Test Answers on History Final Analysis – Flashcards
Flashcard maker : Jacob Herring
The northern Christian humanists…
knowledgeable in classical literature, focused on sources of early christianity
The author of Utopia
Thomas More
In his “philosophy of Christ,” Erasmus emphasized…
Inner piety
The religious reformer who “laid the egg that Luther hatched: was…
Erasmus
Popular religion in the Late Middle Ages and Renaissance was marked by…
Indulgences and the spirituality of relics
The reforming religious organization of the late fifteenth century that included both the clergy and laymen was…
Oratory of Divine Love
Luther’s religious crisis came to a head over his growing belief that…
Faith saved a person (justification by faith)
The early fifteenth century religious reformer who was burned at the stake was…
John Husk
For Luther, the only sure source of truth and the only reliable path of faith, other than justification, was…
The Bible
Luther’s pamphlet, The Babylonian Captivity of the Church…
Attacked the sacramental system of the church
The Edict of Worms…
Outlawed Martin Luther
Luther’s ideas were spread primarily through…
Sermons
The Peasant’s War of 1524-1525…
Luther’s great challenge; viewed it as unbiblical; the peasants got mad that they were continually taxed and finally revolted, also sprouted from religious reasons and looked toward Luther for aid, encouraged the lords and princes to strike the peasants down
Concerning the sacraments of the Catholic Church, Luther…
accepted only baptism and communion
At its outset, the Reformation in Germany was…
largely an urban phenomenon
Though Luther was condemned at the Diet of Worms, he survived because he was protected by…
The prince of Saxony
Which of the following was not central belief of Lutheranism?
Transubstantiation, indulgences
Although Charles V had many adversaries, his chief concern during his reign was…
To maintain his dynasty’s control over his enormous empire
In the eastern par of his empire, Charles V faced a threat to his power from…
the Turks/Ottoman Empire
The Schmalkaldic War in Germany ended in 1555 with the…
Peace of Augsburg
The Religious Peace of Augsburg settled the Lutheran problem by adopting the principle that…
Each German ruler has the right to determine the religion of his subjects
Luther’s ideas were most readily accepted in…
Scandinavians
In the sixteenth century, Switzerland…
was made up of 13 self-governing states
Zwingli’s interpretation of the Lord’s Supper differed from Luther’s in that…
he didn’t believe in transubstantiation
The Swiss religious reformer who established the Protestant Reformation in Zurich was…
Zwingli
The Anabaptists…
advocated adult baptism
The Reformation in England under Henry VIII…
began because he wanted to divorce his wife
Millenarianism is the belief that…
the end of the world is eminent
England’s break with the Roman church became official with the passage of the…
Act of Supremacy
Henry’s marriage to Anne Boleyn ended when he executed her for…
adultery
Mary I Tudor earned her nickname “bloody Mary” by persecuting…
Protestants
England’s Queen Elizabeth could best be described as a …
moderate protestant
Which of the following are among the chief characteristics of John Calvin’s reform movement?
Total depravity, limited atonement, irresistible grace, unconditional election, his emphasis on the absolute sovereignty of God, predestination, believed that only the elect could go to heaven
In Calvin’s theology, leading a godly life would be evidence that you…
are elected, he believed that if you were leading a godly life it would indicated the possible salvation of your soul
In Geneva, the Calvinists…
strong church government that was hard on immorality and blasphemy reformation
The Reformation changed conceptions of the family by…
they encouraged marriage
The Reformation affected the development of education in Europe by…
they implemented humanists methods in secondary schools and universities, the protestant schools were aimed for a wider audience, men and women needed to read so that they could know what the bible said
The Reformation successfully abolished all of the following from the lives of Europe’s Protestant community except for…
drinking in taverns, dramatic performances, and dancing
Loyola was the founder of…
society of Jesus
The Jesuit missionary who propagated Christianity in India, Malacca and the Moluccas, and Japan, and who died just before reaching China was…
Francis Xavier
The Council of Trent…
a group of christians called together by Pope Paul III to resolve the religious differences created by the protestant revolt, catholic response
In France, the Protestant minority was known as…
Huguenots
In France, the politiques were…
people that put politics above religion and they wanted to abolish all of the controversies that had to do with religion
The Edict of Nantes was all of the following except it…
affirmed Catholicism in France, allowed Huguenots to remain in France and hold office, right to worship in select places
The greatest advocate of militant Catholicism was…
Philip II of Spain
Philip II of Spain was ultimately unable to defeat…
the Dutch Republic
Victory over the Spanish Armada at the end of the sixteenth century was achieved by…
England
The Italian Renaissance was primarily…
an age of recovery
The word “Renaissance” means…
rebirth
The wealth of the northern Italian cities that funded the Renaissance was gained mostly from…
trade
According to Jacob Burckhardt, the Renaissance in Italy represented…
the birthplace of the modern world and saw the revival of antiquity, the “perfecting of the individual,” and secularism
The family of merchants and bankers who dominated Florence during the high point of the Renaissance was the…
Medici
What was the commercial and military league set up off the north coast of Germany?
Hanseatic League
Two key areas of Renaissance technological innovation were…
printing and mining industries(metal working)
The author of the Book of the Courtier, a handbook on courtly manners, was…
Baldassare Castiglione
Castiglione’s The Courtier was a…
handbook on how to be a perfect courtier; manners
The achievements of the Italian Renaissance were the products of…
the movement of the elite who funded the elected
The aristocracy of the sixteenth century was…
they managed to dominate society like they did in the Middle Ages
Banquets during the Renaissance…
were held for special occasions such as weddings, public or religious festivals, official visits, and anniversaries. Helped social status
Western Europe in the Renaissance saw…
serfdom declined
Slavery in Renaissance Italy…
the slaves were used as skilled workman
The reintroduction of slavery in the fourteenth century occurred largely as a result of…
a shortage of workers during the Black Death
Which of the following statements best describes marriage in Renaissance Italy?
Marriages were arranged so that the family social status could remain strong (an economic necessity)
Marriages in Renaissance Italy…
were arranged to help social status
Bye fifteenth century, Italy was…
dominated by five major powers: Milan, Venice, Florence, the Papal States, and Naples
Perhaps the most famous of Italian ruling women was…
Isabella d’Este
Federigo da Monetfeltro of Urbino was…
one of the greatest patrons of Renaissance culture, and a humanist and also one of the great warriors
The Peace of Lodi served to…
end a half-century of war and to inaugurate a relatively peaceful forty-year era in Italy
Machiavelli’s The Prince advocates that a successful ruler must…
take ruthless measures to achieve their goals for the good of the state, and their attitude should be based on an understanding of human nature (being self centered)
Italian Renaissance humanism in the early fifteenth century, above all else…
was an intellectual movement based on the study of the classical literary works of Greece and Rome; was about GREECO-ROMAN CLASSICS
In the late fifteenth century, Italy became a battleground for the competing interests of…
French and Spanish monarchies
Who said, “Christ is my God; Cicero is the prince of the language.”…
Petrarch
The Corpus Hermeticum…
writings on the occult and writings on theology and speculations
Pico della Mirandola’s Oration on the Dignity of Man stated that humans…
can do anything that they choose
A subject of particular interest to fifteenth-century humanists was…liberal arts…
Greek language
The liberal education taught by Vittorino de Feltre…
was based on the ideas of classical authors like Cicero
Humanism’s main effect on the writing of history was…
the provision of a new sense of chronology or periodization in history and they are explaining everything that happened in history by the cause and effect by man
Johannes Gutenberg was a key developer of…
the Gutenberg Bible
The development of printing in the fifteenth century…
made it easier and faster to print books
Which pair of artists both sculpted a likeness of David?
Donatello and Michelangelo
The Renaissance figure in the following list who was not a leading painter was…
Brunelleschi
The painter of the Rome’s Sistine Chapel ceiling was…
Michelangelo
Who painted “The Last Supper”?
Leonardo de Vinci
Which of the following is not true of Northern Renaissance artists?
Imitated nature by not mastering the laws of perspective
The “new monarchs” of the late fifteenth century in Europe…
attempted to reestablish centralized power or monarchial governments, to gain more power
The results of the Hundred Years’ War…
strengthened the English monarchy but strained English economy and strengthened the French monarchy
Under Ferdinand and Isabella, Spain…
Spain became more strictly Catholic and the persecution of Jews/Muslims increased
After 1438, the position of the Holy Roman Emperor remained in the hands of the…
Habsburg dynasty
The Byzantine Empire was finally destroyed in 1453 by the…
the Ottoman Turks
The Ottoman Turkish sultan who captured Constantinople in 1453 was…
the Ottoman Turkish sultan that captured Constantinople in 1453 was Mehmet
John Wyclif criticized the Church for…
not getting it to where the people of the Church could not read the Bible in their own language
The Renaissance popes did all of the following except…
create family dynasties
The Renaissance papacy…
corrupt
Among the adverse economic and population changes in fourteenth-century Europe were…
famine, “the little ice age”, weather problems, food shortages, and there was an over population in rural areas and so there was little land so they move to the cities
What was the main cause of the early fourteenth century famines:
spread by black bats infested with fleas, originated in Asia, the Mongols brought it
The bubonic plague originated in…
Asia
The Black Death…
caused by bacteria yersinia pestis, symptoms were high fever, swelling of the lymph nodes, bleeding beneath the skin
Pogroms were…
were organized massacres of the Jews
All of the following were reactions to the great plague except…
people looked to God, persecution of minorities, economic depression, people life is cheap = more murder and crime, formation of flagellants, preoccupations with death
The flagellants…
people that wandered from town to town flogging themselves to earn forgiveness from God, killed Jews and clergy who opposed them
The persecutions against Jews during the Black Death…
was actually worse than the German cities b/c they were accused of causing the plague
The devastation of the great plague in the fourteenth century led to…
the prices fell on output, there were lower standards of living, accelerated the process of converting labor services to rents = LIFE IS CHEAP
Economically, the great plague and the crises of the fourteenth century…
population collapsed, had horrible consequences on the economy, laborers disintegrated and urban and rural revolts rocked European society
The European aristocracy responded to the adversity of the great plague by…
the aristocracy was seeking to lower the wage rate with laws
Post-plague socioeconomic relations between rich and poor in Europe…
caused the tensions between the classes to grow and the peasants were angered and the nobles looked down upon peasants, were eager to hold onto their privileged positions
The French government and aristocracy responded to the Jacquerie by…
massacring the rebels and ended the revolt
The English Peasants’ Revolt of 1381…
was the most prominent revolt and it was caused by the rising economic expectation of peasants
Merchants and manufacturers responded to the economic tribulations of the fourteenth century by…
attempting to restrict competition and resist the demand of lower classes
One major issue behind the Hundred Years’ War was a claim to the French throne by the English king…
Edward III
One decisive advantage that England had at the beginning of the Hundred Years’ War was…
the longbow
In the conduct of the Hundred Years’ War, a sure sign of feudalism’s decline was the…
the role of peasant foot soldiers as opposed to mounted knights
The crucial battle of the Hundred Years’ War that was won by Henry V in 1415 and that led to the treaty and apparent victory in the war for Henry and England was the Battle of…
Agincourt
Joan of Arc saved France by inspiring the French soldiers to break the English siege of…
Orleans
After helping drive the English from France, Joan of Arc went on to…
helped the dauphin get crowned king of France and got captured by the Burgundian allies and burned at the stake
During the reign of Edward III of England, the Great Council of the barons…
became the House of Lords with bishops and abbots who had hereditary positions
Politically, France by the end of the fourteenth century saw…
the change from serfdom to contracts based on the money….CHAOS IN THE CIVIL WAR
The Golden Bull of 1356 in Germany…
was a system where the monarchy is based on election not hereditary
Prior to the Golden Bull of 1356, Germany was a land composed of…
hundreds of independent states
Politically, Italy and Germany were similar in the fourteenth century because…
both lacked strong centralized (government monarchy)
The Italian condottieri were…
leaders of mercenary bands
Florence was ruled throughout most of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries by the…
Popolo Grasso
The chief ambition of the Venetian city-state in the fourteenth century was…
trade (on the sea)
In Venice, ultimate governmental executive power was held by the…
Council of Ten
The conflict between Pope Boniface ad Philip IV of France began when Philip…
claimed the right to tax church men without the church’s permission
From 1305 to 1377, the Papacy resided across the French border in the town of…
Avignon
One overall result of the Great Schism was to…
it hurt the faith of a lot of Christians
The Great Schism arose in 1378 when…
…
In Defender of The Peace, Marsiglio of Padua took the position that…
the church should only concern itself with spiritual affairs
Mysticism in the fourteenth century…
was about the imminent feeling of oneness with God
The fifteenth century theologian who claimed that reason could not prove spiritual truth was…
Occam
What was Boccaccio’s most famous work?
The Dacameron
Ars moriendi refers to the…
refers to the art of dying
All of the following are correct about Petrarch except he…
was from Florence, he wrote sonnets for a girl named Laura
Among the great and influential female religious mystics of the fourteenth century was…
Catherine of Siena
Concerning parent-child relationships in the Middle Ages…
parents invested a great amount of resources and affections towards rearing their children
The most revolutionary of thirteenth and fourteenth-century inventions was/were…
the clock, glasses, paper, gunpowder, cannons, and improvements in medicine
Women benefited from the black death because…
their legal rights changed = THEY COULD GET JOBS
William the Conqueror took over England in 1066 after the Battle of…
Hastings
Feudalism in England under William I differed from feudalism in most other countries in that…
the king required the sub-vassals to swear loyalty to him
Under William of Normandy and his son Henry I, medieval England…
had a strong centralized monarchy
The Domesday Book could best be described as a…
record of land and property that was held
Henry, Duke of Anjou, vastly increased his fortune in 1152 when he married the wealthy heiress…
Eleanor of Aquitaine
One of the great political developments in England in the thirteenth century was…
Parliament
The Magna Carta could best be described as…
a feudal document that limited the king’s power
Parliament in England originally arose from the…
kings of the Great Council, b/c the king needed to raise taxes so he brought in people
When the rule of the Capetians began at the end of the tenth century…
they had less power than some lords and nobles
During the fourteenth-century development of the French monarchy…
the French king only controlled a small area of land
By the end of the twelfth century, Spain was…
half Muslim and half Christian
The Christian re-conquest of Spain in the thirteenth century…
was successful with many conversions and repossession of Christian authority
During the eleventh and twelfth centuries, Holy Roman Emperors…
all about exploiting Italian resources, Italy was just something to be used
Frederick II of Hohenstaufen…
led military adventures down in Italy and let his kingdom fall into chaos
Frederick Barbarossa was defeated at Legnano in 1176, ending his attempts to control…
towns in northern Italy
Scandinavia by the twelfth century…
had accepted Christianity
The founder of the Mongol Empire was…
Genghis Khan
Which one of the following did Genghis Khan not claim as one of man’s greatest joys? To conquer ones enemy, to ride on ones enemies horses, to pursue ones enemies…
but not to kill their families
The secularization of bishops and abbots in the Early Middle Ages led to…
the people weren’t taking their spiritual duties seriously
Cluny was…
the monastery in France, Benedictian
The investiture controversy concerned the issue of…
was all about secular people giving away church offices
Pope Gregory VII…
could depose kings and emperors
The investiture controversy was resolved in 1122 by a compromise agreement known as the Concordat of…
Worms
The church during the twelfth century became very centralized, chiefly due to…
Papal curia
The papacy reached it zenith of power in the thirteenth century during the papacy of…
Pope Innocent III
The action of the medieval church that closed churches in a region or a country and that forbade the clergy from administering the sacraments to the populace was…
the interdict
In general, monasteries performed all the following…
provided food and clothing and hospitality for pilgrims and travelers, took care of the sick, and they made manuscripts, and they prayed a lot
The Cistercians, a new reform-minded monastic order…
1)they spent a lot of time with prayer and manual labor, and 2) there was no decorations in churches
Female monasticism in the twelfth century…
grew, and many nuns came from aristocratic families
Saint Dominic, founder of the new Dominican Order of Preachers…
an intellectual order that attacked heresy
The church’s practice of indulgences in the High Middle Ages was ultimately connected with the…
purpose to take years off of purgatory with money
The church taught that purgatory was…
a place punishment in which the soul of the departed could be purified before ascending to heaven
The sacramental system of the Catholic Church…
was designed to keep people involved in church from birth to death
Saint Francis of Assisi stressed that…
about poverty and prayer
Followers of the Cathar (Albigensian) heresy believed that…
in a dualist system in which good and evil were separate and distinct: body is corrupt and spirit is pure
The heresy in southern France which Pope Innocent III stamped out with an internal crusade was the…
Catharism
The papal inquisition, or the Holy Office, a church court designed to try and punish heretics…
was a formal court whose job it was to ferret out and try heretics
The persecutions against European Jews in the High Middle Ages were…
inspired by the crusades and encouraged by the church
The Islamic world in the mid-eleventh century was largely unified and dominate by the…
Seljuk Turks
In 1071, at Manzikert, the Seljuk Turks defeated the…
Byzantine forces
Pope Urban II at the Council of Clermont in 1095…
challenged Christians to take up weapons and join in war to recover Holy Land
All of the following are correct about the “Peasant’s Crusade” except…
…
After capturing the city of Jerusalem in 1099, the Christian soldiers of the First Crusade…
they killed the men and women that were there and they created little crusader states along the way
The Fourth Crusade was diverted from Jerusalem and ended up sacking…
Constantinople
Which of the following was not a result of the crusades?
Stabilization of the monarchies in Europe, cultural exchanges, Italian port cities, persecution of Jews these are all true
