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Renaissance

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The rebirth of Classic culture from the Black Death. The main contributor to this time period was the Greco-Roman culture. This was a time of trade and the arts.

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Jacob Burckhardt

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A Swiss historian, who came up with the concept of the Renaissance. In 1860, he wrote the book 'The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy'. He believed in secularized ideas and the power of the individual.

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Leon Battista Alberti

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A Florence architect once said, "Men can do all things if they will." He was reviving the idea of individuality, and the idea that anyone was capable of achieving whatever their heart desired with hard work and determination. This was called l'uomo universale, meaning that someone was capable of achieving from many areas in life.

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Hanseatic League

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In the 13th century by Northern German Coastal towns. The League was involved with the Venetian Flanders Fleet from Venice to England and to the Netherlands. They were very powerful, and completely overpowered Italian trade.

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House of Medici

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The greatest bank in Europe during the 15th century. The bank was located in Florence, Italy, and as run by the Medici family. The bank once prosperous spread out to Venice, Milan, Rome, Avignon, Bruges, London and Lyons. They were the principal bankers of the papacy, and had control of other industries.

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Castiglione's Book of the Courtier

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In 1528 the book was created. It was the basic guideline to being a successful aristocrat otherwise known as a noble. The guidelines consisted of explaining the person must have achieved a lot, have grace, be noble since birth, talented, and a great character.

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condottieri

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Military leaders hired by the states that wanted the best of the best. The Papacy and the Italian City-States often hired them, and many times when the war was over they would betray the one's they had fought for. They only did the job to gain wealth and power. They were professionals who showed no mercy to anyone.

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Francesco Sforza

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The best and most famous condottieri there was during 1447. He became the new duke in replace of Visconti. He had betrayed his own people on his way to power. He was feared due to the amount of power he had, and also considering the fact he conquered mot of Northern Italy as well.

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Cosimo de'Medici

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In 1434, Florence had been ruled by a small merchant oligarchy similar to the republican government. Florence had been the center of the Cultural Renaissance, and the Medici family had made strong political allies. They had ruled "behind the curtain".

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the Papal States

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Located in the center of Italy. Before all the complications with the Pope the states were run only by him. Most states then became independent because of all the losses and tragedies. In the 15th century the Pope wanted to regain power. Thee individual states wee Urbino, Bologna and Ferrara, and they solely wanted freedom from the papacy's rule.

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Isabella d'Este

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The most famous woman(one of many) during the Renaissance. She was the daughter of the Duke of Ferrara, and had married Francesco Gonzaga marquis of Mantua. She was often known as "the first lady of the world" because she had the ability and intelligence to gather the best artists and intellectuals. She was also in charge of creating the most finest libraries in Italy. Once her husband died she ruled Mantua, and became known as a clever negotiator.

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Peace of Lodi and balance of power

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In 1454 the Italian States signed the document, and that ended a half a century war. Then there was a 40 era of peace in Italy. Milan, Florence, and Naples formed an alliance, and went against Venice and the Papacy. In the end it ended with Italy being conquered, and no peace at all.

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1527 sack of Rome

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In 1527 the Spanish armies along with King Charles I, and brought temporary control to Italy(then fully conquered it). There were few alliances that formed against them. Many Italians remained loyal to their state, and Italy was not unified until 1870.

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Machiavelli's The Prince

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Created in the 16th century by Niccolo Machiavelli. It was made to describe the aims of princes (how a prince should rule) such as survival and glory.

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civic humanism

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Civic Humanism is the modern term for moral, social, and political philosophy that became popular in Italy, specifically Florence

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Petrarch

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Francesco Petrarch was an Italian scholar and poet in Renaissance Italy. He was one of the earliest humanists. He is called "The Father of Humanism" because of his lyrical poetry and being the first to develop the concept of the "Dark Ages".He greatly influenced the values of the Renaissance.

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Leonardo Bruni's The New Cicero

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The New Cicero is written in Latin and demonstrates a high quality of sophistication. It reveals the workings of how a person can gain mature intelligence through participation in and out of the state.

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Lorenzo Valla

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Italian Humanist who is known for his analysis that proved the Donation of Constantine was a fraud. He exposed historical hoaxes.

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Marsilio Ficino and neoplatonism

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Italian Scholar and Catholic Priest and the most influential humanist philosophers of the early Italian Renaissance. He was an astronomer too, who discovered Neoplatonism which is the term to appoint a tradition of philosophy influenced by Plato. They described reality as "The One" (beyond knowledge)

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Renaissance hermeticism

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.A religious and philosophical tradition based on writing attributed to Hermes Trismegistus. Ot is described as a path of spiritual growth. Spritual gowth cannot be achieved without human effort. The .Universe is the Divine

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Pico della Mirandola's Oration

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Called the Manifesto of the Renaissance. He talks about humans being a microcosm and being the most wonderful of all creations because they can reason and be close to God, as Pico said those qualities can be found among the angels .

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"liberal studies"

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Liberal arts designated the arts suitable to free men. They had seven branches of learning; trivium of grammar, logic, rhetoric, quadrivium of arithmetic, astronomy, ,music, and geometry. The study of Trivium led to a Bachelors degree. The quadrivium lead to a Masters.

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Francesco Guicciardini

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Friend of Niccolo Machiavelli. He was considered one of the major political writers of the Italian Renaissance. In his book, 'The History of Italy',he wanted a new historiography and proved himself right with his use of government sources to support his arguments and an analysis of the people in his time. He wrote it for the public, not for himself.

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Johannes Gutenberg

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He introduced printing in Europe. His introduction of the movable type printing created a Printing Revolution. It is regarded as the second most important invention of the time. It played a key role in the Renaissance, Age of Enlightenment, Reformation, and the Scientific Revolution,. It also helped spread learning to the masses. (Summary: Printable Press and Movable Type)

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Masaccio

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Great Italian Painter of the Quattrocento period of the Renaissance. His skill of recreating lifelike movements and figures in three dimension earned him the title as best painter. He was one of the first to use linear perspective and vanishing point in his paintings. His paintings had a greater realism to them.

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Lorenzo the Magnificent

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Italian statesman and most powerful of the patrons of the Renaissance. He is well known for sponsoring Botticelli and Michelangelo as a contribution to the art world.

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Botticelli's Primavera

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1482,a group of mythological figures in a garden, is allegorical for the lush growth of Spring.The painting features six female figures and two male, along with a blindfolded putto, in an orange grove.

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Donatello's David

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The story of David and Goliath comes from 1 Samuel 17. The Israelites are fighting the Philistines, whose best warrior - Goliath - repeatedly offers to meet the Israelites' best warrior in man-to-man combat to decide the whole battle. he goes out with his sling, and confronts the enemy. He hits Goliath in the head with a stone, knocking the giant down, and then grabs Goliath's sword and cuts off his head.

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Brunelleschi's dome

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In 1418 the town fathers of Florence finally addressed a monumental problem they'd been ignoring for decades: the enormous hole in the roof of their cathedral. in 1418 the worried Florentine fathers announced a contest for the ideal dome design, with a handsome prize of 200 gold florins—and a shot at eternal fame—for the winner. Brunelleschi's mysterious design piqued their imagination—perhaps because they already knew this buffoon and babbler to be a genius

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High Renaissance

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the period denoting the apogee of the visual arts in the Italian Renaissance.Over the last twenty years, use of the term has been frequently criticized by academic art historians for oversimplifying artistic developments, ignoring historical context, and focusing only on a few iconic works.

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Leonardo da Vinci

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Born on April 15, 1452.At the age of 20, da Vinci qualified for membership as a master artist in Florence's Guild of Saint Luke and established his own workshop.After leaving Verrocchio's studio, da Vinci received his first independent commission in 1478 for an altarpiece to reside in a chapel inside Florence's Palazzo Vecchio. (The Last Super and Mona Lisa)

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Raphael

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An Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance. His work is admired for its clarity of form, ease of composition, and visual achievement of the Neoplatonic ideal of human grandeur.Many of his works are found in the Vatican Palace, where the frescoed Raphael Rooms were the central, and the largest, work of his career. The best known work is The School of Athens in the Vatican Stanza della Segnatura

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Michelangelo

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An Italian sculptor, painter, architect, poet, and engineer of the High Renaissance who exerted an unparalleled influence on the development of Western art.Two of his best-known works, the Pietà and David, were sculpted before the age of thirty. Despite his low opinion of painting, Michelangelo also created two of the most influential frescoes in the history of Western art: the scenes from Genesis on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome, and The Last Judgment on its altar wall.

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Sistine Chapel's David

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Painted by Michelangelo between 1508 and 1512, is a cornerstone work of High Renaissance art. It was painted at the commission of Pope Julius II. The chapel is the location for papal conclaves and many important services.The ceiling's various painted elements form part of a larger scheme of decoration within the Chapel, which includes the large fresco The Last Judgment on the sanctuary wall.

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Bramante and Saint Peter's

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Pope Julius II commissioned Bramante to build a new basilica—this involved demolishing the Old St Peter's Basilica that had been erected by Constantine in the 4th century.The basilica, with its long axis that focuses attention on the altar, has been the most popular type of church plan because of its practicality.

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Giorgio Vasari's Lives of the Artists

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An Italian painter, architect, writer, and historian, most famous today for his Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects, considered the ideological foundation of art-historical writing.In 1529, he visited Rome where he studied the works of Raphael and other artists of the Roman High Renaissance.He also renovated the medieval churches of Santa Maria Novella and Santa Croce.

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Northern Renaissance

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Before 1497, Italian Renaissance humanism had little influence outside Italy. From the late 15th century, its ideas spread around Europe.In France, King Francis I imported Italian art, commissioned Venetian artists (including Leonardo da Vinci), and built grand palaces at great expense, starting the French Renaissance.

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Jan van Eyck

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An Early Netherlandish painter active in Bruges and one of the most significant Northern Renaissance artists of the 15th century. Van Eyck painted both secular and religious subject matter, including commissioned portraits, donor portraits and both large and portable altarpieces.

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Albrecht Durer

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A painter, print maker and theorist of the German Renaissance. His vast body of work includes engravings, his preferred technique in his later prints, altarpieces, portraits and self-portraits, watercolors and books. The woodcuts, such as the Apocalypse series (1498), retain a more Gothic flavor than the rest of his work.

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madrigals

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Julianna

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"new monarchies"

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...

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Louis XI the Spider and Henry VII

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...

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Ferdinand and Isabella

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...

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Spanish Inquisition

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...

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the Habsburgs

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...

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Ivan III

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...

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Constantinople and 1453

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...

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John Wyclif and John Hus

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...

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Pius II's Execrabilis

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...

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Renaissance popes

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Julianna

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ALISSA The Italian Renaissance was primarily

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a recovery or rebirth of antiquity and Greco-Roman culture.

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The word "Renaissance" means

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rebirth.

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The wealth of the northern Italian cities that funded the Renaissance was gained mostly from

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trade.

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According to Jacob Burckhardt, the Renaissance in Italy represented

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a distinct break from the Middle Ages and the true birth of the modern world.

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The family of merchants and bankers who dominated Florence during the high point of the Renaissance was the

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Medici.

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What was the commercial and military league set up off the north coast of Germany?

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Hanseatic League

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Two key areas of Renaissance technological innovation were

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optical instruments and lens grinding.

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The author of the Book of the Courtier, a handbook on courtly manners, was

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Baldassare Castiglione.

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Castiglione's The Courtier was a

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very popular handbook laying out the new skills in politics, the arts, and personal comportment expected of Renaissance aristocrats.

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The achievements of the Italian Renaissance were the products of

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an elite movement, involving small numbers of wealthy patrons, artists, and intellectuals.

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The aristocracy of the sixteenth century was

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to dominate society as it had done in the Middle Ages. largely surpassed by the upcoming merchant class. still powerful, but with little new blood to keep it vital

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Banquets during the Renaissance

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were used to express wealth and power of an aristocratic family.

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The Third Estate of the fifteenth century was

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overwhelmingly made up of peasants.

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Western Europe in the Renaissance saw

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decline in serfdom.

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Slavery in Renaissance Italy

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saw slaves from Africa and the eastern Mediterranean used mostly as courtly domestic servants and as skilled workers.

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The reintroduction of slavery in the fourteenth century occurred largely as a result of

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the shortage of labor created by the Black Death.

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Which of the following statements best describes marriage in Renaissance Italy?

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Marriages were usually arranged, to strengthen familial alliances.

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Marriages in Renaissance Italy

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economic necessity of life involving complicated family negotiations.

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By the fifteenth century, Italy was

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dominated by five major regional independent powers.

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Perhaps the most famous of Italian ruling woman was

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Isabella d'Este.

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Federigo da Montefeltro of Urbino was

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an example of a skilled, intelligent, independent Italian warrior prince.

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The Peace of Lodi served to

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maintain peace between the Italian states for 40 years.

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Machiavelli's The Prince advocates that a successful ruler must

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act without scruples for the good of the state.

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Italian Renaissance humanism in the early fifteenth century, above all else

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was based on the study of the Greco-Roman classics.

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In the late fifteenth century, Italy became a battleground for the competing interests of

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Spain and France.

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Who said, ''Christ is my God; Cicero is the prince of the language.''

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Petrarch.

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The Corpus Hermeticum

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contained writings on the occult as well as theological and philosophical speculations.

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Pico della Mirandola's Oration on the Dignity of Man stated that humans

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could be whatever they chose or willed.

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A subject of particular interest to fifteenth-century humanists was

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the Greek language.

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The liberal education taught by Vittorino da Feltre

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contained as its primary goal the creation of well-rounded, virtuous and ethical citizens.

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In Concerning Character, Pietro Paolo Vergerio argued that liberal studies led to

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true freedom.

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Humanism's main effect on the writing of history was

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the secularization of historiography and the explanation of change over time.

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Johannes Gutenberg was a key developer of

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the movable type printing press.

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The development of printing in the fifteenth century

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ensured that literacy and new knowledge would spread rapidly in European society.

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Italian artists in the fifteenth century began to

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experiment in areas of perspective.

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Which pair of artists both sculpted a likeness of David?

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Donatello and Michelangelo.

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The Renaissance figure in the following list who was not a leading painter was

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Petrarch

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The painter of the Rome's Sistine Chapel ceiling was

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Michelangelo.

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Who painted "The Last Supper"?

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Leonardo

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JULIANNA Which of the following is NOT true of Northern Renaissance artists?

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They had less mastery of the laws of perspective than many Italian painters.

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The "new monarchs" of the late fifteenth century in Europe

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a. continued the trend toward decentralization. b. were focused upon the acquisition and expansion of power. c. attempted to build up the nobility for support. d. accepted the domination of the church as a matter of course. e. were generally illiterate.

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The results of the Hundred Years' War

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a. reinvigorated and strengthened the French monarchy. b. caused economic turmoil in England. c. temporarily strengthened the nobility in England. d. a and b e. all of the above

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The Renaissance papacy

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a. was exemplified by the "spartan" and humble existence of Leo X. b. saw popes build legal familial dynasties over several generations to maintain power. c. was little concerned with war and politics, as shown by Julius II. d. was often seen as corrupt and debauched, as evidenced by Alexander VI. e. gave little support to the arts

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Under Ferdinand and Isabella, Spain

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a. became increasingly corrupt and inefficient. b. saw society become more secular. c. saw Muslim power vanish from the peninsula. d. had little remaining dissension and was thoroughly unified. e. lost its independence to the Valois dynasty of France.

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The Renaissance popes did all of the following except

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a. patronize Renaissance culture. b. participate in temporal authority at the expense of their spiritual responsibilities. c. attempt to return to the papacy to more humble times. d. combat church councils. e. involved themselves in politics and war.

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All of the following monarchs were successful in continuing the centralization of their "new monarchies" except

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a. Maximilian I of the Holy Roman Empire. b. Henry VII of England. c. Ferdinand of Aragon in Spain. d. Louis XI the Spider of France. e. Isabella of Castile.

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John Wyclif criticized the Church for

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a. wasting money on expensive cathedrals. b. discriminating against women. c. not letting people read the Bible in the vernacular. d. discriminating against Muslims and Jews. e. having a pope.

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After 1438, the position of the Holy Roman Emperor remained in the hands of the

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a. Sforza family. b. Medici family. c. pope. d. Habsburg dynasty. e. Hohenzollern dynasty.

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The Ottoman Turkish sultan who captured Constantinople in 1453 was

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a. Ali. b. Murad III. c. Lazar I. d. Mehmet II. e. Ibrahim Pasha.

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JULIANNA The Byzantine Empire was finally destroyed in 1453 by the

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Ottoman Turks.

Ch. 12: Renaissance – Flashcards

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