Research Methods Test 2 – Flashcards
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Independent variable is to dependent variable as _____ is to _____.
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manipulate; measure
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Baseline is to treatment as _____ is to _____.
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control group; experimental group
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In an experimental study of the effects of exercise on stress, stress is the
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dependent variable.
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In an experimental study of the effects of exercise on stress, exercise is the
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independent variable.
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In an experimental study of the effects of exercise on stress, subjects are randomly assigned to either the no exercise group or the exercise group. These groups represent the _____ and the _____, respectively.
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control group; experimental group
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To say that an experiment contains a confound means that
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there is an uncontrolled extraneous variable in the experiment.
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Using the same subjects in each condition in an experiment is to using different subjects in each condition in an experiment as _____ is to _____.
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within-subjects design; between-subjects design
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Internal validity is
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the extent to which the results of an experiment can be attributed to the manipulation of the independent variable, rather than to some confounding variable.
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Changes that occur naturally in the subjects, over time could result in the confound of
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maturation.
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John conducted an experiment to test the effectiveness of a smoking cessation program. The experiment took place over a one-month time period. Participants in the control group and the experimental group (those who participated in the smoking cessation program) recorded the number of cigarettes that they smoked each day. John was unaware that "national stop-smoking week" also happened to take place during the one-month time period of his experiment. John's experiment is now confounded by
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history.
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A decline in performance due to repeated testing is a(n) _____ effect and improvement in performance due to repeated testing is a(n) _____ effect.
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fatigue; practice
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After grading 20 very poor term papers, Professor Jones was so upset by his students' writing that he became even more conscious of errors in their papers. Professor Jones' change in his grading criteria is similar to the confound of
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instrumentation.
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The best advice for those considering retaking the SAT is that if your score was below average you probably ____ retake the test, and if your score was above average you probably ____ retake the test due to _____.
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should; should not; regression to the mean
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When subjects are lost differentially from the experimental and control groups, any observed effect may be due to
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mortality.
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After participating in an experiment on the effects of alcohol on sociability, Megan could not wait to return to her sorority house to tell all of her sisters about it. In this situation, the researcher should be concerned with the confound of
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diffusion of treatment.
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Single-blind experiments help to control for ____ effects whereas double-blind experiments help to control for _____ effects.
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participant; experimenter and participant
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A limitation in the ability to differentiate between scores at the bottom of the scale is a _____ and a limitation in the ability to differentiate between scores at the top of the scale is a _____.
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floor effect; ceiling effect
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Alison's bathroom scale will not register a weight of more than 130 pounds. Alison does not realize this, and therefore is unaware that she has put on a few pounds until she begins to notice how tight her clothes are. This illustrates the confound of a _____ effect.
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ceiling
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When we can generalize from the sample used in a study to the population of interest we say that the study has _____ validity.
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external
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Increasing the number of levels of the independent variable is to _____ replication as changing the type of dependent measure is to _____ replication.
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systematic; conceptual
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Sometimes it is difficult to generalize the results of a study to the population because of the _____ problem.
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college sophomore
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A design in which the same participants are used in each condition is a _____ design.
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within-subjects
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A design in which the participants in the experimental and control groups are related in some way is a _____ design.
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correlated-groups
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A problem for within-subjects designs in which the order of the conditions has an effect on the dependent variable is
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order effects.
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A mechanism for controlling order effects ether by including all orders or treatment presentations or by randomly determining the order for each participants is
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counterbalancing.
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When we use different subjects in each condition, but they are related on some variable or variables, we are using a _____ design.
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matched-subjects
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_____ are more of a concern for _____-subject designs, but tend not to be as great a concern for _____-subject designs.
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Order effects; within; between
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Which of the following is a type of correlated-groups designs?
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both within-subjects designs and matched-subjects designs
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Concerns for within-subjects designs frequently include _____ and _____.
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carryover effects; order effects
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_____ is a strength of matched-subjects designs but a weakness of between-subjects designs.
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Equivalency of groups
