Psyc 101 Ch. 8 – Flashcards
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Human development
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scientific study of the changes that occur in people as they age, from conception until death
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longitudinal design
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one group of people is followed and assessed at different times as the group ages Advantage: looking at real age-related changes as those changes occur in the same individuals Disadvantage: lengthy amount of time, money, and effort -loss of participants
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Q: In a _________ design, one group of people is followed and assessed at different times as the group ages.
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longitudinal
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cross-sectional design
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several different age-groups are studied at one time Advantages: quick, inexpensive, easier Disadvantage: doesn't compare individuals of the same age
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cohort effect
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particular impact on development that occurs when a group of people share a common time period or common life experience
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Q: The cognitive and social changes students go through because they are born and grow up in an age of smartphones would be referred to as a
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cohort effect
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cross-sequential design
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combination of the longitudinal and cross-sectional design
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nature
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heredity influence of inherited characteristics on personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions
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nurture
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influence of the environment on personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions parenting styles, physical surroundings, economic fators
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genetics
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science of heredity
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DNA
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molecule, consisting of sugar-phosphate strands linked by amines and bases arranged in particular pattern *amines contain the genetic codes for building proteins that make up organic life
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gene
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section of DNA containing a certain sequence of amines
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chromosomes
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found in nucleus, where genes are located 46 total (23 from male, 23 from female) most characteristics determined by 22 pairs (autosomes) last pair sex of the person (sex chromosomes) XX female XY male
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Q: Humans have a total of ____ pairs of chromosomes in each cell of the human body
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23
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dominant
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genes more active in influencing the trait -observable trait Ex. hair color
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recessive
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less active in influencing the trait; will only be expressed in observable trait if they are paired with another less active gene Ex. blonde hair
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Q: Brady has naturally blonde hair. Based on this information, what do we know about Brady's parents?
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Each of his parents must have one recessive gene for blonde hair
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polygenetic inheritance
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many genes certain kinds of genes tend to group themselves with certain other genes Ex. blonde hair / blue eyes
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Q: When sets of genes group together, the result can be multiple traits expressed as a single dominant trait. This is best explained by the process known as
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polygenetic inheritance
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Disorders from recessive inheritance
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-cystic fibrosis -sickle-cell anemia -Tay-Sachs disorder -PKU
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Q: Disorder resulting from recessive inheritance
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cystic fibrosis
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Disorders of chromosomes
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-down syndrome (extra chromosome in 21st pair) -Klinefelter's syndrome (extra sex chromosome, 23rd pair is XXY) -Turner's syndrome (23rd pair is missing an X)
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Q: Disorder characterized by having only one X chromosome in the 23rd pairing
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Turner's syndrome
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fertilization
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egg (ovum) and sperm unite
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zygote
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resulting cell of fertilization with 46 chromosomes
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Q: At fertilization, the chromosomes from the father's sperm unite with the chromosomes from the mother's egg creating a new cell called an
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zygote
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monozygotic twins
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"identical" two babies come from one fertilized egg -same sex, identical features
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dizygotic twins
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"fraternal" two eggs are fertilized -more likely with fertility drugs to assist pregnancy
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conjoined twins
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mass of cells does not completely split apart -share soft tissues or certain body parts -rare survival - 1 in 100,000 births Ex. Abby ; Brittany Hensel
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Q: What term best describes Abby ; Brittany Hensel
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dicephalic twins
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germinal period
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-two week period -zygote begins dividing and moving down uterus -mass of cells attaches to wall of uterus -placenta forms umbilical cord develops
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Q: What is the function of the placenta
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It provides nourishment to the developing baby
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embryonic period
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-two weeks after conception to 8 weeks -attached to uterus, now embryo -cell specialization, preliminary versions of various organs -embryo vulnerable to hazards (diseases and substances from mother)
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Q: The 2nd week through the 8th week of pregnancy is commonly referred to as the ______ stage
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embryonic
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Q: Tameeka is at the point in pregnancy when the major organs and structures of her baby are developing. Which period of prenatal development is Tameeka currently experiencing
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embryonic
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Teratogens
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Nicotine - low birth weight, learning disabilities Marijuana - irritability, nervousness, tremors Cocaine - respiratory problems, learning disabilities, seizures Prescription drugs - Antidepressants (some): respiratory problems, premature birth, early motor deficits Flu and viruses - associated with psychological disorders • Schizophrenia example Stress hormones - increased risk of premature birth, temperamentally difficult babies, health problems STD's - brain damage, deafness, blindness
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Q: Most common teratogens and can result in a malformed head and brain damage
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alcohol
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fetal period
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-8 weeks to birth -now fetus -tremendous growth & development, fully functional -birth around end of 38th week -miscarriages most likely in first three months
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Q: When do most miscarriages occur
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in first three months
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motor development
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birth to 2 years rapid development raising head and chest—2 to 4 months rolling over—2 to 5 months sitting up with support—4 to 6 months sitting up without support—6 to 7 months crawling—7 to 8 months walking—8 to 18 months
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physical development
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reflexes: grasping startle rooting (moving head and opening mouth) stepping sucking
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sensory development
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synapse formation synapse pruning: unused synaptic connection and nerves cells cleared to make way for functioning connections -well-developed sense of taste -respond to touch** & distinguish different odors (mother) -hearing is functional , most responsive to high pitches -least functional vision (see 7-10 inches, preference faces)
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Q: Which of a baby's senses is the most well developed at birth?
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touch
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Q: One way researchers study newborn development involves measuring how long infants continue to focus upon a non-changing stimulus. This technique is referred to as
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habituation
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cognitive development
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mental activités associated with thinking, problem-solving, remembering ; communicating
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Piaget's Stages of Development
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schemes: form mental concepts as they experience new situations or events -child organize differently than adults 1. Sensorimotor 2. Preoperational 3. Concrete Operations 4. Formal Operations
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Q: In which of Piaget's stages would a child be who has just developed the ability to conserve?
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concrete operations
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Sensorimotor
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Birth - 2 years -explore using their senses and motor skills to learn -develop object permanence and understanding that concepts and mental images represent objects, people, and events
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Preoperational
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2 - 7 years -mentally represent and refer to objects and events with words or pictures -egocentrism (difficultly seeings things from another's view) -centration (focus on one feature of an object, leads to errors in conservation) -lack of conservation -irreversibility
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Concrete Operations
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7 - 12 years -conversations -reversible thinking -classify objects in terms of their characteristics -think logically and understand analogies about concrete events -limitations in abstract thinking -rule-driven
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Formal Operations
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12 year - adulthood -use abstract reasoning about hypothetical events or situations -think about logical possibilities -use abstract analogies -systematically examine and test hypotheses **not everyone achieves
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Vygotsky's Theory
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-stresses the importance of social interactions with others, typically more highly skilled children and adults -children's cognitive development occurs when someone helps them by asking leading questions and providing examples of concepts (scaffolding) -each child has a zone of proximal development—difference between what they can do alone vs. with aid of a teacher
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Q: Vygotsky defines ______ as the process of helping less as the learner improves at a given task
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scaffolding
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Stages of Language Development
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1. cooing (2 months) 2. babbling (6 months) 3. one-word speech (about 1 year) 4. telegraphic speech (about 18 months) 5. whole sentences (preschool)
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Q: Which tends occur first in a child's language development
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cooing
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Language reception vs. production
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Reception before production -understand words before saying something
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autism spectrum disorder
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neurodevelopment disorder involves issues in thinking, feeling, language, and social interactions -linked to childhood immunizations
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temperament
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behavioral and emotional characteristics that are fairly well established at birth 1. Easy: regular schedules, easily soothed 2. Difficult: irregular schedules, unhappy about change 3. Slow to warm up: slow to adapt to change
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Q: According to Thomas and Chess, temperament styles often last _________ and are often influenced by ___________.
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throughout adulthood; heredity
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attachment
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emotional bond that forms between an infant and a primary caregiver 1. Secure: willing to leave mother, "touching base" , upset when mother leaves 2. Avoidant: somewhat willing to explore, don't touch base 3. Ambivalent: mixed feelings, clinging, unwilling to explore 4. Disorganized - disoriented: fearful, dazed, depressed look
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Q: What kind of attachment, according to Ainsworth, is shown by a baby who clings to his or her mother, gets upset when the mother leaves, and demands to be picked up but at the same time kicks and pushes her away.
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ambivalent
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Q: Studies by Harry Harlow show that the most important element to developing attachment is
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physical contact
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self-concept
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image you have of yourself, based on your interactions with the important people in your life
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Q: Baby Lisa is beginning to learn more about herself. When she sees herself in a mirror, she smiles and laughs but no longer needs to touch the mirror or look behind it to find the baby she sees. Researchers would say that baby Lisa is developing
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awareness of herself
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Erikson's Theory
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-suggests development occurs in a series of eight stages -at each stage an emotional crisis must be successfully met for normal development to occur
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Q: According to Erikson, which stage results in a sense of independence because of one's ability to control their own actions
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autonomy versus shame and doubt
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adolescence
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period of life from age 13 to early 20s during which a young person is no longer physically a child but is not yet an independent, self-supporting adult
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puberty
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-clearest sign of the beginning of adolescence -physical changes in both primary sex characteristics (growth of sex organs) and secondary sex characteristics (developing breasts and body hair)
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Q: Changes in the body of young boys such as the appearance and growth of body hair is considered
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secondary sex characteristic
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physical development adolescence
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-increase in height and changes in both primary and secondary sex characteristics -occurs as the result of glandular and hormonal activities -tends to occur about 2 years after beginning of growth spurt
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cognitive development adolescence
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-continued maturation of the frontal lobes allows cognitive advances (abstract thought/Piaget's formal operations) -despite advances, still have egocentric thought that emerges in a variety of ways
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moral development adolescence
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-understanding of what is "right" and "wrong" -early theory was proposed by Kohlberg; suggested three levels of moral development preconventional conventional postconventional -some researchers (Gilligan) suggest that Kohlberg's ideas applied more to males; others suggest that assessment was based on hypothetical, rather than real-life, dilemmas
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Q: According to Kohlberg, about 1/5 of the adult population is at the _____ level of morality.
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postconventional
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psychosocial development adolescence
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-adolescence is largely marked by the search for a consistent sense of self or personal identity -Erikson: the psychosocial crisis that must be resolved is identity vs. role confusion -parent-teen conflict to be expected
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Q: According to Erikson, the task of the adolescent is to
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find a consistent sense of self
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Q: If Colin is going to argue and disagree with his parents which of topic will he typically be arguing over?
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his taste in clothes
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Q: It can't happen to me. I'm special" is a common attitude found in adolescents who have developed
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a personal fable
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Q1: The thinking and attitudes of many who survived the Depression of the 1930s changed them for the rest of their lives. This would be an example of a
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cohort effect
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Q2: Which of the following represents the fertilization process of monozygotic twins?
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One egg is fertilized by one sperm and then splits
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Q3: Based on today's science and medicine, when does the age of viability begin?
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between 22 and 26 weeks
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Q4: Studies of the infant brain show signs of what scientists call synaptic pruning. What occurs during this process?
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Unused synaptic connections and nerve cells are cleared out to make way for new cells
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Q5: In which of Piaget's stages does the child become capable of understanding conservation?
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concrete operations
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Q6: In the Strange Situation, __________ babies would cry when their mother left the room but were happy upon her return.
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secure
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Q7: What is a new explanation as to why teenagers and young adults may engage in risky and dangerous behavior?
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such behavior may be due to the incomplete development of the prefrontal cortex
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Q8: Samantha enters a classroom where two students are talking. When they stop their discussion, Samantha is certain they must have been talking about her. Such a belief is an example of
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the imaginary audience
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Q9: Independence and self-reliance in the teenage years is most likely due to ______________ parenting
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authoritative
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Q10: The crisis of late adulthood, according to Erikson, is
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intimacy versus isolation
