chapter 19 organization of the body – Flashcards
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electrolytes that release hydrogen ions in water
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acids
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the movement of a substance across a cell membrane from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration
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active transport
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any one of a pair or series of GENES that occupy a specific position on a spcific CHROMOSOME
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allele
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the stage of metabolism in which substances such as nutrients are changed into more complex substances and used to build body tissues
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anabolism
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the period of mitosis when the centromeres divide and pull the chromosomes (formerly chromatids) toward the centrioles at opposite sides of the cell
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anaphase
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when the body is standing upright and facing forward with the arms at the side and the palms of the hands facing forward
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anatomical position
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the scientific term for the study of body structure
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anatomy
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anatomical term meaning toward the front of the body; also called ventral
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anterior
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the simplest units of all matter
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atoms
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a chromosome that is not a sex chromosome
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autosome
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electrolytes that release hydroxyl ions in water
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bases
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the study of matter and chemical reactions in the body
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biochemistry
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the stage of metabolism in which complex substances, including nutrients and body tissues, are broken down into simler substances and converted into energy
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catabolism
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SEE INFERIOR: anatomic term meaning below or closer to the feet; also called caudal
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caudal
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the outer limit of a cell that is thin and selectively permeable. It controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell
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cell membrane
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the smallest living units of structure and function
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cells
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two cylinder-shaped organs near the cell nucleus that are essential for cell division, by equally dividing chromosomes to the daughter cells
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centrioles
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the study of the composition of matter and how matter changes
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chemistry
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thread-like structures composed of DNA
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chromosome
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hair-like projections from the outside of the cell membrane on some cell types
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cilia
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a vowel (often and o) that is placed between a word root and suffix to ease pronunciation
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combining vowel
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the inheritance of traits determined by multiple genes
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complex inheritance
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a substance that is formed when two or more atoms of more than one element are chemically combined
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compound
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a tissue type that is the framework of the body
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connective tissue
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SEE SUPERIOR: anatomic term meaning above or closer to the head; also called cranial
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cranial
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splitting of the cytoplasm during cell division
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cytokinesis
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the watery intracellular substance that consists mostly of water, proteins, ions, and nutrients
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cytoplasm
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anatomical term meaning closer to the inside of the body
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deep
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a muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
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diaphragm
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the movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
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diffusion
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anatomic term meaning farther from a point of attachment or farther away from the trunk of the body
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distal
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a nucleic acid that contains the genetic informantion of cells
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DNA
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SEE POSTERIOR: anatomic term meaning toward the back of the body
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dorsal
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substances that carry electrical current through the movement of ions
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electrolytes
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a gland that secretes its proucts directly into tissue, fluid, or blood
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endocrine gland
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the organelles of the endoplasmic reticulum is composed of both smooth and rough types. The rough type contains ribosomes on its surface. The smooth type has ribosomes. Both types create a network of passageways throughout the cytoplasm
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endoplasmic reticulum
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a tissue type that lines the tubes, hollow organs, and cavities of the body
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epithelial tissue
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a gland that secretes its product into a duct
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exocrine gland
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relating to the femur or thigh
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femoral
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a process that separates substances into solutions by forcing them across a membrane
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filtration
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the "taillike" structure on some cell membranes that provides cell movement
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flagellum
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anatomic term that refers to the plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions. Also called coronal
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frontal
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a segment of DNA that determines a body trait
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gene
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the cell's Golgi apparatus synthesizes carbohydrates and also appears to prepare and store secretions for discharge from the cell
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Golgi apparatus
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members in each pair of chromosomes
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homologous chromosome
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anatomic term meaning below or closer to the feet; also called caudal
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inferior
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matter that generally does not contain carbon and hydrogen
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inorganic
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the state of a cell carrying out its normal daily functions and not dividing
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interphase
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positively or negatively charged particles
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ions
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a directional term that means farther away from the midline of the body
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lateral
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structures that are known to perfom the digestive function of the cells
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lysosomes
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the material between the cells of connective tissue
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matrix
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anything that takes up space and has weight. Liquids, solids, and gases are matter
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matter
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a directional term that describes areas closer to the midline of the body
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medial
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a type of cell division in which each new cell contains only one member of each chromosome pair
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meiosis
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the overall chemical functioning of the body, including all body processes that build small molecules into large ones (anabolism) and break down large molecules into small ones (catabolism)
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metabolism
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anatomical term that refers to the plane that runs lengthwise down the midline of the body, dividing it into equal left and right halves
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midsagittal
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structures that provide energy for cells and are the respiratory centers for the cell
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mitochondria
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a type of cell division that produces ordinary body, or somsatic, cells; each new cell receives a complete set of paired chromosomes
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mitosis
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the smallest unit in to which an element can be divided and still retain its properties; it is formed when atoms bond together
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molecule
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a tissue type that is specialized to shorten and elongate
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muscle tissue
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an error that sometimes occurs when DNA is duplicated. When it occurs, it is passed to descendent cells and may or mahy not affect them in harmful ways
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mutation
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a tissue type located in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves
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nervous tissue
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non-neuronal type of nervous tissue that is smaller and more abundant than neurons. Neuroglial cells support neurons.
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neuroglial cell
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a nerve cell; it carries nerve impulses between the brain or spinal cord and other parts of the body
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neurons
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the control center of a cell; contains the chromosomes that direct cellular processes
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nucleus
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structure formed by the organization of two or more different tissue types that carries out specific functions
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organ
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a structure within a cell that performs a specific function
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organelle
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pertaining to matter that contains carbon and hydrogen
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organic
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a whole living being that is formed from organ systems
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organism
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a system that consists of organs that join together to carry out vital functions
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organ systems
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the diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane such as a cell membrane
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osmosis
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one egg. The female ëgg"that unites with the male sperm to begin reproduction
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ovum
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a genetically inherited disorder in which the body cannot properly metabolize the nutrient phenylalanine, resulting in the buildup of phenylketones in the blood and their presence in the urine. The accumulation of phenylketones results results in mental retardation
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phenylketonuria (PKU)
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the science of the study of the body's funcitons
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physiology
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anatomic term meaning toward the back of the body
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posterior
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a word part that comes at the beginning of a medical term that alters the meaning of the term
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prefix
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movement of the rplicated centrioles to the opposite ends of the cell, creatin spindle-like fibers during mitosis
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prophase
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anatomic term meaning closer to a point of attachment or closer to the trunk of the body
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proximal
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the organelle within the cytoplasm responsible for protein synthesis
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ribosomes
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a nucleic acid used to make protein
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RNA
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an anatomic term that refers to the plane that divides the body into left and right portions
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sagittal
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chromosome of the 23rd pair
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sex chromosome
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traits that are carried on the sex chromosomes, or X and Y chromosomes
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sex-linked trait
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a word part that comes at the end of medical term that alters the meaning of the term
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suffix
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anatomic term meaning closer to the surface of the body
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superficial
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anatomic term meaning above or closer to the head; also called cranial
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superior
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the final stage of mitosis chromosomes reach the centrioles and the division creating two cells, each with a complete set of chromosomes is completed
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telophase
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a structure that is formed when cells of the same type organize together
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tissue
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anatomic term that refers to the plane that divides the body into superior and inferior portions
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transverse
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SEE ANTERIOR: anatomical term meaning toward the front of the body; also called ventral
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ventral
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the base meaning of a medical term
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word root
