and late childhood is called

_____ children are frequently nominated both as a best friend and as being disliked.

Which of the following would NOT be considered an arbitrary rule?

Carol Gilligan has criticized Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory of moral development because:

Gavin is rarely nominated as a best friend but his peers don’t dislike him. He would be classified as a _____ child.

Students with _____ endorse such statements as “I know that I will be able to learn the material in this class” and “I expect to be able to do well at this activity”.

Darren is a 12-year-old active boy. Sometimes when his friend Simon cheats on the game, he tends to get irritated. However, Darren controls his anger and tries explaining to Simon why it is bad practice to cheat. Which developmental aspect is Darren displaying in his actions?

Which of the following statements about gender stereotyping is NOT true?

According to the Bem Sex-Role Inventory, which of the following can be described as a feminine item?

Peer competence in middle and late childhood has been linked to:

Which of the following is NOT a function of childhood friendships?

Which of the following statements about perspective taking is NOT true?

Which of the following statements about peer groups and peer interactions in middle and late childhood is TRUE?

Most of Blanca’s classmates call her a “bully”, and many say that they “don’t like her at all”. Very few children consider her to be a friend. Which of the following is Blanca’s probable sociometric status?

Which of the following is the best predictor of whether rejected children would engage in delinquent behavior or drop out of school later during adolescence?

Which of the following is the MOST frequent type of bullying among girls?

In which of the following areas has it been found that girls exhibit better skills than boys?

In one analysis, _____ percent of children in stepfamilies show adjustment problems.

Mary thinks that she is a good person. This observation reflects Mary’s _____.

Students with _____ for learning may avoid many learning tasks, especially those that are challenging.

Which of the following stages of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development is characterized by moral judgments based on understanding the social order, law, justice, and duty?

Children’s friendships are typically characterized by:

At what age do children begin to express objective ideas about fairness?

Which of the following is a key developmental task as children move toward autonomy?

According to a recent study, which of the following is NOT true regarding observations on bullying?

Bellah sits in the back of the room, and very few of the children in class even know his name. He does not have any best friends, but he is not disliked by his classmates. Which of the following is Bellah’s probable sociometric status?

_____ is also called self-worth or self-image.

Clarissa thinks that people should be nice to others so that others are nice to them. According to Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, which stage is Clarissa currently in?

Which of the following functions of friendship involves providing interesting information, excitement, and amusement?

Tapi believes that all human beings have certain inalienable rights that need to be protected. She believes that the current law in her country that prohibits interracial marriage is unfair and should be changed. According to Kohlberg, which of the following describes Tapi’s level of moral reasoning?

Which of the following statements represents a criticism of Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?

_____ children give out reinforcements, listen carefully, maintain open lines of communication with peers, are happy, control their negative emotions, act like themselves, show enthusiasm and concern for others, and are self-confident without being conceited.

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the differences in helping behavior of males versus females?

_____ is a program designed to increase parental employment and reduce family poverty.

According to Pollack, what is the result of the traditional ways of raising boys?

Which of the following terms refers to self-evaluations in the different domains of an individual’s life?

Four-year-old Maria is sharing one of her favorite toys with her younger brother. According to the developmental progression described by William Damon, Marie’s sharing is MOST likely motivated by a sense of:

Which of the following types of bullying is experienced more frequently by boys than girls?

Which of the following is NOT true about developmental changes in parent-child relationships?

In a national survey of more than 15,000 sixth- through tenth-grade students, nearly _____ students reported experiencing bullying as either a victim or a perpetrator.

All of the following are peer statuses EXCEPT _____.

The belief that children should be encouraged to explore their world and discover knowledge with the guidance and support of teachers is central to the _____ approach to learning.

When Robert says, “I have brown eyes and black hair”, it reflects Robert’s _____.

At which stage of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development do individuals value trust, caring, and loyalty to others as a basis of moral judgments?

_____ is at work in perspective taking.

How can rejected children be trained to interact more effectively with their peers?

Carol Dweck (2006) concluded that individuals have one of two mindsets, namely fixed mindset and:

Which of the following is true of Dale Schunk’s findings about students with high self-efficacy?

According to Kohlberg, which of the following is the first stage of moral development?

Which of the following functions of friendship involves providing encouragement and feedback, thus allowing children to maintain an impression of themselves as competent, attractive, and worthwhile individuals?

Which of the following functions of friendship involves providing time, resources, and assistance?

One area of math in which boys were found to be better at is:

While researching the reasons for the large cross-cultural differences, Stevenson and his colleagues observed that more than _____ of total classroom time in the first grade was spent on math instruction in Japan, compared with only _____ of the time in the U.S. first-grade classrooms.

Which of the following is one of the findings of the evaluation of the New Hope program?

Children have the highest self-esteem when:

Across childhood and adolescence, research suggests that:

_____ is characterized by self-disclosure and the sharing of private thoughts.

Megan bases her moral decisions on fear of punishment. According to Kohlberg, which level of moral development is Megan currently in?

Which of the following is NOT an argument against state-mandated tests?

Karen believes that her qualities and learning abilities cannot change no matter how much effort she gives. Therefore, she has decided not to try at all and let her grades plummet. According to Carol Dweck, which of the following best describes Karen’s mindset?

More than 80 percent of the respondents to a survey said that buying a stolen television set is morally wrong. Yet 50 percent admitted they would buy a stolen set if guaranteed they would not be caught. These data indicate:

Which of the following is the result of a recent study on children’s perspective-taking skills?

Ms. Chang is trying to prepare her health-class students for the onset of puberty. What should she tell the boys that they are likely to experience first?

Which of the following is typically the last male pubertal characteristic to occur?

A girl’s first menstruation is called _____.

Which of the following statements is true?

The mean age at the beginning of the growth spurt in girls is _____.

The peak rate of pubertal change occurs at _____ years for girls and _____ years for boys.

Behind the first whisker in boys and the widening of hips in girls is a flood of _____, powerful chemical substances secreted by the endocrine glands and carried through the body by the bloodstream.

The hormone that is associated with breast, uterine, and skeletal development in girls is:

Who amongst the following is most likely to be dissatisfied with body image as pubertal change proceeds?

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs):

In a single act of unprotected sex with an infected partner, a teenage girl has a _____ percent risk of getting HIV.

With reference to cross-cultural comparisons, which of the following statements about adolescent pregnancies in the U.S. is true?

One strategy for reducing adolescent pregnancy is the _____ that focuses on engaging adolescents in volunteer community service and stimulates discussions that help adolescents appreciate the lessons they learn through volunteerism.

A number of leading experts on adolescent sexuality conclude that abstinence-only programs:

A number of leading experts on adolescent sexuality conclude that education programs that emphasize contraceptive knowledge:

Almost half of all deaths from 15 to 24 years of age are due to:

The majority of unintentional injuries in adolescence involve:

Cigarette smoking among U.S. adolescents:

Bill wants to know how he can prevent drug abuse by his adolescent son. You would suggest that Bill:

Anorexia nervosa is a(n):

Anorexia and bulimia nervosa affect:

Adolescents in the Family Matters program reported:

Which of the following is the final stage of Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development?

The abstract quality of thinking during the _____ stage is evident in the adolescent’s verbal problem-solving ability.

Fifteen-year-old Juanita wants to skip school today because she is having a bad hair day and is convinced that everybody will notice and think badly of her. Which aspect of adolescent egocentrism is Juanita experiencing?

“I know I can handle the car at high speeds much better than others can”, says 18-year-old Jake. This reflects the tendency of adolescents to engage in:

_____ involves being aware that options and alternatives are available and adapting to the situation.

Which of the following is Erikson’s fifth developmental stage?

Identity _____ is the status of individuals who have undergone a crisis and made a commitment.

Which of the following is the identity status where crisis and commitment are both absent?

Many of the cognitive changes thought to influence religious development involve:

Religious adolescents are more likely than nonreligious adolescents to:

Stella has involved, responsive parents who support her in her choices as long as she adheres to certain basic rules that they have set for her, like keeping up her grades and coming home in time for dinner with her family on weeknights. Thus, Stella’s relationship with her parents is characterized by a high level of trust, acceptance, and quality. Research indicates that Stella would:

According to the old model of parent-adolescent relationships:

At which grade level does conformity to peers peak?

According to a recent study of 8- to 12-year-old girls, a higher level of face-to-face communication was associated with:

The number of juvenile court delinquency caseloads in the United States has:

Early-onset antisocial behavior is defined as antisocial behavior before the age of _____.

Early-onset antisocial behavior:

Rates of ever experiencing major depressive disorder range from _____ percent for adolescents.

By about age 15, adolescent females have a rate of depression that is _____ that of adolescent males.

The most effective way to treat adolescent depression is:

Which of the following is the third-leading cause of death in 10- to 19-year-olds today in the United States?

Who among the following are LEAST likely to exhibit suicidal behavior?

The four problems that affect the most adolescents are drug abuse, sexual problems, school-related problems, and _____.

If a community wants to develop programs to help at-risk youths, an important component to include in the program would be:

Fast Track is an intervention program that attempts to lower the risk of:

Which of the following statements about dating in gay male and lesbian youth is true?

A study of tenth-graders revealed that:

Sita is girl who lives in India; Suki is a girl who lives in Japan. They both have two older brothers. According to research, who is most likely to have better access to education?

Visible signs of physical changes in middle adulthood include all of the following, EXCEPT

__________ refers to the pleasant times after work when individuals are free to pursue activities and interests of their own choosing.

Regarding physical changes in middle adulthood, which of the following statements is TRUE?

In middle adulthood, individuals typically experience all the following sleep changes, EXCEPT

In old age, death is more likely to result from

________ is the transitional time between the beginning of the climacteric period and menopause.

Research has found that as much as ______ of the erectile dysfunction in middle-aged men stems from physiological problems.

__________ involves having an extensive, highly organized knowledge and understanding of a particular domain.

Paul is driving to his friend Peter’s house for the first time. Paul has a map, but because he is on a busy highway, he can glance at the map only every few minutes. Between these glances, Paul keeps a picture of the map in his head by using the __________ component of working memory.

When Rose meets a new person, she repeats the person’s name over and over in her head in an attempt to remember that name at a later time. Which part of working memory is activated by this activity?

Sylvie asks her brother Sam if she can borrow his car. Sam says she can if she will first go to the car and retrieve his Rihanna CD from his giant CD collection. So that she won’t forget which CD Sam wants, Sylvie imagines a picture of Rihanna in her head while humming the song “Umbrella” as she walks to the car. Sylvie is relying on which component(s) of working memory to help her out?

Now that Maggie’s children are older, she is deciding whether to get a part-time or full-time job. She worries about paying for college tuition and assisting aging parents. She also wants to maintain work-family balance. Maggie most likely is a(n)

Individuals may be motivated to change jobs at midlife for all of the following reasons, EXCEPT

Which of the following statements regarding religious experience is TRUE?

Religious commitment is linked to all of the following, EXCEPT

According to Victor Frankl, which of the following is NOT one of the three most distinct human qualities?

Stress is linked to all of the following, EXCEPT

Which of the following is the key to whether people engage in sexual activity in middle age?

While many middle-aged adults reach their peak in position and earnings, they often have multiple financial burdens such as

Regarding the religiosity of middle-aged adults, which of the following statements is TRUE?

__________ refers to the number of years a person is likely to live.

People 85 and older are sometimes referred to as the

In the __________, natural selection has not eliminated many harmful conditions and nonadaptive characteristics in older adults.

The __________ argues that the extended duration of stress and diminished restorative processes in older adults may accelerate the effects of aging on immunity.

A rise in blood pressure with age can be linked with all of the following, EXCEPT

__________ is an inflammation of the joints accompanied by pain, stiffness, and movement problems.

The average life expectancy for a person born today in the United States is ______ years.

Women typically live longer than men due to which of the following reasons?

People between the ages of 65 and 84 are sometimes referred to as the

May is an 85-year-old who is more biologically and psychologically fit than her 70-year-old neighbor. This is an example of May having a younger _______ than her neighbor.

Compared with the oldest-old, the young-old have a substantial potential for

The free-radical theory of aging suggests that

Which biological theory of aging states that aging occurs because cells can divide a maximum of about 75 to 80 times and that, as we age, our cells become less capable of dividing?

______________ is the generation of new neurons.

So far, researchers have documented neurogenesis in only two brain regions: the hippocampus, which is involved in memory, and

Malnutrition involving low levels of protein is linked to a decrease in _______ that destroy infected cells, leading to deterioration in the immune system.

Which of the following has been shown to improve immune system functioning?

All of the following are changes that occur in physical appearance in late adulthood, EXCEPT

Melba is 75 years old, still mobile, and enjoys an active lifestyle. She most likely

Hearing problems are caused by degeneration of the _____, the primary neural receptor for hearing in the inner ear.

Which of the following statements about sensory development in late adulthood is FALSE?

A reduction in lung capacity occurs throughout the life span due to all of the following, EXCEPT

Regarding sexuality in late adulthood,

When loss of bone tissue becomes severe, an older adult has developed

Late-onset alcoholism is often related to

Concerning exercise, which of the following is FALSE?

Which of the following is NOT a result of caloric restriction that has been observed in laboratory animals?

Judith Rodin taught some nursing home residents _________ in order to change their behavior and improve their health.

Concerns about the quality of nursing homes and other extended-care facilities for older adults include which of the following?

__________ refers to memory without conscious recollection, such as that which is required to drive a car or ride a bike.

Which of the following are related to both physical and mental decline?

To maintain cognitive skills, research shows that older adults frequently should do all of the following, EXCEPT

Aerobic fitness training for older adults is linked to improved

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of the speech pattern of older adults as compared to younger adults?

The option to retire in the United States exists largely because of

__________ is a mood disorder in which the individual is deeply unhappy, demoralized, self-derogatory, and bored.

Which of the following statements regarding the nature of cognitive change in adulthood is TRUE?

If we use a computer analogy in understanding cognition, hardware is to cognitive __________ as software is to cognitive __________.

Which of the following dimensions tends NOT to decline in late adulthood?

__________ memory is the retention of information about the where and when of life’s happenings.

To maintain cognitive functioning in late adulthood, older adults should frequently engage in all of the following activities, EXCEPT

All of the following are linked to cognitive decline in late adulthood, EXCEPT

Fred is an older adult who frequently plays card and board games, debates current events with friends, and plays the piano. He most likely will

Regarding “retraining” cognitive skills in older adults, research shows all of the following, EXCEPT that

The field of _______ has emerged as the major discipline that studies links between the brain and cognitive functioning.

The field of cognitive neuroscience depends on ________ to reveal the areas of the brain that are activated when individuals are engaging in certain cognitive activities.

The ________ occurs when individuals are confident that they can remember something but just can’t quite seem to retrieve it from memory.

Regarding language skills in late adulthood, which of the following statements is TRUE?

An older adult would have MOST difficulty understanding which of the following individuals?

____ is one of the best predictors of job performance in older adults.

Concerning retirement, which of the following statements is FALSE?

When asked about their financial plans for retirement, many workers

__________ has been called the “common cold” of mental disorders.

Protective factors against depressive symptoms in older adults include

A recent study revealed that amyloid beta—a protein fragment that forms plaques in the brain—was present in the spinal fluid of approximately ____ of the individuals with mild cognitive impairment.

____ is triggered by degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain.

Which of the following is associated with longevity in older adults?

Research shows that older adults who gained a sense of meaning in life from religion had higher levels of all of the following, EXCEPT

All of the following are linked to low self-esteem in late adulthood, EXCEPT

Poverty in late adulthood is linked to which of the following?

Researchers have found that relationships between aging parents and their children are usually characterized by

Friendship in late adulthood is characterized by

Which of the following is a key component of aging successfully?

In Erik Erikson’s theory, __________ describes the period of development for humans in late adulthood.

Researchers have found that older adults are happiest when they are all of the following, EXCEPT

Low self-esteem in late adulthood is connected all of the following, EXCEPT

Prejudice against older adults is called

Concerns about older persons as consumers, rather than producers, are part of which policy issue?

With the rise in divorce during the past several decades, _______ of adults can expect to marry, divorce, and
remarry during their lifetime.

Marital happiness as an older adult is affected by

One contribution of great-grandparents is to

Researchers have found that volunteering as an older adult is associated with all of the following positive
outcomes, EXCEPT

As compared to their older non-Latino White counterparts, older ethnic minority individuals are more likely to experience all of the following conditions, EXCEPT

Older ethnic minority individuals have developed which of the following coping mechanisms to deal with stress
and discrimination?

Female ethnic minority older adults face “triple jeopardy,” which refers to all of the following, EXCEPT

Which of the following attitudes is linked to happiness in old age?

he positive outcomes of volunteering in late adulthood include all of the following, EXCEPT

Regarding ethnicity and aging, which of the following statements is FALSE?

The death system in any culture is comprised of which of the following components?

Life expectancy has increased from 47 years for a person born in 1900 to __________ for someone born today.

Hospice care emphasizes palliative care which involves all of the following, EXCEPT

During which of Kübler-Ross’ five stages of dying is it suggested that the person refuses to believe that death is
really going to take place?

When communicating with a dying person, you should do all of the following, EXCEPT:

he skull and crossbones, grim reaper, and angels are examples of which death system component?

The definition of brain death that is currently followed by most physicians includes the cessation of

Supporters of the cortical-death policy argue that

Dr. Jack Kevorkian’s activities are associated with

_______ currently is the leading cause of infant death in the United States.

In childhood, death occurs most often because of accidents or

What is the typical sequence of emotions in Kübler-Ross’ stages of dying?

During which of Kübler-Ross’ five stages of dying is it suggested that the person might become silent, refuse visitors, and spend a great deal of time crying and grieving?

Giving nursing home residents options for control

When dying individuals choose to face death at home, they worry about all of the following, EXCEPT

Which of the following is NOT a recommended strategy for communicating with a dying person?

Psychologists recommend that dying individuals know they are dying

Conversations with a dying individual should focus on

After a loved one dies, it is common for the grieving person to focus on places and things associated with the loved one. Which dimension of grief does this behavior describe?

Regarding widowhood, which of the following statements is TRUE?