question

Psychologists consider memory to be

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an active system.

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The most efficient way of transferring short-term memory into long-term memory is by using

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elaborative rehearsal.

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According to Craik and Lockhart, information that is _______ will be remembered more effectively and for a longer period of time.

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deeply processed

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What is the best way for a person to overcome the tip of the tongue phenomenon?

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Stop trying to remember the information you are trying to retrieve.

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The fact that everyone remembers that George Washington was the first president points to the primacy effect as a result of

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long-term memory storage.

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Why do flashbulb memories seem so vivid and exact?

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Emotional reactions seem to stimulate the release of hormones that have been shown to enhance the formation of long-term memories.

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Which of the following best describes psychologist John Kihlstrom's comments when talking about Bartlett's book on memory?

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Memory is more like making up a story than it is like reading a book.

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On the Internet, each website has its own specific information but is also linked to many other related sites. In addition, a person can have open more than one site at the same time. This pattern of organization may be very similar to how

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the mind organizes the information stored in long-term memory.

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In the information-processing model, the first stage of memory is ______ memory.

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sensory

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_________ is the ability to focus on only one stimulus from among all sensory input

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Selective attention

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Elizabeth Loftus' research determined that

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what people see and hear about an event after the fact can easily affect the accuracy of their memories of that event.

question

In a study discussed in the textbook that researched the effects of different types of information on memory, subjects viewed a slide presentation of a traffic accident. The actual slide presentation contained a stop sign, but in a written summary of the presentation the sign was referred to as a yield sign. What were the results of this study?

answer

Subjects who were given misleading information after viewing the slides were far less accurate in their memories for the kind of sign present than were subjects who were given no such information.

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A research study found that people who look at real visual images and then are asked to simply imagine looking at visual images

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are often unable to later distinguish between the images they had really seen and the imagined images.

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A(n) ________ is a memory expert or someone with exceptional memory ability.

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mnemonist

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Ebbinghaus's ________ shows that forgetting happens quickly, within the first hour after learning the lists, and then tapers off gradually.

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curve of forgetting

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The _______ is the part of the brain that is responsible for the formation of new long-term declarative memories.

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hippocampus

question

In one study with depressed patients who were being treated with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), patients were tested for their memory of certain television programs both before and after the treatment. What was the result?

answer

Patients forgot more recent programs but remembered older ones.

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To help students learn new psychology terms, Professor Williams encourages the students to think deeply about the meaning of the words by asking them to provide examples of each term, and to use each one in a sentence. Professor Williams is using which model of memory?

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levels-of-processing

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Donyelle finds that she performs better on the exams that are given in her regular psychology classroom than in the large lecture room that is used to give midterms and finals to several sections at once. Donyelle's experience illustrates

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the importance of retrieval cues in memory.

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The ________ effect suggests that the first and last person interviewed for a job will be better remembered by the interviewer than all the people in the middle.

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serial position

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An eyewitness was asked to testify in court about her memory of a crime that took place on her street. Prior to her testimony, an attorney provided her with a written statement from another neighbor who also viewed the crime. As a result of reading her neighbor's statement which was different from her own, the accuracy of her memory was altered, which eventually affected her testimony. This is an example of

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the misinformation effect.

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The phrase "use it or lose it" refers to which theory of forgetting?

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disuse or decay

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If you move from the United States to England and have trouble adjusting to driving on the left side of the road, you are experiencing

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proactive interference.

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Mrs. Tuttle was 97 years old and suffered from forgetfulness and mental confusion. She was probably experiencing

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senile dementia.

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To answer the questions in this test, which type of memory recall will you most frequently use?

answer

recognition.

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Memories are more easily accessed when they are stored with more

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retrieval cues.

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Explicit memory begins to form after about age 2,

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when the hippocampus is more fully developed.

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Eidetic imagery

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does not guarantee comprehension.

question

Loftus and other researchers have demonstrated that memory

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is a process that constantly changes.

question

Early memories before the age of 2 years tend to be implicit, which may explain

answer

infantile amnesia.

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In interpreting Bartlett's book, Kihlstrom says that memory is

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a problem-solving activity.

question

The best way to remember the name of a person you meet at a party is to

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associate the name with something about the person's appearance.

question

Juana was certain that the man she saw in the police photograph was the man who stole her purse. Later another man confessed to the crime. This is an example of

answer

a false positive.

question

Little Georgie is learning the alphabet. When he recites the alphabet he says "A, B, C, D, W, X, Y, Z." This is an example of

answer

serial position effect.

question

_________ allows a musician to tune a musical instrument.

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Echoic memory

question

Brenda called Mike while he was in the middle of the meeting to ask him to pick up some milk on his way home from work. When Mike got home he didn't have the milk, and Brenda was angry. Mike may have experienced

answer

encoding failure.

question

Helena lives on a very busy street in New York City. Although she makes no effort to remember how many times cars have passed down her street, when asked, she usually responds "often," or "a lot." Her ability to unconsciously notice how many cars pass down her street is a result of

answer

automatic encoding.

question

Memories of childhood events, special birthdays or anniversaries, and things that happened to an individual on any given day are called

answer

episodic memories.

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In real life, information that has just entered iconic memory will be pushed out very quickly by new information. Research suggests that after ________, old information is replaced by new information.

answer

a quarter of a second

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An active system that processes the information present in short-term memory. The system of working memory processes the information in

answer

short-term memory.

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The set of mental operations that people perform on sensory information to convert that information into a form that is usable in the brain's storage systems is called

answer

encoding.

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Research on _______ has implications for understanding learning and attention disorders, autism, and intelligence.

answer

working memory

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Procedural memories

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are not easily retrieved into conscious awareness.

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The Tower of Hanoi study found that people with anterograde amnesia

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were able to form new declarative memories. new long-term declarative memories cannot be formed

question

Marcos and his friends enjoy watching football together on Sundays. After some of the games are over, Marcos tells his friends that he knew all along who would win the game. Marcos' belief that he could predict the outcome of some of the games without having been told the winners in advance is an example of

answer

hindsight bias.

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______ "fools" the STM into holding more information than is usual.

answer

Chunking

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"Deep processing" is associated with

answer

the levels-of-processing model.

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The information-processing model of memory suggests that

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the process of memory storage is similar to the way a computer processes memory in a series of three stages.

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In a room filled with people, where several conversations are going on, you are able to hear your name being spoken. This is

answer

the "cocktail-party effect."

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The storage time of a memory depends upon

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the system of memory being used.

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________ memory refers to the awareness of the meanings of words, concepts, and terms as well as names of objects, math skills, and so on.

answer

Semantic

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________ syndrome refers to the creation of inaccurate or false memories through the suggestion of others, often while the person is under hypnosis.

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False memory

question

The removal of H. M.'s hippocampi made ______ impossible. Where memory is forming

answer

consolidation

question

The idea that memory formation is a simultaneous process is reflected in the

answer

parallel distributed processing model.

question

The information in short-term memory is

answer

conscious.

question

Long-term memory

answer

has unlimited capacity.

question

All models of memory involve the same _______ processes.

answer

three

question

The ______ can be used to explain how rapidly the points on the semantic network can be accessed.

answer

parallel distributed processing model

question

Marcia dated Davio for several years. They recently broke up and Marcia went out on a date with a man named Oliver. While on the date, Marcia mistakenly called him Davio. This is an example of

answer

proactive interference.

question

In their original study, which explored how information is stored in long-term memory, Collins and Quillian (1969) asked participants to respond "true" or "false" as quickly as possible to sentences such as "a canary is a bird" and "a canary is an animal." The results of this study suggest that

answer

information exists in a kind of network, with nodes of related information linked to each other in a kind of hierarchy.

question

The information-processing model can be linked to

answer

cognitive psychology.

question

Amnesia can be brought about by

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alcoholism.

question

Mr. S. was a performing ______, showcasing his extraordinary memory ability.

answer

mnemonist

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Memory for facts is called ________ memory because facts are things that are known and can be stated outright.

answer

declarative

question

After his accident, Bryan had trouble remembering facts and events that were related to his personal life history. He was suffering from a loss of ________ memory.

answer

episodic

question

When a memory is being formed, several changes take place in the brain in a process called

answer

consolidation.

question

On the way to the grocery store, James repeats his list to himself—"Bread, milk, butter. Bread, milk butter...." James is using

answer

maintenance rehearsal.

question

The Parallel Distributed Processing (PDP) model focuses on

answer

the connections and timing of memory processes.

question

three processes of memory

answer

encoding, storage, and retrevial

question

the first stage of memory, the point at which information enters the nervous system through the sensory systems - eyes, ears, and so on

answer

sensory memory

question

nondeclarative (implicit) memory

answer

memories for things that people know how to do, life tying shoes and riding a bicycle

question

encoding specificity

answer

the tendency for memory of any kind of information to be improved if retrieval conditions are similar to the conditions under which the information was encoded

question

recal

answer

memories retrieved with little or not external cues, such as filling in the blanks of tests

question

primary effeect

answer

the first few words, when the listener has nothing in STM to interfere with their rehearsal, will receive far more rehearsal time than the words in the middle, which are constantly being replaced by the next word on the list

question

constructive processing

answer

referring to the retrieval of memories in which those memories are altered, revised, or influenced by newer information

question

memory trace

answer

some physical change in the brain, perhaps in a neuron or in the activity between neurons

question

decay

answer

if the traces arent used we will forget them, fading into nothing

question

retroactive interference

answer

newer information interferes with the retrieval of older information

question

retrograde amnesia

answer

Loss of memory for events that occurred before the onset of amnesia; eg a soldier's forgetting events immediately before a shell burst nearby, injuring him.

question

anterograde amnesia

answer

Loss of memory for events that have occurred after brain damage

question

alzheimer's disease

answer

A progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and finally, physical reasoning

question

autobiographical memory

answer

the memory for events and facts related to one's personal life story

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