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Cell Theory: define cell

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A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of a living organism-define cell properties: Define properties of life

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Cell Theory: Principle of complementary structure and function

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Biochemical activities of cells are dictated by their shapes and forms and by the relative number of their specific subcellular structures

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Cell Theory: activity of an organism

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The activity of an organism depends on both the individual and collective activities of its cells

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Cell Theory: continuity of life

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From one generation to the next has a cellular basis

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Composite cell 3 main parts

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Cell membrane/plasma membrane; Cytoplasm; Nucleus

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Plasma membrane

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Defines the extent of a cell, separating 2 of the body's major fluid compartments: the intracellular fluid and the extracellular fluid. Every cell is covered by this. They are selectively permeable

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Cell membrane's main components

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Phospholipids (75%), glycolipids (5%), and cholesterol (20%) .

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Groups of Proteins

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Peripheral: near the outside Integral: near the inside

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Glycocalyx

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Many of the proteins that make up the extracellular fluid: a sugar covering at the cell surface

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Peripheral Proteins Functions

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Enzymes, motor proteins, cell to cell links, provide support on intracellular surface, and form part of glycocalyx.

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Integral Proteins Functions

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Transport proteins (channels and carriers), enzymes, or receptors.

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6 Functions of cell membrane

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Transport nutrients in and waste out Receptors for signal transduction. Chemical messenger can change shape of protein Attach to cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix, ie connective tissue Enzymatic activity some produce enzymes Intercellular joining connecting cells to each other to form tissues Cell recognition , need to recognize each other, otherwise they are seen as a foreign body

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Immune system

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Destroys all proteins that aren't yours: protecting the ones you have

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Auto immune disease

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When your body's cells will attack its own system

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Tight junctions

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These membrane junctions prevent fluids and most molecules from moving between cells; found in stomach, mouth, epithelial tissue

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Desmosomes

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Hold cells together, much longer than tight junctions and much more complex. Membrane junction or anchoring junction.

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Scurvy

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Lack of vitamin C: causes desmosomes to fall apart and therefore tissue to break down.

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Gap Junction

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These membrane junctions are formed by trans membrane pores that allow small molecules or cytoplasm to diffuse from cell to cell; found in cardiac and smooth muscle cells

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Types of Membrane Transport

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Passive Processes (don't use energy) Active Processes (Do use Energy in the form of ATP)

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Passive Transport

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No cellular (ATP) energy is required. Substance moves down its concentration gradient. (High to Low = Passive, Low to High = Active)

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Active Transport

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Energy in the form of ATP is required. This occurs in only living cell membranes.(High to Low= Passive, Low to High = Active)

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Where does ATP (energy) come from?

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Sugar (glucose)

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4 Types of Passive Transport

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Simple Diffusion, Carrier Mediated Facilitated Diffusion, Channel Mediated Facilitated Diffusion, Osmosis

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Diffusion

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Is the tendency of molecules or ions to move from an area where they are in higher concentration to lower concentration until equilibrium occurs.

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Osmosis

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The diffusion of a solvent (water) through a selectively permeable membrane.

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Hypotonic solution

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Less than: Compare the solutes it contains a lower concentration of non-penetrating solutes than seen in the cell; a solution that causes a cell to swell because of osmosis. It Hydrates

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Hypertonic Solution

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More than; a higher concentration of non-penetrating solutes than seen in the cell. This causes cells to loose water and shrink. IE saline solution. It Dehydrates.

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Isotonic Solution

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Same tonicity; same concentration of non-penetrating solutes than seen in the cell. Cells exposed to this retain their shape. IE normal saline. No diffusion

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Necessary circumstances for osmosis

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Selectively permeable membrane Concentration gradient

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Concentration Gradient

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Opposite of equilibrium: if percentage of concentration is different on one side of cell membrane than the other

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Osmotic Lysis

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Process where a cell is killed by exploding because it is so swollen with water

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Plasmolysis

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Where a cell dies from dehydration

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Facilitated diffusion

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IE glucose, other sugars, some amino acids transported passively though they cannot pass through the lipid bilayer. A carrier molecule can transfer the glucose to the muscle, for example, without using energy

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Channel mediated facilitated diffusion

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Trans membrane proteins that transport usually ions or water through aqueous channels from one side of membrane to another

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Active Processes: Two Types

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Active Transport Vesicular Transport (Both use ATP to move solutes across a living plasma membrane).

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Active Transport:

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Requires carrier proteins and moves solutes against concentration gradient (lower to higher concentration) by using ATP or energy. Body uses this only after equilibrium is achieved

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Primary Active Transport

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Energy from ATP causes shape change in transport protein so that the solutes can be pumped across membrane. The pump is the 'Sodium-Potassium pump.'

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Sodium Potassium Pump (Part of primary and secondary active transport )

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Located in all plasma membranes. Maintains electrochemical gradients essential for functions of muscle and nerve tissues.

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Secondary Active Transport

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Depends on an ion gradient from Primary Active Transport. Energy stored in ionic gradients is used indirectly to drive transport of other solutes.

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Vesicular Transport

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Transport of large particles, macromolecules, and fluids across plasma membrane. This requires cellular energy (ATP)

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Functions of Vesicular Transport

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Exocytosis-transport out of cell, Endocytosis-transport into cell Transcytosis-transport into, across, and out of cell Substance Trafficking-transport from one area or organelle in cell to another.

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Exocytosis

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Vesicular transport process that eject substances from the cell interior into the extracellular fluid

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Endocytosis

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Vesicular transport process that moves substances from the extracellular fluid into the cell interior

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Pinocytosis

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AKA "cell drinking" the cell gulps a drop of extracellular fluid containing nutrients and solutes

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Phagocytosis

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"Cell Eating" cell engulfs solid material by projecting "pseudopods" (false feet), and encloses it in a membrane sack.

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Receptor mediated endocytosis

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Extracellular substances bind to specific receptor proteins, enabling the cell to ingest and concentrate specific substances.

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Insulin

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The hormone your body needs to let the carrier molecules work

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Hyperglycemia

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When glucose molecules collect in blood

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Hypoglycemia

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abnormally low level of sugar in the blood. Sugar goes to cells and goes into the muscle cell. Lacking glucose.

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Phosphorylation

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The transfer of a phosphoric acid to any molecule, usually though ATP. Glucose has a phosphoric group, so they cannot escape: nearly all cellular work depends on atp energizing other molecules by this process.

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Beta Oxidization

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A process where we burn fat. It is cyclical.

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Ketones

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Poisonous compounds. Diabetics produce so much that they begin to poison their body. They affect body systems and could cause coma or death

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Dimethyl Ketone

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Acetone

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Diabetes Melitus

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Urinating often : Honey

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Membrane potential

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Cell membranes have a positive charge on the outside, negative on the inside.

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Cytoplasm

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Living material inside the cells: cell forming material

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Cytosol

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The viscous semi-transparent fluid in which other elements are suspended: living liquid material

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Cytoplasmic organelles

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Small organ-like substances inside the cell: metabolic machinery of the cell

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Inclusion

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Like a warehouse for storing things in the cell.

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Mitochondria

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Transfers energy from glucose to ATP molecules: Threadlike or lozenge shaped membranous organelles. Double membrane structure: along inner membrane are Christae

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Christae

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along inner membrane of Mitochondria which produce ATP from glucose

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Ribosomes

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Small, dark staining granules composed of protein and RNA: Involved in protein synthesis: using amino acid where we produce protein using RNA.

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Endoplasmic reticulum

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Double membrane: two types 1. Rough and 2. Smooth

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Rough Endoplasmic reticulum

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Has lots of ribosomes attached. It produces a lot of protein which gets transported between cell walls

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Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum

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Very few ribosomes. Very few proteins produces, but a lot of lipoproteins are produced

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Golgi Apparatus

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packaging plant for proteins

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Peroxisomes

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De nature- destroy free radicals

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Free radical

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Oxygen accepts hydrogen and electrons. Every now and then, it gets crazy and tears everything up

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Antioxidant

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Destroys free radicals and slows aging process

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Lysosomes

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Bags of intercellular enzymes, never released to the outside. These envelope the bacteria and destroy the bad stuff by dumping enzymes. As we age, the start the dying process

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Cytoskeleton

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Microfilaments: Very small. Microtubules: Intermediate filaments: All Made of muscle protein. They stir the cytoplasm in the cell so chemical process can take place

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Cytoplasmic streaming

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Ability for any cytoplasm to be stirred up. Brought on by cytoskeleton

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Types of Microtubules

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Cilia (short and bristled: found in females in fallopian tube and in the windpipe) and Flagella (long and whip like)

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Ciliary escalator

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When breathing tubes clean themselves

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Nucleus

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Controls the cell: Double membrane structure with holes

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An nucleate cells

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Cells without a nucleus

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Skeletal Muscles

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Have more than one nucleus

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Nucleoli

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Inside the nucleus: darker color: produces ribosomal RNA

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Chromatin

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Decompressed, long and threadlike

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Chromosomes

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Compressed and ready to split

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Cell Cycle

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Process of Mitosis: Cell division. Some cells do not undergo, such as nerve cells

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Prophase

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(1st stage of Mitosis) Chromosomes become visible, centrosomes separate and migrate toward opposite poles, mitotic spindles and asters form.

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Metaphase

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(2nd stage of Mitosis) Centromeres of chromosomes are aligned at the equator. all chromosomes will line up across the center of the cell.

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Anaphase

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(3rd stage of Mitosis) chromosomes break apart and form daughter chromosomes.

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Cytokine

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(4th stage of Mitosis) The division of cytoplasm by a cleavage furrow.

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Telophase

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(5th and final stage of Mitosis) Opposite of prophase. chromosomes unravel into chromatin; nucleus reappears, one for each half; nuclear membrane begins to reform; centrosomes DO NOT migrate; spindle disappears, then cytokinesis occurs

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5 major events in prophase

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Chromosomes form Chromatin Nucleus will disappear Nuclear membrane will disappear Centrosomes will migrate Spindle will form

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Mitosis

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Division of nuclear material

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Cytokinesis

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Division of cytoplasm. Happens after Telophase. It is a "pinching in two" of the cytoplasm

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Metaphase plate

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an imaginary line where the chromosomes all line up

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Interphase

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the part of the cell cycle between mitosis. 3 phases: G1 Phase; S-Phase; G2 Phase

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G1 Phase

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first growth phase during interphase centrosomes duplicate or replicate::

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S- Phase

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Second growth phase during interphase; more growth and DNA synthesis; chromosomes will duplicate and become complete Chromosomes / /

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G2 Phase

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Third growth phase during interphase; more growing

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Protein synthesis

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From DNA, to RNA: transcription, translation, and quality control

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Gene

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a segment of a DNA molecule that carries instructions for creating one polypeptide chain

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Genetic code

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the rules by which the base sequence of a gene is translated into an amino acid sequence

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Codon

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for each 3 DNA base sequence, there are 3 corresponding 3 base mRNA : Adenine and Uracil, Cyanide and Guanine (thymine is not in RNA)

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DNA

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Holds the genetic "recipes" has 4 nucleotide bases: Adenine, Cyanide, Guanine and thymine

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3 types of RNA

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transcription, translation, and quality control

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Translation

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transfers info from DNA base sequence of a mRna molecule. 3 main phases: 1. initiation (pulls apart the double helix so it can get to the start point) 2. Elongation (the RNA polymerase aligns the DNA, elongates and unwinds it, and winds RNA around it) 3. Termination(when the polymerase reached the Termination signal, it stops copying)

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Promoter

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special DNA sequence that contains the "start point". Specifies where mRNA synthesis starts and which DNA strand to use

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Polymerase

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the enzyme that oversees the synthesis of mRNA correctly at the promoter

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Polypeptide

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a chain of amino acids linked together by peptide bond

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apoptosis

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Cell death; body gets rid of cells they no longer need

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Hyperplasia

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produce more blood cells for a certain need ie anemia causes more red blood cells

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Atrophy

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if you don't use an organ, you lose it

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Cell aging

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from wear and tear from mitochondrial from free radicals

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Anaplasia

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(without; grow) abnormalities in cell size; for example cancer cells typically lose the appearance of the parent cells

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Dysplasia

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A change is cell size, shape, or arrangement, due to chronic inflammation or inflammation

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Hypertrophy

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Growth of an organ or tissue due to an increase in the size of it's cells. It is a normal response of skeletal muscle cells when they lift weight. cells do not increase in number, just size

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Hyperplasia

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Cells increase in number

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Liposomes

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hollow microscopic sacs formed of phospholipids that can be filled with a variety of drugs. serve as multipurpose vehicles for drugs, genetic material, and cosmetics

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mutation

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a change in the DNA base sequence that may lead to the incorporation of incorrect amino acids; the affected protein may remain unimpaired or my function abnormally

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Necrosis

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Death of a cell or group of cells due to injury or disease. Acute injury causes the cells to swell and burst. Increases the inflammatory response.

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Infarction

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part of the tissue dies

Chapter 3 Cells: the Living Units – Flashcards

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