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Eleanor Roosevelt

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Niece of Teddy Roosevelt and husband of Franklin Roosevelt, supporting him in everything; gave speeches, lobbied, influenced national policies, fought for the poor; loved by liberals, hated by conservatives, very controversial

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Brain Trust

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Group of young, reform-minded college professors who wrote many of FDR's speeches during Election of 1932 and much of later New Deal legislation

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Election of 1932

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Franklin D. Roosevelt (D) won over incumbent Hoover (R) during worst of Great Depression; Hoover campaigned that the worst was past, FDR campaigned for sweeping reforms; FDR won sweeping victory; blacks began to integrate into Democratic voting base, especially in cities hit hard by depression; Democratic victory largely due to discontent with Republicans and demand for change (Hoover only won 6 southern states)

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Herbert Hoover (Election of 1932)

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Chosen as Republican nominee, as incumbent president; campaigned using "The Worst is Past" and other lines; tried to reaffirm faith in free enterprise and individualism; continued to support tariff; only carried 6 southern Republican states; after losing, couldn't do anything during lame duck period, tried to sabotage FDR's success

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Franklin D. Roosevelt (Election of 1932)

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Chosen as Democratic nominee over Al Smith; campaigned on prohibition repeal, balanced budget, economic and social reform; attacked Hooverian individualism and Republican "Old Dealers"; promised "New Deal for the forgotten man"; many speeches written by Brain Trust; campaigning more positive than Hoover

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FDR's First Presidency (1933-1937)

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Elected 1933 on discontent with Hoover presidency, enacting New Deal policies (esp. during Hundred Days, focused on immediate relief) to provide relief, recovery, and reform, greatly expanding on power of federal government, creating Fifth Party System and defining American liberalism; supported creating jobs, recovery of industry and agriculture, labor union growth

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20th Amendment (1933)

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Declared presidents inaugurated on January 20, not March 4, reducing incumbent lame duck period; necessitated after FDR won over Hoover in Election of 1932 and Hoover purposefully tried to tie FDR to policies FDR wouldn't want

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National Banking Holiday of 1933

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FDR ordered banks closed from March 6 to March 10 to allow government to reorganize banks and reopen those that were financially sound, under later Emergency Banking Relief Act; 32 of 48 state banks had already closed by March 4

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Hundred Days' Congress

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Period from March 9 to June 16 during which Congress passed every one of FDR's requests as well as some policies he opposed (such as FDIC) to battle depression by creating jobs, protecting savings, and recovering industry

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FDR's Three R's

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FDR's guiding principles for New Deal reforms, comprised of 1: Relief, to provide temporary help to the poor; 2: Recovery, to help economy bounce back; 3: Reform: to prevent future depressions; categories often overlapped

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Fireside Chats

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Speeches given by FDR over radio to instill public confidence in banks, give transparency to what's happening

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Emergency Banking Relief Act of 1933

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Authorized government to examine finances of banks closed during banking holiday and reopen those judged to be sound; attempted to reduce bank runs and complete collapse of banking system, and rebuild confidence

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Banking Act of 1933 (Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act)

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Established system of bank deposit insurance (FDIC) and prohibition of combination of commercial and investment banking, along with other speculative activities

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Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

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Insured individual deposits up to $5,000 in order to reinstate consumer confidence in banks, created as part of Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act; disliked by FDR

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Abandoning of Gold Standard (1933)

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Goal was to create a "managed currency" and create inflation to relieve debtors and stimulate production; treasury buys all gold from citizens at increasing prices to increase money in circulation; gold reauthorized in 1934 for international payments only

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Federal Securities Act of 1933

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Promoters required to disclose to investors status and soundness of investments

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Securities and Exchange Commission (1934)

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Created in Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as watchdog agency to watch over stock market to protect against fraud and manipulation

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Home Owners Loan Act of 1933

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Provided refinancing of small homes to prevent foreclosures

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Federal Emergency Relief Act of 1933

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Establishes Federal Emergency Relief Administration, giving $3 billion in grants to state/local governments to operate soup kitchens, make direct relief payments, and provide wages for work projects; led by Harry L. Hopkins; disliked by FDR because it offered direct relief, didn't create jobs or do anything that was sustainable to pump money back into economy

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Harry L. Hopkins

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Supervised FERA, CWA, and WPA during New Deal; created jobs and required applicants to be unemployed or on relief, unlike the PWA led by Harold L. Ickes

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Civilian Conservation Corps

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Hired 3 million unemployed young men, often would-be delinquents, to work on conservation projects such as reforestation, firefighting, swamp damage control; created jobs and lightened load on families because workers had to send money back to family; criticized for "militarizing" America

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Civil Works Administration

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Branch of Federal Emergency Relief Administration that gave temporary jobs in leaf raking, other manual jobs; led by Hopkins

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Public Works Administration

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Funded large-scale state and local gov't projects to build roads, bridges, dams, public works projects, such as Grand Coulee Dam on Colorado River; established by National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933, led by Harold L. Ickes; goals were industrial recovery, unemployment relief, and infrastructure improvements; generally engaged in much larger products than later Works Progress Adminstration, and did not give direct relief payments to workers unlike the WPA

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Harold L. Ickes

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United States Secretary of the Interior under FDR who led Public Works Administration (established by NIRA) and in charge of environmental efforts

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Grand Coulee Dam

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Dam on Columbia River build as part of Public Works Administration that initially provided unnecessary irrigation and electricity but became useful during World War I

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Works Progress Administration

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Employed people on larger-scale projects such as bridges, roads, and buildings, and smaller-scale projects such as painting murals, cricket control, writing plays; trained future actors, musicians, writers, such as Steinbeck; National Youth Administration division gave jobs for children; led by Harry Hopkins; differed from Public Works Administration because WPA gave direct relief payments, and employed mostly unskilled workers

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Social Security Act of 1935

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Established Social Security, providing unemployment insurance, to cushion future depressions, and old-age pensions, financed by payroll taxes; also provided for compensation for unemployed, blind, disabled, dependent children, mothers; inspired by industrialized European nations, and necessitated by urbanized Americans who could no longer self-sustain with farms

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Beer-Wine Revenue Act of 1933 (Cullen-Harrison Act)

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Authorized production, sale, and consumption of beer and wine to provide means for additional revenue; passed before 21st Amendment was actually passed

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21st Amendment (1933)

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Repealed prohibition and 18th Amendment; primary reason was an additional source of revenue for federal government through taxes; many prohibitionists admitted faults of prohibition, such as gang violence, poor enforcement, speakeasies, and evasion by top officials; supported by farmers because alcohol production helps farmers

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Grapes of Wrath

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Book written by John Steinbeck that increased public awareness of difficulties experienced by farmers

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Dust Bowl

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Topsoil loosened from excessive farming in prior era; facilitated by reduced soil, mechanization that allowed soil to sweep away, and reduced sunlight; made life difficult for farmers and helped to set off migration towards west coast in search of work away from Midwest

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Farm Credit Administration (1933)

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Helped farmers by giving low interest farm loans and mortgages to prevent foreclosures; banks receive government bonds for unpaid mortgages; established by Farm Credit Act

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Agricultural Adjustment Administration (1933)

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Attempted to reduce surplus by offering to pay for acres not plowed; established parity prices by artificial scarcity of commodities; involved slaughtering of pigs to reduce farming, leading to criticism for not giving food to starving nation; not very successful, because benefitted farmers with more land and hurt small-scale farmers and sharecroppers; raised funds by taxing processors of farm products, which caused it to be ruled unconstitutional in 1936

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Frazier-Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act of 1934

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Suspended mortgage foreclosures for five years; ruled unconstitutional, and later version shortened to three years

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Resettlement Administration (1935)

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Gave loans to sharecroppers, tenants, and small farmers; created camps for migrant workers; moved farmers to better land

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Farm Security Administration (1935)

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Set up camps to house Okies and Arkies (farmers in poverty due to scarcity of resources, food, work, shelter, heat); some bought land to create Okievilles

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Second Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938

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Continued conservation payments from first AAA and Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act of 1936; farmers eligible for parity payments if acreage restrictions on commodities met; gave fairer prices and income; partially successful

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Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act of 1936

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Reduced acreage by emphasizing planting soil-conservation crops (e.g. soybeans), and constitutional because shifted focus to conservation

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National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933

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Authorized president to regulate industry to raise prices, create inflation, and stimulate economic recovery; established Public Works Administration and National Recovery Administration; NIRA and NRA declared unconstitutional in 1935 in Schechter v. United States, although PWA remained active until 1943

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National Recovery Administration

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Attempted to combine immediate relief and long term recovery/reform by setting voluntary codes for minimum wage, maximum hours, prices, production levels; sought fair competition by guaranteeing profits for businesses and fair treatment for labor; gave unions rights to bargain; successful at first, but then businesses abused symbol of blue eagle because too much self-sacrifice needed; ruled unconstitutional in Schechter v. USA because legislative powers delegated to president

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Schechter v. United States

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Ruled National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 and National Recovery Administration unconstitutional because of delegation of legislative power to executive branch; known as sick chicken case (Schechter was a poultry corporation)

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National Labor Relations Act of 1935 (Wagner Act)

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Replacement to National Recovery Administration that guaranteed unionization and collective bargaining rights, creating National Labor Relations Board to enforce these rights; milestone in labor-management rights in American history; labor unions rapidly grew and comprised major group of FDR's voters

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Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938

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Established minimum wage (40 cents), maximum workweek (40 hours), overtime pay, and child labor restrictions (replacing the unconstitutional Keating-Owen Act); upheld by Supreme Court in 1941 and seen as victory; stil excluded minorities and sectors (farming, service, domestic)

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Congress of Industrial Organization

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Federation of unions that organized workers in more unskilled and industrial sectors, established by John Lewis; started as branch of AFL and broke off, but rivalry remained; eventually re-merged with AFL in 1955

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John L. Lewis

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Boss of United Mine Workers who formed and led Congress of Industrial Organization

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General Motors Sit-Down Strike of 1937

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Workers insisted on right to join union by coming to work but refusing to work; GM couldn't bring in strikebreakers and other workers; company yielded to United Auto Workers union

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Memorial Day Massacre (1937)

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Smaller steel companies resister the decision of giant US Steel to recognize workers; during a demonstration by union picketers at Republic Steel in Chicago, police killed four

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Frances Perkins

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Secretary of Labor under FDR and first woman appointed to US cabinet; helped to pull labor movement into New Deal coalition, fighting for labor and establishing Fair Labor Standards Act to establish minimum wage, overtime pay, child labor laws; advocated Social Security and benefits and pensions for the elderly and unemployed

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Tennessee Valley Authority (1933)

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Hired workers and provided jobs in one of nation's poorest regions, building dams, operating electricity plants, controlling flooding, and manufacturing fertilizer; put government in direct competition with private companies, leading to criticism; gov't sought to investigate if private companies were exploiting prices; highly successful, improving region, providing cheap electricity, reducing poverty; showed progressive idea of public ownership of utilities

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Public Utility Holding Act of 1935

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Facilitated regulation of electric utilities by limiting operations and ended large public utility holding companies, supercompanies that collapsed during and contributed greatly to depression

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Rural Electrification Administration (1935)

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Gave loans for electrical companies to supply power in rural areas, promoting expansion

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Federal Housing Administration (1934)

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Stimulated housing construction by insuring small bank loans given to homeowners for construction and renovation; improved construction industry, very popular even today

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United States Housing Authority (1937)

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Lent money to states and communities to build low-cost housing developments; slums shrank, not very successful; met with opposition from real estate promoters and landowners

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John Collier

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Commissioner of Bureau of Indian Affairs from 1933 to 1945 who sought to reverse forced assimilation policy

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Indian Reorganization Act of 1935 (Wheeler-Howard Act)

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Encouraged tribal self-government, preservation of territory and cultural identity; known as "Indian New Deal", repealing Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 and reverses government's assimilationist policy

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Father Charles Coughlin

answer

Liberal Catholic priest who opposed FDR and New Deal; radio evangelist who called for social justice, especially for elderly; popular, then shut down due to antisemitic views

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Senator Huey P. Long

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Senator and Governor of Louisiana who created "Share Our Wealth" program that gave every family $5000, funded by taking money from anyone making over a $5 million cap; popular, enthusiastic, humorous, appealed to public; assassinated

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Dr. Francis E. Townsend

answer

Retired California physician who proposed to give seniors $200 a month, but had to work; helped to sustain seniors and stimulated economy by forcing money back into economy; was early form of social security

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Election of 1936

answer

Democratic Franklin D. Roosevelt won over Republican Alf Landon; showed divide of Republican Party among various groups; FDR won due to uniting all those whom he helped with New Deal policies (New Deal Coalition), including blacks, industrial CIO workers, Southerners, urbanites, impoverished (helped by policies), immigrants; immigrants came of age politically

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Alfred M. Landon (Election of 1936)

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Moderate Republican nominee from Kansas who accepted some New Deal reforms but opposed Social Security; condemned New Deal for radical experimentation and high deficit; backed by Hoover and American Liberty League; wins just two states

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Franklin D. Roosevelt (Election of 1936)

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Easily renominated as Democratic nominee, loved by those who gained relief from New Deal; united by New Deal Coalition such as blacks, Southerners, industrial workers; won by appealing to common man

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American Liberty League

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Group of wealth conservatives organized in 1934 to oppose New Deal; supported Landon in Election of 1936, and disbanded soon after

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New Deal Coalition

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Alignment of various voting blocs that supported New Deal, making Democratic party a majority from 1932 until 1960s; included labor unions (CIO), liberals, ethnic and racial minorities (Catholics, Jews), blacks, Southerners, and whites, all of whom were supported by FDR's relief programs

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Court-Packing Plan

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Supreme Court was relatively conservative and struck down many New Deal policies, so to try to shift liberally, asked Congress to add one justice for each non-retiring member over 70 years old; believed it was warranted because citizens voted for FDR and thereby supported New Deal policies; criticized as dictatorial and trying to sidestep checks and balances; court then naturall began to shift leftwards, upholding Social Security, Wagner Act; eventually all nine spots were re-appointed by FDR; caused FDR to lose support and clout

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Roosevelt Recession of 1937

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Caused by high gov't expenses, social security cutting into wages (so reduced spending), and simultaneous reduction of spending by FDR to balance budget; eventually administration adopted ideas of Keynesian economics to increased spending to stimulate economy to improve

question

Keynesian Economics during the New Deal

answer

Ideas of British economist John Maynard Keynes saying that government should stimulate economy during difficult times through increased deficit spending to "prime the pump"; adopted by Roosevelt administration to pull out of 1937 recession

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Reorganization Act of 1939

answer

Gave limited powers for administrative reform, after FDR's full bill to reorganize was defeated due to increasingly conservative Congress

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Hatch Act of 1939

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Prohibited federal officials from active campaigning and soliciting; forbade federal funds for campaigning and collecting contributions from those receiving direct relief; broadened in 1940 to limit campaign spending; many loopholes, overall unsuccessful

APUSH 7.5.2: Franklin D. Roosevelt and The New Deal – Flashcards

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