Art 100: Chapters 1-5 Vocabulary – Flashcards
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Masquerades
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traditional celebrations that blended dance, art, song, and ritual
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Aesthetics
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a branch of philosophy that deals with art, its forms, art's sources, and its effects on individuals
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Response
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point of view, values, and individual experiences
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Innovation
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the making of something that is new
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Self-Expression
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refers to the individual artists' own styles and personal concepts of the world
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performance art
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no art object is made, but the artist initiates some actions, which are the art
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fine arts
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western category of refined objects considered to be among the supreme cultural achievements of the human race
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Anime
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contemporary Japanese animation
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kitsch
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objects or images that display an emotional appeal that is generalized, superficial, and sentimental
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craft
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specific media, including ceramics, glass jewelry, weaving, and woodworking
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mihrab
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an architectural feature in a mosque that marks the direction of Mecca
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style
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the manner of artistic expression characteristic of either an individual artist, or a historic period, or of an entire civilization
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naturalistic
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contains recognizable imagery that is depicted very much seen as immature
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idealized art
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natural imagery is modified in a way that strives for perfection within the bounds of the values and aesthetics of a particular culture
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expressionist art
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communicates heightned emotions and often a sense of urgency
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surreal art
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art with a bizarre or fantasy arrangement of images or materials
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nonobjective art
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contains imagery that is completely generated by the artist
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abstracted imagery
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may or may not be distinguished but it has been derived from reality by distorting, enlarging and dissecting objects or figures from nature
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cultural style
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consists of reoccurring and distinctive feature that we see in many works of art emanating from a particular place and era
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Culture
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the totality of ideas, customs, skills, and arts that belong to people or a group
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culture
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a particular people or group, within their own ideas, customs, and arts
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civilization
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highly structured society with a written language or a very developed system of communication, organized government, and advances in sciences and art
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line
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it has both length and width, it is a moving point
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actual lines
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lines made with some material which physically exist and can be broad, thin, straight or jagged
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implied lines
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lines that do not physically exist, but they are real to viewers
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direction
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the course of movement, as in horizontal, vertical, diagonal, or meandering
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horizontal lines
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imply sleep, quiet, or inactivity
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vertical lines
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imply aspiration and yearning, as defying gravity
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diagonal lines
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suggest movement
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curved lines
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suggest flowing movement
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line quality
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conveys emotional attributes
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gesture
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rapid, sketchy marks that mimic the movement of the human eyes when examining a subject
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shape
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Outlines that flatten a three-dimensional form into a two-dimensional form
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outline
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follows the outer edge of the sioutee
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conture lines
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mark the outer edges of a three-dimensional object, but with varying line thickness and with some internal design
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cross-contures
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repeated lines that go around an object and express it three-dimensionally
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hatching
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parallel lines
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cross-hatching
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parallel lines in superimposed layers
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light
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electromagnetic energy that, in certain wavelengths, stimulates the eyes and brain
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ambient light
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the light all around us in our world
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value
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one step on a gradiation from light to dark
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achromatic scale
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the value extremes are white and black with the continuum of grey tones in between
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chromatic scale
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different values of the color
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models
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gradations in values to create the appearance of natural light on objects
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chiaroscuro
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the light dark gradations that can depict objects in space
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reflected light
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when objects around us absorb some of the spectrum and bounce back rest of the light
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hue
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the pure state of color in the spectrum
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shade
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black added to a hue
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tint
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white added to a hue
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intensity
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the brightness and dullness on a hue
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neutral colors
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very low intensity colors
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local colors
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colors we normally find in the objects around us
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additive color system
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the absence of all light produces darkness and all light added together results in the brightest, whitest light
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subtractive color system
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artists mix pigments to control the light that is reflected from them
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pigments
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powdered substances ground into oil, acrylic polymer, or other binders to form paints
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primary colors-light emitting media
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combine to produce the largest number of new colors-red, blue, and green
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secondary colors
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result from mixing two primary colors
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tertiary colors
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mixing one primary color with one of its neighboring secondary colors
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analogous colors
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colors that are similar in appearance
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complementary colors
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opposites of each other and when mixed, give a dull result
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color wheel
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various colors which applies only to color mixing with paints and pigments
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relative
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we see colors differently depending on their surroundings
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warm colors
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colors associated with the sun and fire
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cool colors
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colors associated with plant life , sky and water
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texture
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a surface characteristic that is tactile or visual
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tactile texture
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consists of physical surface variations that can be perceived by sense of touch
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abstracted texture
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based on some existing texture but it has been simplified and regularized
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invented texture
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products of human invention
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pattern
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a configuration with a repeated visual form
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natural pattern
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the repeated elements may resemble each other but not be exactly alike
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geometric patterns
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regular elements spaced at regular intervals
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planar space
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the height and width of the picture surface
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perspective
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a group of methods for creating the illusion of depth on a flat picture plane
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atmospheric perspective
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refers to the plight, bleached-out, fuzzy handling of distant forms to make them seem far away
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linear perspective
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operates on the theory that parallel lines appear to converge as they recede, meet on an imaginary line called the horizontal line
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one-point perspective
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the frontal plane of a volume is closest to the viewer, and all other planes appear to recede to a single vanishing point
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two-point perspective
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a volume is closest to the viewer, and all planes appear to recede to one of two vanishing points
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three-point perspective
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only a single point of a volume is closest to the viewer and all planes appear to recede to one of the three vanishing points
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isometric perspective
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renders planes on a diagonal that does not recede in space. The side planes are drawn at a 30 degree angle to the left and right
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Oblique perspective
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a three dimensional object is rendered with the front and back parallel. The side planes are drawn at a 40 degree angle from the plane
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multipoint perspective
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various sections conform to different perspective systems
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time
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the period that viewers study and absorb the message and formal qualities of an artwork
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composition
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the arrangement of the formal elements in a work of art
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balance
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an artwork results from placing the elements so that their visual weights seem evenly distributed
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symmetrical balance
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visual weight is distributed evenly throughout the composition
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assymetrical balance
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the careful distribution of uneven elements
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radical balance
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results when all the elements in the composition visually radiate outward from a central point
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rhythm
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the repetition of carefully placed elements separated by intervals
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regular rhythm
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a visual elements is systematically repeated with a standard interval in between
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alternating rhythm
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different elements are repeatedly placed side by side, which produces a regular and anticipated sequence
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eccentric rhythm
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irregular, visual beats sometimes connect
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proportion
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refers to the size of one part in relation to another within a work of art, or the size of one part in relation to the whole
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scale
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the size of something in relation to what we assume to be normal
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hieratic scaling
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a device that points to the heights ranking person in the scene
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emphasis
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the result of one or more focal points in an artwork
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unity
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the quality of overall cohesion within an artwork
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variety
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the element of difference within an artwork
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post-and-lintel system
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an ancient method of constructing walls, making openings, and supporting a roof. Two upright posts supporting a cross beam
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lintel
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a cross beam
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columns
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refined and decorated cylindrical posts
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colornade
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a row of columns supporting lintels
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hypostyle
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a grid of posts and lintels can support the roof of a large interior space
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doric order
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the simple design is geometric, heavy, and relatively without orientation. its column has no base and its capital is a simple cushion
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ionic order
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The second order to appear. Taller, more slender and more decorative than the Doric, and was considered more feminine. It has a stepped base and a scrolled, carved capital
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Corinthian order
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the most complex and organic, with a delicately carved acanthus leaves on its capital, dating from the Hellenistic period
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complete frame system
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originated from China, which contained these inventions: non-loading-bearing walls, brackets, and candeliers
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brackets
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developed in the fifth century by Chinese of interlocking pieces of wood, shaped like inverted pyramids at the top of upright posts, directly beneath the roof
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cantilever
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the Chinese created in the eighth century; a horizontal beam anchored to and projecting out from an upright post
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Voussoirs
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wedge-shaped stones that make up the arch; constructed from the bottom to the top using a wooden scaffold for support
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keystone
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the middle stone in the arch
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piers
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rectangular columns that arches rest on
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arcade
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a straight row of arches placed side by side
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buttressing
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additional exterior masonry placed at key points to keep arch stable; prevents lateral movement that would cause the arches to collapse
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flying buttresses
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internal arches
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vault
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stone roofs, a system of masonry roofing based on the principle of the arch
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barrel vault
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an arch extended in depth from front to back, forming a tunnel like structure
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cross vaults
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barrel vaults positioned at 90 degree angles to cross or intersect one another, it allowed light to enter vaulted spaces and gave the variation to the interior space
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ribbed vault
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a variation of the groin vaulting system in which arches diagonally cross over the groin vault, forming skeletal ribs
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gothic vault
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pointing the arch in the rib vault
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dome
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an arch rotated on its vertical axis to form a hemispheric vault
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drum
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a cylinder on which a dome rests
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perdentives
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the triangular concave sections created when a dome is placed on arches
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squinches
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the places created between the dome and its base
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steel-frame construction
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expands the post-and-lintel grid vertically as well as laterally, with steel, which can function as a skeleton that will support multistoried buildings
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reinforced concrete
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steel-reinforcing bars imbedded in wet concrete - gives the concrete tensile strength, while concrete provides durable strength
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truss
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based on a frame made of a series of triangles constructed in steel or wood
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suspension and tensile construction
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consists of steel cables attached to vertical pylons or masts that can support structures
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formal analysis
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the integrated study of the elements and the principles of art and the way they are used in a specific artwork
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composition
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the arrangement of principles and elements in an artwork
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content
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an artwork's themes or messages
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subject matter
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the substances of a work of art, in contrast to its form
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subtext
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underlying ideas
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metaphor
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an image or element that is descriptive of something else
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symbol
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an image or element that stands for or represents some other concept
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ionography
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a system of symbols that allows artists to refer to complex ideas
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formalist criticism
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emphasizing formal analysis
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ideological criticism
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rooted in the writings of Karl Marx, deals with the political underpinnings of art
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Psychoanalytic criticism
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holds that art should be studied as the product of individuals who are shaped by their pasts, their unconscious urges, and their social histories
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structuralism
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in order to understand a work of art, one must study the structure of art and the complex interrelationship of all its parts
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semiotics
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the study of signs in verbal or written communication
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post-structuralism
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a range of reactions against Structuralism
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deconstruction
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any system looks natural and coherent, but that it is in fact filled with unseen contradictions, myths, or stereotypes
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feminist criticism
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concerned with the oppression of groups in a given society, along with the oppression of their belief systems
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visual culture
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writings attempt to integrate all of the visual components of contemporary culture
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relational aesthetics
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focuses on human relationships and social spaces, rather than emphasizing art objects in private galleries, homes, or museums
