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refers to the deployment of organizational resources to achieve strategic goals

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Organizing

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the framework in which the organization defines how tasks are divided, resources are deployed, and departments are coordinated

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Organization structure

question

the visual representation of an organization's structure

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Organization chart

question

sometimes called division of labor, is the degree to which organizational tasks are subdivided into individual jobs

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Work specialization

question

an unbroken line of authority that links all individuals in the organization and specifies who reports to whom

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Chain of command

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the formal and legitimate right of a manager to make decisions, issue orders, and allocate resources to achieve outcomes desired by the organization

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Authority

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the flip side of the authority coin; it refers to the duty to perform the task or activity that one has been assigned

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Responsibility

question

means that people with authority and responsibility are subject to reporting and justifying task outcomes to those above them in the chain of command

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Accountability

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when managers transfer authority and responsibility to positions below them in the hierarchy

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Delegation

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refers to the formal power to direct and control immediate subordinates, or staff authority

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Line authority

question

refers to the right to advise, counsel, and recommend in the manager's area of expertise

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Staff authority

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sometimes called span of control, refers to the number of employees reporting to a supervisor

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Span of management

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is characterized by an overall narrow span of management and a relatively large number of hierarchical levels

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Tall structure

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is characterized by an overall broad span of management and relatively few hierarchical levels

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Flat structure

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means that decision authority is pushed down to lower organization levels

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Decentralization

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means that decision authority is located near top organization levels

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Centralization

question

the basis for grouping individual positions into departments and departments into the total organization

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Departmentalization

question

groups employees into departments based on similar skills, tasks, and use of resources

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Functional structure

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groups employees and departments based on similar organizational outputs (products or services), such that each division has a mix of functional skills and tasks

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Divisional structure

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uses both functional and divisional chains of command simultaneously, in the same part of the organization

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Matrix approach

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report to two supervisors simultaneously

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Two-boss employees

question

a functional or product supervisor responsible for one side of the matrix

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Matrix boss

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oversees both the product and the functional chains of command and is responsible for the entire matrix

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Top leader

question

a group of employees from various functional departments that meet as a team to resolve mutual problems

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Cross-functional team

question

a group of employees from all functional areas permanently assigned to focus on a specific tasks or activity

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Permanent team

question

one in which the entire organization is made up of horizontal teams that coordinate their activities and work directly with customers to accomplish organizational goals

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Team-based structure

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the organization subcontracts most of its major functions to separate companies and coordinates their activities from a small headquarters organization

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Virtual network structure

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one in which a manufacturing company uses outside suppliers to provide large chunks or a product such as an automobile, which are then assembled into a final product by a few employees

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Modular approach

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refers to the managerial task of adjusting and synchronizing the diverse activities among different individuals and departments

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Coordinating

question

means a joint effort between people from two or more departments to produce outcomes that meet a common goal or shared purpose

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Collaboration

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a temporary team or committee formed to solve a specific short-term problem involving several departments

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Task force

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a person responsible for coordinating the activities of several departments for the completing of a specific project

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Project manager

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refers to the radical redesign of business processes to achieve dramatic improvements in cost, quality, service, and speed

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Reengineering

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refers to frequent horizontal coordination and communication carried out through ongoing relationships of shared goals, shared knowledge, and mutual respect

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Relational coordination

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a type of manufacturing technology that involves the production of goods in batches of one or a few products designed to customer specification

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Small-batch production

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characterized by long production runs to manufacture a large volume of products with the same specifications

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Mass production

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involves mechanization of the entire workflow and nonstop production, such as in chemical plants or petroleum refineries

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Continuous process production

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refers to the degree to which complex machinery is involved in the production process to the exclusion of people

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Technical complexity

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characterized by intangible outputs and direct contact between employees and customers

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Service technology

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the adoption of a new idea or behavior by an organization

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Organizational change

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refers to the innovations in products, services, or processes that radically change competition in an industry, such as the advent of streaming video or e-books

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Disruptive innovation

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means incorporating structures and processes that are appropriate for both the creative impulse and the systematic implementation of innovations

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Ambidextrous approach

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a change in the organization's products or services

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Product change

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refers to a change in production processes-how the organization does its work

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Technology change

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involves designing the organization to encourage creativity and the initiation of new ideas

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Exploration

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the generation of novel ideas that may meet perceived needs or respond to opportunities for the organization

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Creativity

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an organizational program that provides a safe harbor where employees can generate and develop ideas without interference from company bureaucracy or politics

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Idea incubator

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means that several departments, such as marketing, research, and manufacturing, work closely together to develop new products

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Horizontal linkage model

question

extends the search for and commercialization of innovative ideas beyond the boundaries of the organization

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Open innovation

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an open innovation approach that taps into ideas from around the world and lets thousands or hundreds of thousands of people participate in the innovation process, usually via the Internet

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Crowdsourcing

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a person who sees the need for change and is passionately committed to making it happen

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Idea champion

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one structural mechanism that promotes entrepreneurship that is a unit separate from the mainstream organization that is responsible for initiating and developing innovations

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New-venture team

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a variation of the new-venture team that is a separate informal, highly autonomous, and often secretive group that focuses on breakthrough ideas

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Skunkworks

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provides financial resources from which individuals or teams can draw to develop new ideas, products, or businesses

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New-venture fund

question

refers to a change in the attitudes and behaviors of a few employees

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People change

question

a major shift in the norms, values, and mindset of the entire organization

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Culture change

question

a planned, systematic process of change that uses behavioral science techniques to improve an organization's health and effectiveness through its ability to cope with environmental changes, improve internal relationships, and increase learning and problem-solving capabilities

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Organization development (OD)

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an OD intervention that enhances cohesiveness by helping groups of people learn to work together as a team

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Team building

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OD change agents survey employees to gather their opinion regarding corporate values, leadership, participation, cohesiveness, and other aspects of the organization, then meet with small groups to share the results and brainstorm solutions to problems identified by the results

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Survey feedback

question

an OD approach that brings together people from different parts of the organization (and often including outside stakeholders) to discuss problems or opportunities and plan for change

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Large-group intervention

question

the stage in which people are made aware of problems and the need for change

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Unfreezing

question

an OD specialist who contracts with an organization to help managers facilitate change

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Change agent

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the "intervention" stage of OD, when change agents teach people new behaviors and skills and guide them in using them in the workplace

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Changing

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people have incorporation new values, attitudes, and behaviors into their everyday work and the changes become institutionalized in the culture

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Refreezing

question

a disparity between actual and desired performance

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Need for change

question

a technique for determining which forces drive a proposed change and which forces restrain it

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Force-field analysis

question

refers to the design and application of formal systems to ensure the effective and efficient use of human talent to accomplish organizational goals

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Human resource management (HRM)

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refers to the economic value of the combined knowledge, experience, skills, and capabilities of employees

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Human capital

question

means making hiring and promotion decisions based on criteria that are not job-relevant

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Discrimination

question

requires that employers take positive steps to guarantee equal employment opportunities for people within protected groups

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Affirmative action

question

similar to a product brand except that it promotes the organization as a great place to work, rather than promotion a specific product or service

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Employer brand

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are people who work for an organization, but not on a permanent or full-time basis, including temporary placements, independent contractors, freelancers, and part-time employees

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Contingent workers

question

means using computers and telecommunications equipment to perform work from home or another remote location

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Telecommuting

question

refers to the forecasting of human resource needs and the projected matching of individuals with anticipated job vacancies

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Human resource planning

question

a human resources approach in which the organization and the individual attempt to match each other's needs, interests, and values

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Matching model

question

refers to activities or practices that define the desired characteristics of applicants for specific jobs

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Recruiting

question

the process of assessing the skills, abilities, and other attributes of applicants in an attempt to determine the fit between the job and each applicant's characteristics

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Selection

question

a selection device that collects information about the applicant's education, previous work experience, and other background characteristics

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Application form

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used to select individuals with high managerial potential based on their performance on a series of simulated managerial tasks

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Assessment center

question

managers may administer these to applicants for frontline positions to evaluate their performance in completing simulated tasks that are a part of the job

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Work sample tests

question

an experienced employee is asked to teach a new employee how to perform job duties

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On-the-job-training (OJT)

question

refers to using social media tools to network and learn informally

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Social learning

question

an in-house training and development facility that offers broad-based learning opportunities for employees

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Corporate university

question

the process of observing and evaluating an employee's performance, recording the assessment, and providing feedback

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Performance appraisal

question

uses multiple raters, including self-rating, to appraise employee performance and guide development

answer

360-degree feedback

question

a performance evaluation error that occurs when a manager places an employee into a class or category based on one or a few traits or characteristics

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Stereotyping

question

occurs when a manager gives an employee the same rating on all dimensions of the job, even though performance may be good on some dimensions and poor on others

answer

Halo effect

question

a performance evaluation technique that relates an employee's performance to specific job-related incidents

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Behaviorally anchored rating scale (BARS)

question

refers to all monetary payments and all nonmonetary goods or benefits used to reward employees

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Compensation

question

the process of determining the value of jobs within an organization through an examination of job content

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Job evaluation

question

show what other organizations pay incumbents in jobs that match a sample of key jobs selected by the organization

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Wage and salary surveys

question

also called incentive pay, means tying at least a portion or compensation to employee effort and performance

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Pay-for-performance

question

also called downsizing, refers to reducing the company's workforce intentionally to the point where the number of employees is deemed right for the company's current situation

answer

Rightsizing

question

an interview conducted with departing employees to determine reasons for their departure and learn about potential problems in the organization

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Exit interview

question

defined as all the ways in which employees differ

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Diversity

question

the degree to which an employee feels like an esteemed member of a group in which his or her uniqueness is highly appreciated

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Inclusion

question

is achieved when a manager creates a heterogeneous team made up of individuals with diverse backgrounds and skill sets

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Diversity of perspective

question

which means creating a climate in which the potential advantages of diversity for organizational performance are maximized while the potential disadvantages are minimized

answer

Managing diversity

question

the tendency to view people who are different as being deficient

answer

Prejudice

question

when someone acts out their negative attitudes toward people who are the targets of their prejudice

answer

When does discrimination occur?

question

a rigid, exaggerated, irrational belief associated with a particular group of people

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Stereotype

question

occurs when a person who, when engaged in a task, is aware of a stereotype about his or her identity group suggesting that he or she will not perform well on that task

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Stereotype threat

question

the belief that one's own group is inherently superior to other groups

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Ethnocentrism

question

a culture that accepts only one way of doing things and one set of values and beliefs

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Monoculture

question

the belief that groups and subcultures are inherently equal

answer

Ethnorelativism

question

describes an environment in which the organization accommodates several subcultures, including employees who would otherwise feel isolated and ignored

answer

Pluralism

question

an invisible barrier that separates women and minorities from senior management positions

answer

Glass ceiling

Management Ch 7-9 – Flashcards

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