Unit 3 – Flashcard
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Personality.
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An individuals pattern of thinking, feeling and acting
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Societal Focus of Personality
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Sociology Focus on trends in social behavior, crime rates
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Individual Focus of Personality
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Focus on person's unique life history
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Interpersonal Focus of Personality
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Social Psychologists focus on persons social situation
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Freud's biggest contributions
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-scientific explorations of personality and behavior -emphasis on sexuality as a motivating force -importance of early childhood exp in shaping personality -importance of unconsciousness
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Psychoanalysis
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Attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts
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Personality is a conflict b/w
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Pleasure seeking impulses and the internalized social restraints against them
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Structure of the mind
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ID, EGO and SuperID
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ID
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In Sigmund Freud's theory, the portion of the personality that contains our instincts and our irrational desires. It is largely unconscious and very demanding. It lives according to the pleasure principle, which is to maximize pleasure and minimize pain.
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Ego
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Keeps ID in check, develops around ages 2-3 According to Freud, the decision-making component of personality that operates according to the reality principle.
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Super Ego
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Develops around the age of 4 or 5, internalizes the values of ones parents and society. Operates according to morality, principle. Demands perfection and serves as ones conscience. Responsible for guilt pride, shame
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Tension according to Freud
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build up of sexual urges and pleasure = discharge
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Fixation
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According to Freud, failure to move forward from one psychosexual stage to another as expected.
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Criticism of Freud's Psychosexual stages of development?
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How can our personality be fixed by age 5?
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Oral Stage
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Freud's first stage of personality development, from birth to about age 2, during which the instincts of infants are focused on the mouth as the primary pleasure center.
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Anal Stage
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(1-3 years) Anus is associated with pleasure. Toilet training can lead to fixation if not handled correctly. Has two outcomes-anal retentive (obsessions with cleanliness, perfection and control) and anal expulsive (messy, disorganized and dirty)
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Phallic Stage
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3 - 6 years; auto exploration of body; Oedipal Complex: child develops attraction for opposite gender parent and feels hostility toward same gender parent Fixation: Men- work towards perfection, Women become flirts
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Identification in the Phallic Stage
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Reduces hostility towards same sex parent by identifying with them
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Defense Mechanisms
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In psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
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Repression
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Pushing bad thoughts into subconscious
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Reaction Formation
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Defense mechanism by which people behave in a way opposite to what their true but anxiety-provoking feelings would dictate.
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Sublimiation
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Transferring bad urges into a positive outlet ex. angry? Kick-box
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Displacement
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Displace anger onto something else
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Rorschach Inkblot Test
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the most widely used projective test, a set of 14 ink blots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots
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TAT: Thematic Apperception Test
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person tells stories about scenes. themes are an insight to ones personality
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Projective Tests
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a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli to trigger projection of one's inner thoughts and feelings. Screens for cognitive development, overall mood
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Pros and Cons of Projective Tests
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Pros: Usefull when pt doesn't want to give up neg info about themselves cons: not efficient. Overall: Should be a supplement
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Neo-Analytic Movement
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new analysis that began with freud's psychoanalysis, but began to expand it in new direction. Emphasized social interactions over sexual urges.
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Carl Jung
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Everything in unconscious seeks outward manifestation Broke off because less sexual, more spiritual. Also had a different structure of the mind than Freud. Archetypes, first to challenge Freud
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Libido
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According to Freud, the energy generated by the sexual instinct.
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Archetypes
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According to Jung, emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning.
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Alfred Adler
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Had many run-ins with death Believed we are motivated by goals. Development is because of goals
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Fictional Finalism
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All have an ideal self, motivated to reach it but never do
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Inferiority
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Inferior Feelings drive personality as motivating force
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Birth Order
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1st: think u the best 2nd: high achiever Youngest: spoiled, no need to strive for goals Only child: like non-dethroned 1st born
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Karen Horney
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1885-1952; Field: neo-Freudian, psychodynamic; Contributions: criticized Freud, stated that personality is molded by social conflict rather than being determined solely by childhood experiences and instincts, neurotic trends
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Coping Styles: Moving Towards
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Need for approval and love Complying
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Coping Styles: Moving Against
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Need: strive for power Aggressive: no trust
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Copying Styles: Moving Away
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Need: Perfection Disengaging: withdraw for fear of rejection
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Personality Inventories
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associated with the trait perspective, are questionnaires used to assess personality traits
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How Stable is personality?
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* Personality varies depends of environment * But yes, it is stable * We are consistently inconsistent: consistent in similar environments, inconsistent in dissimilar environments
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Big 5 Personality Types
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OCEAN Openness: Curious about new ideas Conscientiousness: Making plans Extraversion: social Agreeableness: prefer to avoid conflict Neuroticism: anxious, hating one self
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Abnormal Behavior. How to Classify?
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No clear boundary b/w normal and abnormal. Classify with 3D's Deviant: Conformity to norms Distress: Experience stress Dysfunctional: Must cause social/occupational problems
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Schizophrenia
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A group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions Cannot filter different stimuli Men who were not breastfed more susceptible
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Psychosis
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Break from reality, usually identified by hallucinations, delusions, and/or disorientation.
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Factors that cause Schizophrenia
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Biological: - Abnormalities in brain structure - Maternal virus - Genetic (twin study revealed link) Nurture (some)
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Anxiety Disorders: Generalized Anxiety Disorder
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Continually tense and apprehensive, can't identify cause of anxiety
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Anxiety Disorders: Panic Disorders
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episodes of intense dread, like heart attack
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Anxiety Disorders: Phobia
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Irrational Fear ex. agoraphobia: fear of situations in which escape is impossible
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Anxiety Disorders: OCD
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unwanted thoughts(obsessions) or actions(compulsions) Obsessions cause anxiety, compulsions are a way to relieve anxiety
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Anxiety Disorders: PTSD
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A disorder in which a person has lingering memories, nightmares, and other symptoms for weeks after a severely threatening, uncontrollable event -occurs after 4 weeks of event
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Dissociative Disorders
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Disruption in consciousness and memory Most common: amnesia
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Dissociative Identity Disorder
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person has multiple personalities (One is primary) -don't have recollection of when you are other personality -can change race, sex,age -transition is usually sudden and dramatic -About 15 for women, 8 for men -Starts around early adulthood after and episode of abuse
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DID controversy
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Against: -Some day DID is not real and created by therapist via the misinformation effect -Was originally rare, but now more common -many reluctant to diagnose patient with DID In Favor: -Different personalities can do different things -Different handwriting -50% agree it exists
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Mood Disorders
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emotional extremes
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Depression
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2+ weeks of depressed mood for no reason, diminished interest in activities previously liked -can be cured but most have one more episode in life time -symptoms often exacerbate(worsen) each other
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Causes of Depression
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Biological causes: -Can be inherited -low on serotonin Sociocognitive -think you no longer have control over your life -Sense of hopelessness Sociocultural -lack of intimacy -those that are depressed without social support are more depressed
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Bipolar Disorders
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Goes from depressed to main(euphoria, high self esteem) -Equally common among genders -Episodes start out far apart but are then closer and closer
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Link between Serotonin and Norepinephrine levels and Bipolar Disorder
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Depression: Low Levels of Serotonin and Low levels of norepinephrine: Mania: Low Levels of Serotonin and High levels of norepinephrine:
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Paraphillias
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Sexual urges and fantasies in response to socially inappropriate object or situations -Need it, not just like it -Almost always found in males -Often there is overlap, about 2-3 things
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Fetishism
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fixation of inanimate object -not about who the object belongs to, just that the object is there
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Partialism
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Animate object
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BDSM
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Masochist is hurt by Sadist
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Social Psychology
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Study of how we think about, influence and relate to each other -Way in which different personalities construe different things
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How is Social Psychology different than other fields?
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Focuses on -normal populations -interpersonal rather than societal or individual -empirical(statistical)
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Social Influence
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Social influence: how can individual's behavior is influenced by environment
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Types of Social Influence
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(From worst to best) -Conformity: peer pressure -Compliance: changing behavior due to a direct request -Obedience: changing due to an authority figure
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Informational Social Influence
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conform because we see others as a source of info reflects our desire to be "right" Believe others can choose an appropriate course of action ex. seeing group of people running
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Autokinetic Effect
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illusion, caused by very slight movements of the eye, that a stationary point of light in a dark room is moving. They converged towards a mean
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When will conform to informational social influence?
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-Situation is ambiguous -Situation is similar -Others are experts
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Normative Social Influence
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Norms exert great influence when conditions are uncertain, source is similar, concerned about relationship with source Why conform? to be liked and right
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Line Adjustment task
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76% conformed to the wrong answer b/c of crowd when asked privately, they answered correct - so not informational social influence
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Informational Influence vs Normative Influence
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Behavior of others provides info vs. desire for social approval Informational: leads to private acceptance Normative: Leads to public compliance
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Idiosyncratic credits
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if you did well before, you get a pass
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ABC's of Attitude
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Affective: emotions and affect toward object(pos or neg) Behavioral: how you act towards and object Cognitive: thoughts you have about object(facts, knowledge, beliefs)
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When do attitudes affect behavior?
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Stable, strong attitudes -direct experience (if you ate something bad at WC vs if your friend did)
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Dissonance
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Tension when our behavior is inconsistent with attitudes
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How do we resolve dissonance
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-Change Behavior -Trivialize Dissonance -Change Attitude
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Insufficient Justifications
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People going through hazing have a strong attitude towards frat b/c obviously they must have liked it to devote so much time to it
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Spreading of alternatives
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Choosing b/w two similar products. When you choose one, spread the distance between them, act like you didn't want the other anyway. Closer the choices= more dissonance
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Foot In The Door
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a 2-step compliance technique in which an influence sets the stage for the real request by first getting a person to comply with a much smaller request
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Door In The Face
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the tendency for an individual who denies an outrageous request to agree to a lesser one
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Low Ball
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Car Salesman , persuasive technique in which the seller of a product starts quoting a low sales price, and then mentions all of the "add on" costs once the customer has agreed to purchase the product
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Self Monitoring
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Degree to which we regulate our behavior to match situation
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High SM vs Low SM
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Social chameleons vs. consistent across all situations
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Self Esteem
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State of mind vs. Trait (can be temp or always)
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Sociometer Hypothesis
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Have self esteem b/c our body's way of telling us that we are socially rejected. Esteem is a motivator to do better.
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Enhancing self-esteem
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BIRG vs CORF
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How does another's performance affect us?
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if close other does good in an unknown dimension=BIRG If close other does good in a known dimension=low self esteem
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Marketplace Theory
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Men and women look for characteristic in a mate that will ensure reproductive success. Men - frequent pairings with healthy mates. Women - a mate who can provide stability, protection, and resources. -Now that women are getting more money, they too care more about looks. -Because we have different goals, get jealous of different things
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Double shot theory
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Gender difference in jealousy not b/c of evolution but social pressures. One infidelity implies the other. Men find sex worse than emotional infidelity. Women find emotional worse than sexual b/c sex implied.
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Communal vs. Exchange relationships
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exchange: get something from each other(superficial interactions) No change in mood. Communal: Desire for expectations are higher. Happy after helping.
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MichaelAngelo Phenomenon
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People who are in successful relationships try to help one another achieve their goals, and become the person they want to be. Closer to ideal self=happier
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Perceptual vs Behavioral Affirmation
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Perceptual: seeing the best in partner Behavioral: Doing your best to draw out best in partner
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Gottman study on Conflict
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Revealed 4 types of fighting couples 1. Volatiles: Conflict part of way to better themselves 2. Validators: During conflict, validate each other and are calm 3. Avoiders: agree to disagree 4. Hostiles
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Demand-Withdraw
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One partner wants change, other withdraws. Best predictor for divorce.
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Conflict-Structure Hypothesis
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Women more likely to want change, and thus be the demander.
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False consensus effect
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Think everyone else is doing it as well
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More exposure effect
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If you see something a lot, you like it
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Two-Factor theory
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Schachter's theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal
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Social Facilitation
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Stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others
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Positive vs. Negative Schizophrenia
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Positive: Something is added(hallucinations, thoughts) Negative: Something is lost(Social withdrawal)
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Biopsychosocial approach
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All behavior is linked to nature or nurture
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Catatonia
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Disorder of movement involving immobility or excited agitation.
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Antisocial personality
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Low levels of anxiety
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Abraham Maslow
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(1908-1970) humanistic psychologist who proposed the hierarchy of needs, with self-actualization as the ultimate psychological need. Humans have a hierarchy of needs ranging from lower-level needs for survival and safety to higher-level needs for intellectual achievement and finally self-actualization
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Reciprocal Determination
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Bandura's observation that the individual's behavior and the social learning environment continually influence one another.
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Inter-Rater Reliability
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If you have 2 observers watching the same behavior, their scores should agree with each other.
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Categorical vs. Dimensional Diagnosis
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-A system of diagnosis in which there are distinct cut off points -A system of diagnosis in which conditions are assessed by the extent to which patients show particular symptoms. Neither show origin of disorder
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Psychodynamic Theraphy
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Goal is to allow transference(Pt sees Dt as parent) to occur
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Interpersonal Psychotherapy
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A form of psychotherapy that focuses on helping clients improve current relationships
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Humanistic Therapy and techniques
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Carl Rogers Reflective listening: repeat so to confirm that you understood Mirroring: replication of non-verbal cues Amplifying: Exaggerating feeling to see if still fits client's initial experience Validation: acknowledgement of feelings
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Actualization Tendency
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People will always move in direction of enhancing themselves -Inhibited by need for positive feedback from others
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3 Conditions for psychotherapy
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1. Unconditional Positive Regard: always be accepting of client's experience. No judgment 2. Empathy: Understand client situation from your shoes 3. Genuineness
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Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy
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-developed by Albert Ellis, a form of psychotherapy based on identifying and correcting irrational beliefs that are believed to underlie emotional and behavioral difficulties -People make themselves miserable
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Aaron Beck
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Cognitive Therapy -believed that psychotherapy is a result of schemas(underlying ways in which we process info)
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Cognitive Triangle
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Feelings, Behavior and Thoughts are all linked. Cannot control feelings, so change the rest.
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Projection
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Thinking everyone else does it, so you should aswell. Robbers
