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behavior genetics

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the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior.

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environment

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every non-genetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us.

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chromosomes

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threadlike structures made of DNA molecules contain the genes.

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46 total chromosomes 23 from each parent

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Humans have a total of _ _ chromosomes. They receive _ _ from each parent.

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DNA

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a complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.

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genes

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the biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; segments of DNA capable of synthesizing proteins.

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active (expressed), inactive

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Humans have anywhere between 20,000 and 25,000 genes that are either ________ (expressed) or______.

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protein molecules

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genes provide the code for creating _____ ______, the building blocks of our bodies.

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chimpanzees

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at a genetic level humans and _______ are 96% identical.

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genome

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The complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism's chromosomes.

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identical twins (monozygotic twins)

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develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, cresting two genetically identical organisms

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genetic predispositions

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To form us, environmental influences interact with our ______ ______

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In order smaller to largest: gene, chromosome, nucleus

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Put the following cell structures in order from smallest to largest: nucleus, gene, chromosome

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number of copies

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Identical twins have the same genes, but not always _____ __ ______ of those genes, which may cause one twin to be more prone to illness.

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fraternal twins (dizygotic twins)

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develop from separate fertilized eggs. They are genetically no closer than ordinary brothers and sisters, but they share a prenatal environment.

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extraversion and neuroticism

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extraversion = outgoingness neuroticism =emotional instability

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remain similar

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As twins grow older their behaviors...

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genetic relatives vs. environmental relatives

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genetic relatives = biological parents and siblings environmental relatives = adoptive parents and siblings

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biological

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In traits such as extraversion and agreeableness children tend to be more like their _____ parents

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Environment, personalities

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The _______ shares by a family's children has virtually no discernible impact on their ______.

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True

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T/F: Religious involvement is genetically influenced.

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How do researchers use twin adoption studies to learn about psychological principles?

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Researchers compare the traits and behaviours of identical twins (same genes) and fraternal twins (50% same genes- similar to any other sibling). Some studies compare twins raised together or separately. They also compare adopted children with their adoptive and biological parents. Some studies compare twins raised together or separately. These studies help us determine how much variation among individuals is due to genetic makeup and how much to environmental factors (nature vs. nurture).

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temperament

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A person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity. genetically influenced.

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heritability

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The proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. The heritability of a trait may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied.

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identical, fraternal

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____ twins more than _____ twins tend to have similar temperaments

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False. Heritability refers to the extent to which differences among people are due to genes.

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T/F: Heritability can tell what % of a certain trait is attributed to genes.

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genes.

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Those studying heritability of a trait try to determine how much of the person-to-person-variation in that trait among members of a specific group is due to ____.

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heritability increases as environmental differences decrease

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As environmental differences decrease, heritability (increases/decreases).

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epigenetic marks

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Life experiences beginning in the womb lay down ______ _____- often organic methyl molecules- that can affect the expression of any gene in the associated DNA segment.

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biology

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Our shared _____ enables our developed diversity.

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molecular genetics

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the subfield of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes.

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molecular behavior genetics

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The study of how the structure and function of genes interact with our environment to influence behavior. Goal: to find some of the genes that orchestrate traits such as body weight, sexual orientation, and impulsivity.

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Epigenetics

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the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change. literally "in addition to" or "above and beyond" genetics.

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self-regulating

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genes are _____-______which enables them to react on their own.

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DNA = pen epigenetics = pencil

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"Things written in pen you can't change. That's _____. Things written in pencil. That's _____."

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diet, stress, and drugs

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Environmental factors such as ____, _____, and _____ can affect epigenetic molecules that regulate gene expression.

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evolutionary psychology

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the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind using principles of natural selection

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natural selection

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the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations introduced by Charles Darwin

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mutation

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a random error in gene replication that leads to a change

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fitness

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our ability to survive and reproduce

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genome

answer

Our behavioral and biological similarities arise from our shared human _____, our common genetic profile.

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within

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95% of human genetic differences exist (within/outside) populations.

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greater

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The differences between two Kenyan villagers or two Icelandic villagers is (less/greater) than the average difference between the two groups.

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universal moral grammar

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Our shared moral instincts. Includes desire to nurture and shared fears and lusts. Can be explained by evolution.

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second darwinian revolution

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the application of evolutionary principles to psychology.

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social script

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culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations.

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How do psychologists explain sex differences in sexuality?

answer

Evolutionary psychologists theorize that women have inherited their ancestors' tendencies to be more cautious sexually, because of the challenges associated with incubating and nurturing offspring. Men have inherited an inclination to be more casual about sex, because their act of fathering requires a smaller investment.

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What are the three main criticisms of the evolutionary explanation of human sexuality?

answer

1. It starts with an effect and works backward to propose an explanation. 2. Unethical and immoral men could use such explanations to rationalize their behavior toward women. 3. This explanation may overlook the effects of culture expectations and socialization.

question

interaction

answer

the interplay that occurs when the effect of one factor (such as environment) depends on another factor (such as heredity) nature via nurture

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genes, experience

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Our _____ dictate our overall brain architecture, but our _____ fills in the details.

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pruning process

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A use-it-or-lose-it process that weakens unused neural pathways/connections and strengthens others.

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selection effect

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choosing to do something because of peers doing it which leads to more peer similarity.

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Adolescents tend to select similar individuals as friends. So, one teen who wants to experiment with alcohol may seek out other teens with similar interests.

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How might the selection effect affect a teen's decision to drink alcohol?

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culture

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the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes,values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.

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a cultures accumulated knowledge

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preservation of innovation

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norm

answer

an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. They prescribe "proper" behavior.

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culture shock

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the disorientation that people experience when they come in contact with a fundamentally different culture and can no longer depend on their norms

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individualism

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Giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications

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collectivism

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giving priority to the goals of one's group (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly.

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individualist

answer

The US is mostly an (individualist/collectivist) culture.

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group identifications

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______ ______ provide a sense of belonging, a set of values, and an assurance of security in collectivist cultures.

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humility

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Which would a collectivist value more: humility or self-importance?

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True. Collectivists are likely to avoid confrontations, blunt honesty, and uncomfortable topics.

answer

T/F: Collectivists are likely to avoid confrontations, blunt honesty, and uncomfortable topics.

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Individualist Concept of Self

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(Individualist Concept of _____/ Collectivist Concept of _____): independent and identify from individual traits

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Individualist Concept of Life Task

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(Individualist Concept of _____/ Collectivist Concept of _____): discover and express one's uniqueness

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Individualist Concept of What Matters

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(Individualist Concept of _____/ Collectivist Concept of _____): personal achievement and fulfillment; rights and liberties; self-esteem

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Individualist Concept of Coping

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(Individualist Concept of _____/ Collectivist Concept of _____): change reality

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Individualist Concept of Morality

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(Individualist Concept of _____/ Collectivist Concept of _____):defined by self

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Individualist Concept of Relationships

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(Individualist Concept of _____/ Collectivist Concept of _____): many, often temporary of casual; confrontation acceptable

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Individualist Concept of Attributing Behavior

answer

(Individualist Concept of _____/ Collectivist Concept of _____): behavior reflects one's personality and attitudes

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Collectivist Concept of Self

answer

(Individualist Concept of _____/ Collectivist Concept of _____): interdependent (identity from belonging)

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Collectivist Concept of Life Task

answer

(Individualist Concept of _____/ Collectivist Concept of _____): maintains connections, fit in, perform role

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Collectivist Concept of What Matters

answer

(Individualist Concept of _____/ Collectivist Concept of _____): group goals and solidarity; social responsibilities and relationships; family duty

question

Collectivist Concept of Coping

answer

(Individualist Concept of _____/ Collectivist Concept of _____): accommodate to reality

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Collectivist Concept of Morality

answer

(Individualist Concept of _____/ Collectivist Concept of _____): defined by social networks (duty-based)

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Collectivist Concept of Attributing Behavior

answer

(Individualist Concept of _____/ Collectivist Concept of _____): few, close and enduring; harmony valued

question

Collectivist Concept of Relationships

answer

(Individualist Concept of _____/ Collectivist Concept of _____): behavior reflects social norms and roles

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cultural neuroscience

answer

studying how neurobiology and cultural traits influence each other

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family self

answer

a feeling that what shames the child shames the family, and what brings honor to the family, brings honor to the self.

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sex

answer

in psychology, the biologically influenced characteristics by which people define males and females

question

gender

answer

in psychology, the socially influenced characteristics by which people define men and women

question

45

answer

Of the 46 chromosomes we receive from our parents, __ are unisex.

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agression

answer

a physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone physically or emotionally

question

relational aggression

answer

an act of aggression (physical or verbal) intended to harm a person's relationship or social standing.

question

X chromosome

answer

The sex chromosome found in both men and women. Females have two X chromosomes; males have one. An X chromosome from each parent produces a female child.

question

Y chromosome

answer

the sex chromosome found only in males. When paired with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child.

question

testosterone

answer

the most important of the male hormones. both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates growth of the male sex organs during the fetal period, and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.

question

disorder of sexual development

answer

An inherited condition that involves unusual development of sex chromosomes and anatomy.

question

role

answer

a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave.

question

gender roles

answer

a set of behaviors, attitudes, and emotions that are generally socially expected for men and women in a given culture.

question

gender identity

answer

A person's sense of being male or female or a combination of the two.

question

social learning theory

answer

The theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished.

question

gender typing

answer

the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.

question

androgyny

answer

displaying both traditional masculine and feminine psychological characteristics.

question

transgender

answer

An umbrella term describing people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth sex.

question

environments

answer

epigenetics is the study of molecular mechanisms by which ________ trigger or block genetic expression

question

differences; commonalities

answer

Behavior geneticists are most interested in exploring (commonalities/difference) in our behaviors. Evolutionary psychologists are most interested in exploring (commonalities/differences).

question

girls tend to play in small groups while boys tend to play in large groups

answer

Females and males are very similar, but one way that they differ is that...

question

reproductive organs; non-reproductive traits

answer

Primary sex characteristics relate to _____; secondary sex characteristics refer to ______.

Psychology Chapter 04 – Flashcards

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