question

A mechanical problem-solving technique is also referred to as

answer

trial and error.

question

Heuristics could also be called

answer

"rules of thumb."

question

When the solution to a problem suddenly comes to mind, it is called

answer

insight.

question

One barrier to innovative problem solving is persisting in using techniques that have been successful in the past, also known as

answer

mental set.

question

________ is the ability to learn from one's experiences, acquire knowledge, and use resources effectively for solving problems.

answer

Intelligence

question

Gardner believes that reason, logic, and knowledge are

answer

different aspects of intelligence.

question

Wechlser's four index scales are verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory, and

answer

processing speed.

question

IQ is assumed to be normally distributed with a mean IQ of 100 and a typical standard deviation of about

answer

15.

question

_________ often work with individuals who have traumatic brain injury.

answer

Clinical neuropsychologists

question

The rhythm and emphasis of communicating is part of which language structure?

answer

pragmatics

question

Piaget theorized that _____ preceded and aided the development of _______.

answer

concepts; language

question

The cognitive universalism theory states that

answer

concepts are universal and influence the development of language.

question

Kanzi, the chimpanzee, communicates with researchers by using

answer

abstract symbols on a keyboard and making some sounds.

question

_________ is the ability to adapt and deal with new problems or challenges the first time you encounter them.

answer

Fluid intelligence

question

If an instructor was referring to a stream during a lecture, a student's mental image is likely to be

answer

a picture-like image.

question

A more creative method of problem-solving is the use of

answer

divergent thinking.

question

Creative intelligence is related to

answer

divergent thinking.

question

If a test does not measure what it's supposed to measure, then it lacks

answer

validity.

question

A person with an IQ of 145 may be categorized as

answer

a genius.

question

Vygotsky believed that

answer

language could help a child learn to control social behavior.

question

The debate over whether animals use real language centers around

answer

the fact that none of the animals have achieved language development comparable to a 3-year-old human.

question

In the brain, creating a mental image is _________ seeing an actual image.

answer

almost the opposite of

question

Which of the following images is the most subordinate concept?

answer

magnolias

question

Shelly took the Stanford-Binet test at age 10 and scored a mental age of 13. Using Stern's formula, her IQ is

answer

130.

question

Even after her girlfriends reported seeing her boyfriend Jeff out at clubs with other women, Jackie continues to believe her boyfriend and his friends who say the women are just old neighborhood friends. This is an example of

answer

confirmation bias.

question

Standard deviation refers to

answer

the average variation of scores from the mean.

question

Abby's new puppy cries each night when left in her crate. When Abby picks up the puppy and holds her to her chest the puppy stops crying and falls asleep. However, after she puts the puppy back in the crate the crying begins again. After a few nights, Abby suddenly realizes that her heartbeat is helping the dog fall asleep. She places a ticking clock next to the crate and the puppy goes right to sleep at night. Abby's realization is an example of

answer

insight.

question

Three-year-old Jamal is learning how to wait his turn to talk during circle time in preschool. Jamal is learning the _____ of language.

answer

pragmatics

question

When a person, while solving a problem, is hesitant or unable to think beyond solutions that have worked in the past, he or she is stuck in

answer

a mental set.

question

In waking up and getting ready for class in the morning, one might follow a(n)

answer

script.

question

According to Csikszentmihalyi, people who are creative

answer

are mostly pretty normal.

question

Many items on a "culture fair" test require the use of

answer

nonverbal abilities.

question

Mental imagery is

answer

used by all people every day.

question

According to linguist Noam Chomsky, a language acquisition device

answer

is an innate human ability to understand and produce language.

question

_______ is the extent to which a test score accurately reflects the intended skill or outcome in real-life situations.

answer

Ecological validity

question

The most frequently used intelligence tests in the United States are

answer

the Wechsler tests.

question

The best representative of a natural concept is

answer

a home.

question

Functional fixedness is

answer

a barrier to successful problem solving.

question

A prototype is an example of

answer

a concept.

question

A person with an intellectual disability will have limited _________ which allows people to do such things as work at a job, communicate with others, and groom themselves.

answer

adaptive behavior

question

Language allows people to _________ and ___________.

answer

communicate with one another; represent their own mental activity.

question

Only differences among people in general can be investigated for the influence of genes because genes always interact with

answer

environmental factors.

question

The "dance" of the honeybees that tells the other bees the location of pollen is an example of

answer

animal instinct.

question

The "signature wound" from the ongoing conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan is

answer

traumatic brain injury.

question

_________ used intelligence tests to diagnose individuals, track their subsequent progress, and monitor possible recovery.

answer

Neuropsychologists

question

Research has shown brain activity in the _______ during tasks involving visual perception.

answer

parietal lobes

question

The first truly longitudinal study was conducted by

answer

Lewis Terman.

question

_______ matters in the formation of prototypes.

answer

Culture

question

_________ can help us interpret or deal with new information or events that we have never encountered.

answer

Concepts

question

The higher one's degree of practical intelligence,

answer

the less likely that person will succeed in an academic setting.

question

Erin had a high ability to solve problems as she encountered them. Spearman would call this

answer

g factor.

question

An educated guess based on prior experience is a(n)

answer

heuristic

question

A mental image that is larger and covers more distance

answer

takes longer to view than one that is smaller and more compact.

question

The system of rules for combining words and phrases to form grammatically correct sentences is

answer

syntax.

question

What type of research has been used to determine how much influence heredity has over intelligence?

answer

twin studies

question

Creativity involves

answer

coming up with new ways of looking at a problem.

question

Cultures like that of the Japanese, which hold to well-established cultural traditions, put less value on

answer

divergent thinking.

question

The _______ involves estimating the likelihood of an event based on how easy it is to recall relevant information from memory.

answer

availability heuristic

question

A heuristic in which the differences between the starting situation and the goal is determined and then steps are taken to reduce that difference is known as the

answer

means-end analysis

question

The SB5 is generally given to

answer

second graders.

question

A research design in which one participant or group of participants is followed and studied over a long period of time is called a ________ design.

answer

longitudinal

question

Humans have a total of ____ chromosomes in each cell of their bodies.

answer

46

question

A ______ will always be expressed in the observable trait.

answer

dominant gene

question

Down syndrome is

answer

a chromosome disorder.

question

The cell resulting from fertilization is called a(n)

answer

zygote.

question

Dizygotic twins

answer

are more likely to occur in women taking fertility drugs.

question

When the mass of cells does not completely split apart, the result is

answer

conjoined twins.

question

During the embryonic period, the embryo

answer

becomes vulnerable to diseases the mother may have.

question

________ may cause miscarriage and low birth weight for the developing embryo.

answer

Caffeine

question

When you touch an infant's cheek, he will turn toward your hand, open his mouth, and search for the nipple. This is known as the ________ reflex.

answer

rooting

question

By the end of Piaget's sensorimotor stage, infants have fully developed a sense of

answer

object permanence.

question

Adolescence refers to the period between

answer

age thirteen and the early twenties.

question

Declines in memory during middle age are most likely due to

answer

stress and information overload.

question

During the intimacy versus isolation stage, Erikson saw the primary task to be

answer

finding a mate.

question

Erikson believes that during late adulthood, people engage in a process called

answer

a life review.

question

A researcher spends her entire career comparing the relative influences of heredity and environment on the development of alcoholism in men. This researcher works in the field of

answer

behavioral genetics.

question

Which of the following describes the relationship between heredity and environmental factors in determining development?

answer

Genes and experience can affect each other.

question

Which of the following is true about reflexes?

answer

Some reflexes help infants to survive until they are capable of learning more complex means of interaction.

question

The primary task of individuals facing Erikson's stage of identity versus role confusion is to

answer

develop values in life and beliefs concerning things such as political issues and career options.

question

Lizzie, age 12, regularly asks questions such as, "What if everyone just got along?" and, "If I became a medical researcher, could I find a cure for cancer?" According to Piaget's theory, these questions suggest that Lizzie has acquired the ability to _____.

answer

think abstractly

question

Dr. Austin is studying the effects of aging on memory. She gives an initial test of memory to a group of 20-year-olds and a group of 40-year-olds. Then she follows both groups of participants for a period of five years, regularly giving them memory tests during that time. Which research design is Dr. Austin using?

answer

cross-sequential

question

Seeing a dog for the first time, Kenetra -- whose family owns a cat -- points and says "cat." Piaget would say this is an example of

answer

assimilation.

question

A four-year-old watches her father pour liquid from a short, wide glass into a tall, thin glass. She believes that there is now more liquid in the tall glass than there was in the short glass. This is known as

answer

centration.

question

Sixteen-year-old Esmerelda often drinks several glasses of beer and then drives herself home. When her parents express worry that her drinking and driving will lead to an accident, Esmerelda responds, "That won't happen to me. It only happens to other people." Esmerelda's thinking reflects

answer

the personal fable.

question

Olivia is in peak physical health. Her senses are sharp, and her cognitive abilities are mature. Olivia is most likely in which of the following age groups?

answer

twenties

question

Games like peek-a-boo and hide-and-seek are important for infants because they help babies develop

answer

a sense of object permanence.

question

Sylvia is a middle-aged woman who volunteers as a youth coordinator at her church and as a Girl Scout leader. She is developing what Erikson referred to as

answer

generativity.

question

Chrissy is in a stage of her pregnancy where she has been feeling tiny "flutters" in her abdomen. In addition, her physician told her that her baby is continuing to develop fat and is growing significantly in length and weight. Given this information, the current period of prenatal development is the ________ period.

answer

fetal

question

Five-year-old Johnny stole a piece of candy from the grocery store. Since he was not punished for stealing the candy, he believes it is okay to steal again. Johnny is in which level of moral development?

answer

preconventional

question

Genes are located on

answer

chromosomes.

question

________ are structures on the ends of chromosomes that shorten each time a cell reproduces.

answer

Telomeres

question

Vygotsky emphasized the importance of social interactions as a primary factor in cognitive development, whereas ________ stressed the importance of the child's interactions with objects.

answer

Piaget

question

One theory suggests that the effects of aging are produced by oxygen molecules with unstable electrons bounding around and damaging structures inside our cells. This is called ________ theory.

answer

free-radical

question

Kübler-Ross theorized that people go through ________ stages of reaction when faced with death.

answer

five

question

According to Erikson, young adults who have difficulty trusting others and who are unsure of their own identities may experience

answer

isolation.

question

Moro reflex is another name for the _______ reflex.

answer

startle

question

Behavioral genetics is the

answer

study of determining how much of behavior is the result of genetic inheritance and how much is due to personal experience.

question

The developmental crisis faced by adults in the sixties and beyond is called

answer

ego integrity versus despair.

question

One disadvantage of the longitudinal design is

answer

the lengthy amount of time involved.

question

Vygotsky's _________ is the difference between what a child can do alone versus what a child can do with the help of a teacher.

answer

zone of proximal development

question

________ infants, when their mothers are nearby, are wary but calm around strangers.

answer

Securely attached

question

During Piaget's preoperational stage, the child is unable to see the world through anyone else's eyes but his or her own. This limitation is

answer

egocentrism.

question

During the ________ period of prenatal development, major organs and structures of the organism develop.

answer

embryonic

Psychology Chapter 7 and 8 – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards