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Personality

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a distinctive pattern of behavior, mannerisms, thoughts, motives and emotions that characterizes an individual over time and across different situations

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Traits

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habitual ways of behaving, thinking and feeling (shy, outgoing, friendly etc.)

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Psychoanalysis

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A theory of personality and a method of psychotherapy developed by Sigmund Freud; it emphasizes unconscious motives and conflicts

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Psychodynamic

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emphasizes the movement of psychological energy within the person in forms of attachments, conflicts, and motivations

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Freuds Theory

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Adult personality and ongoing problems are formed primarily by experiences in early childhood

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Unconscious motives

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passions, guilty secrets, unspeakable yearnings, conflicts between desire and duty

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Freuds Three major systems

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Id, the ego, and the superego

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Id

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part of personality containing inherited psychic energy particularly sexual and aggressive instincts

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Libido

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The psychic energy that fuels the life or sexual instincts of the id

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Ego

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represents reason, good sense and rational self-control

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Superego

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represents conscience anxiety or threatening thoughts from entering consciousness

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Defense mechanisms

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deny or distort reality, but they also protect us from conflict and anxiety

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5 defense mechanisms

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Repression, projection, displacement, regression, denial

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Repression

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a threatening idea, memory or emotion is blocked from consciousness

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Projection

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when a person's own unacceptable or threatening feelings are repressed and then attributed to someone else

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Displacement

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when people direct emotions that make them uncomfortable or conflicted-commonly anger and lust towards people, animals or objects that are not the real object of their feelings

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Regression

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when a person reverts to a previous phase of psychological development

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Denial

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when people refuse to admit that something unpleasant is happening, such as mistreatment by a partner

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Psychosexual stages

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sexual energy takes different forms as the child matures, oral, anal, phallic latency and genital

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Oral Stage

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first year of life when babies experience the world through their mouths, as adults will seek oral gratification in smoking, overeating, nail biting, become clingy and dependent

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Anal Stage

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2-3, when toilet training is an issue, child may become holding everything obsessive about neatness or messy

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Phallic Stage (Oedipus complex)

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3-5, wishes to possess the parent of the other sex and get rid of parent of same sex

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Genital Stage

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begins at puberty

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Collective unconscious

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In Jungian theory the universal memories and experiences of mankind, represented in the symbols and stories and images that occur across all cultures also called archetypes

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Jungian Theory

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people are motivated not only by past conflicts but also by their future goals and their desire to fulfill themselves, identified extroversion vs. introversion

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Object-relations school

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emphasizes the importance of the infant's first two years of life ands the baby's formative relationships, especially with the mother

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Psychodynamic theories are guilty of 3 scientific failings

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Violating the principle of falsifiability, drawing universal principles from the experiences of a few atypical patients, basing theories of personality development on the retrospective accounts of adults

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Objective Tests

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standardized questionaries requiring written responses, they typically include scales on which people are asked to rate themselves

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Central Traits

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Extroversion vs. Introversion Neuroticism vs emotional stability Agreeableness vs. antagonism Conscientiousness vs. impusliveness Openness to experience vs. resistance to new experience

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Secondary Traits

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preferences, habits, casual opinion

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Factor analysis

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Raymond Cattell advanced the study by applying a statistical method analyzing the intercorreleations among various measures or test scores, clusters

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Temperaments

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dispositions to respond to the environment in a certain way

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heritability

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statistical estimate of the proportion of the total variance in some trait that is attributable to genetic differences among individuals within a group

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Social cognitive learning theorists

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argue that people do acquire central personality traits from their learning history and their resulting expectations and beliefs

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Reciprocal determinism

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social cognitive learning theories; the two way interaction between aspects of the environment and aspects of the individual in the shaping of personality traits

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Nonshared environments

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Unique aspects of a person's environment and experience that are not shared with family members

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Parents sole influence crumble over these 3 reasons

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The shared environment of the homes has relatively little influence on most personality traits, few parents have a single child rearing style that is consistent, children don't turn out the same

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Insanity

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Only a legal term, primarily on whether a person is aware of the consequences of his or her actions and can control his or her behavior

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Harmful dysfunction

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harmful to oneself or others as judged by the community or culture dysfunctional because it is not performing its evolutionary function

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Mental disorder

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any condition that causes a person to suffer, is self destructive, seriously impairs a persons ability to work or get along with others, or makes a person unable to control the impulse to endanger others

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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder

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published by the American Psychiatric Association to diagnosis disorders

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Problems with identifying mental disorders

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Overdiagnosis,diagnostic labels, confusion of mental disorders with normal problems, objectivity

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Generalized anxiety disorder

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a continuous state of anxiety marked by feelings of worry and dread, apprehension, difficulties in concentration and signs of motor tension

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Symptoms of anxiety

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sweaty palms, racing hear, shortness of breath, amygadala, core structure of fear, pre frontal cortex, ability to realize when danger has passed

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PTSD

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a person who has experienced a traumatic or life threatening event has symptoms such as psychic numbing, reliving the trauma and increased psychological arousal

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PTSD hippocampus

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smaller than average

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OCD

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an anxiety disorder in which a person feels trapped in repetitive persistent thought and repetitive ritualized behaviors designed to reduce anxiety

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OCD brain abnormalities

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prefrontal cortex create a kind of cognitive rigidity, inability to let go go intrusive thoughts and behaviors

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PET Scan

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a study that compared obsessive hoarders with other people with obsessive symptoms found that hoarders had less activity in parts of the brain involved in decision making, problem solving, spatial orientation and memory

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Major Deppresion

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a mood disorder involving disturbances in emotion, behavior, cognition, and body function

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Deppresion satitstics

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twice as often among women as men women think men drink

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Bipolar Disorder

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a mood disorder in which episodes of both depression and mania occur

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vulnerability stress model

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approaches that emphasize how individual vulnerabilities interact with external stresses or circumstances to produce specific mental disorders such s depression

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Contributing factors to deppresion

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genetic predisposition, violence, childhood abuse, parental neglect, losses of relationships, cognitive habits

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Psychopathy

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a disorder characterized by fearlessness, lack of empathy, guilt and remorse

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Substance abuse

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a maldaptive pattern of substance use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress

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biological model

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disease model, holds that addiction, whether to alcohol or any other drug is due to primarily to a person's neurology and genetic predispostion

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Schizophrenia

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a psychotic disorder marked by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized and incoherent speech, inappropriate behavior, and cognitive impairments

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psychosis

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an extreme mental disturbance involving distorted perceptions and irrational behavior it may have psychological or organic causes

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Origins of schiz

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reduced volumes of gray matter in the prefrontal cortex and temporal lobes, abnormalities in the hippocampus, and neurtransmitters

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factors of shiz

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genetic predispositions, prenatal problems or birth complications, biological events during adolences

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Antipsychotic Drugs

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drugs used primarily in the treatment of schiz and others they are often used off label and inappropriately for other disorders such as demential and impulsive agressiveness

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Antidepressant drugs

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primarily used in mood disorders

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anti anxiety drugs

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increase activity of neurotransmitter GABA

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lithium carbonate

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a drug frequently given to people suffering from bipolar

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Antipsychotics

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Thorazine, haldol, clozaril, risperdal, seroquel used for: schiz, impulsive anger, bipolar

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Anti dipressants

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prozac, nardil, elavil, paxil, welbutrin, cymbalta, remeron used for: depression, anxiety, panic, ocd

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anti-anxiety drugs

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valium, xanax, klonapin, beta blockers used for: mood, panic, acute anxiety

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problems of drugs

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placebo affect, high relapse and dropout rates, disregard for effective, possibly better non medical treatments, unknown risks, untested off-label uses

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psychosurgery

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drilled holes in brain, Moniz

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ECT

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a procedure used in cases of prolonged and sever major depression in which brief brain seizure is induced

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transference

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in psychodynamic therapies, a critical process in which the client transfers unconscious emotions or reactions such as emotional feigns about his or her parents onto the therapist

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behavioral therapy

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a form of therapy that applies principles of classical operant conditioning to help people change self-defeating or problematic behaviors

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graduated exposure

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a method in which a person suffering from a phobia or panic attacks is gradually taken into the feared situation or exposed to a traumatic memory until the anxiety subsides

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flooding

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client is taken directly into a feared situation

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systematic desensitization

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a step by step process of desensitizing a client to a feared object or experience,

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behavioral self monitoring

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careful data of behavior

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skills training

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teach skills they may lack

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cognitive therapy

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identify, change irrational unproductive ways of thinking to reduce negative emotions

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rational emotive behavior therapy

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a form of cognitive therapy by ellis to challenge clients unrealistic thoughts

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humanist therapy

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emphasizes personal growth, resilience, can change

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existential therapy

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to help clients explore meaning of existence

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family systems persepective

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how each family member forms part of a larger interacting system

Psych Ch.14-16 – Flashcards

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