Developmental Psych CH. 1 & 2 – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
Research on immigrant children and their families has been lacking in
answer
all of these
question
Bob wishes to undertake a study of the students at his college comparing their grade point averages and drinking behaviors. He draws up a document explaining the purpose of his study, the type of data to be collected, and the way the data will be used. The document states that participants have the right to terminate participation at any time during the study. Before beginning to collect his data he gets each participant to sign the document. Bob is obtaining:
answer
Informed Consent
question
A developmental psychologist wants to determine the chances that a particular ninth-grade student will graduate from high school. This best illustrates:
answer
prediction
question
Marcia has childhood arthritis. She takes part in an experiment designed to determine if a new drug will relieve the suffering of childhood arthritis. She reports to the lab every week and is examined by a doctor, but she receives a pill that contains no medication. According to your text, what is the best explanation for Marcia's receiving a pill with no drug?
answer
Marcia is a subject who is in the control group
question
An age cohort is
answer
a group of people born in the same historical time period
question
According to your text's discussion of the timing of developmental events, influences that involve unique turning points that cause people to change direction in their lives are known as:
answer
nonnormative life events
question
All of the following are limitations of the case study method EXCEPT
answer
researcher and subject are unlikely to have close contact
question
Age strata
answer
use ranking of people as higher or lower
question
A psychologist wants to know whether there is a cause-effect relationship between how much effort a child expends on completing a puzzle and how much he or she likes it. According to your text, which method should she use?
answer
experiment
question
The scientific method differs from ordinary inquiry because
answer
it specifies a systematic, formal process to gather facts
question
Dr. Yu wishes to study the effect of home schooling on children across the United States. He prepares a set of questions to mail to the parents of children who are being home schooled. He mails the questionnaire with a return envelope. This is known as what type of research method?
answer
social survey
question
A psychologist wishes to know why there is an increase in childhood obesity. This is related to which goal of developmental psychology?
answer
explanation
question
The changes that are most likely to occur because a person is at a particular stage of development, such as infancy, adolescence, or adulthood, are characteristic of
answer
normative age-graded influences
question
The numerical expression of the degree or extent of relationship between two variables or conditions is called the
answer
correlation coefficient
question
The factor that a researcher manipulates in an experimental situation is called the
answer
independent variable
question
The method that combines collecting data over time as well as across study groups to measure more than one cohort over time is called the
answer
sequential method
question
Mary's personality has become more outgoing as she has grown older. The changes in Mary's personality illustrate which kind of development?
answer
emotional-social
question
A psychologist conducts a study of 800 children who have mental disabilities using subjects from several schools. She follows them from the age of 4 through adulthood. This study is based on which research method?
answer
longitudinal
question
The case-study method of research
answer
focuses on an individual
question
A major advantage of using the cross-sectional approach to research is that
answer
researchers need not wait a long time until subjects reach the age for retesting it requires making certain periodic readjustments associated with staff turnover
question
The more or less automatic unfolding of biological potential in a set, irreversible sequence is known as
answer
maturation
question
As her son Jamal grows older, Nadia is particularly fascinated with his ability to think more abstractly and logically. The changes in Jamal's thinking patterns illustrate which kind of development?
answer
cognitive
question
The changes that occur in sensation, perception, memory, thought, reasoning, and language refer to
answer
cognitive development
question
A major advantage of using the cross-sectional approach to research is that
answer
researchers need not wait a long time until subjects reach the age for retesting
question
The changes that occur in a person's height, weight, and organ, skeletal, muscular, and neurological structures refer to
answer
physical development
question
Correlational analysis
answer
can be used for predictive purposes
question
The major reason experimental designs are not used in developmental studies is
answer
it is impossible to exercise the control necessary to conduct them
question
According to Bronfenbrenner's model, the macrosystem consists of
answer
the overarching cultural patterns of a society
question
The cross-sectional method of research
answer
compares different age groups of people at the same point in time
question
A psychologist wants to know whether there is a cause-effect relationship between how much effort a child expends on completing a puzzle and how much he or she likes it. According to your text, which method should she use?
answer
experiment
question
The factor that a researcher manipulates in an experimental situation is called the
answer
independent variable
question
Dr. Robertson is interested in studying temperament changes over the course of adolescence. She would like to avoid the disadvantages associated with longitudinal and cross-sectional research. What could you suggest she use to complete her study?
answer
sequential methods
question
All of the following are limitations of the social survey method EXCEPT
answer
it has a higher response rate than many other research methods do
question
Keisha wins the lottery and is awarded 10 million dollars. She buys a house in France and a new sports car and organizes and finances a charitable institute for disadvantaged youth. According to your text's discussion of the timing of developmental events, this is an example of
answer
nonnormative life events
question
According to Bronfenbrenner's model, the microsystem consists of
answer
the network of social relations and physical settings the person experiences daily
question
All of the following are drawbacks of cross-cultural research EXCEPT
answer
most cultures do not respect the work of developmentalists
question
According to Bronfenbrenner's model, the exosystem consists of
answer
social structures that directly or indirectly affect a person's life
question
According to your text's discussion of the timing of developmental events, influences that involve unique turning points that cause people to change direction in their lives are known as
answer
nonnormative life events
question
Which research method compares data obtained from two or more societies
answer
cross-cultural
question
Mary's personality has become more outgoing as she has grown older. The changes in Mary's personality illustrate which kind of development?
answer
emotional-social
question
Dr. Robertson is interested in studying temperament changes over the course of adolescence. She would like to avoid the disadvantages associated with longitudinal and cross-sectional research. What could you suggest she use to complete her study?
answer
sequential methods
question
Having been born in the United States, Jami would have a macrosystem likely to consist of all of the following EXCEPT:
answer
a communist-inspired ideal for the economy
question
An age cohort is
answer
a group of people born in the same historical time period
question
Intelligence tests are given to all the students at Evergreen School and Horace Mann School. The scores from all grades at the two schools are compared. This is an example of a study using which type of research method
answer
cross-sectional method
question
A psychologist conducts a study of 800 children who have mental disabilities using subjects from several schools. She follows them from the age of 4 through adulthood. This study is based on which research method?
answer
longitudinal
question
Justin's 55-year-old mother attends rock concerts and political rallies against the war. According to your text's discussion of the timing of developmental events, the activities Justin's mother engages in probably result from
answer
normative history-graded influences
question
John, Rodrigo, and Marla are sixth-graders who are all feeling a little anxious about making the transition to junior high school. According to your text's discussion of the timing of developmental events, their anxieties can be attributed to
answer
normative age-graded influences
question
Based on recent research findings, a developmental psychologist advises that an infant born with an inherited disorder be put on a special diet to avoid intellectual impairment. This best illustrates
answer
intervention
question
Dr. Sheehan observes preschool children in a Head Start program. She watches and records their interactions with teachers and adults in the classroom every 10 seconds. This is an example of
answer
time sampling
question
Dr. Gillespie is studying relationships between children and grandparents. She examined data from the United States, Japan, and Botswana related to this topic. She is engaging in
answer
cross-cultural research
question
On the basis of the discussion in your text, what is the most important advantage of using a cross-sectional approach?
answer
It saves a great deal of time and money over longitudinal research.
question
A developmental psychologist wants to determine the chances that a particular ninth-grade student will graduate from high school. This best illustrates:
answer
prediction
question
Dr. Benson conducts a study to determine the effect of rewards on altruistic behavior. The measure of altruistic behavior would be an example of the
answer
dependent variable
question
All of the following are limitations of the naturalistic observation method EXCEPT
answer
the researcher has complete control of the subjects
question
A control group is a necessary part of which research method?
answer
experimental
question
According to your text's discussion of the timing of developmental events, when a generation of people experience social, political, and economic events at the same time they will likely experience
answer
normative history-graded influences
question
Developmental psychology is mainly concerned with
answer
studying how we change and remain the same over time studying socio-economic influences on individuals
question
An advantage of longitudinal research is
answer
a more accurate view of developmental continuity can be found
question
One of the most noticeable features of early development is the increase in size of the individual. This is dependent on the metabolic processes that take place within the body. This is known as
answer
growth
question
The more or less automatic unfolding of biological potential in a set, irreversible sequence is known as
answer
maturation
question
In terms of Bronfenbrenner's model, 10-year old Melissa's microsystem would most likely include all of the following EXCEPT
answer
the office of Melissa's mother
question
Which research method compares data obtained from two or more societies?
answer
cross-cultural
question
The definition of "old age"
answer
is now divided into "young-old" and "old-old"
question
The ecological approach to human development
answer
exemplifies the difficulty of studying people in multiple contexts
question
The changes that occur in an individual's personality, emotions, and relationships with others refer to
answer
emotional-social development
question
Having been born in the United States, Jami would have a macrosystem likely to consist of all of the following EXCEPT
answer
a communist-inspired ideal for the economy
question
When each member has an equally likely probability of being chosen in a sample population, it is called
answer
random sampling
question
The students in Mr. Bertram's class are very noisy when he leaves the room but become quiet when he returns. If this were an experiment, what would the independent variable be?
answer
Mr. Bertram's presence or absence in the room
question
According to Bronfenbrenner's model, the exosystem consists of:
answer
social structures that directly or indirectly affect a person's life
question
The relatively permanent modification in behavior that results from the individual's experience in the environment is known as
answer
learning
question
Bronfenbrenner's approach asserts that developmental influences include all of the following EXCEPT
answer
six levels of environmental influence
question
Jean Piaget observed and tested individual children on the conservation task between the ages of 4 and 5. Two years later he tested the children again on the same task. The results were recorded for each individual child. This is an example of research using which method?
answer
case study
question
Mr. Brown is undertaking research in which he is watching the behavior of people as they wait in line at the Department of Labor. He observes over a period of 2 weeks. Each day he goes to the site and tapes conversations as he observes and takes notes. This type of research is called
answer
naturalistic observation
question
The theory developed by Urie Bronfenbrenner that centers on the relationship between the developing individual and the changing environmental systems is known as
answer
ecological theory
question
Piaget put forth the idea that development occurs in sequential periods of growth or maturing of an individual's ability to think. This is called
answer
cognitive stages of development
question
Scientists who study the behavior patterns of organisms from a biological point of view and believe that babies are biologically preadapted with certain behaviors to elicit caring behaviors in adults are known as
answer
ethologists
question
According to Freud, the phase when children suppress most of their sexual feelings and are more interested in play and same-sex friendships is called
answer
latency
question
The correct chronological sequence of psychosexual stages is
answer
oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
question
Which statement does NOT reflect the ideas of Piaget?
answer
Children's thoughts are miniature versions of adults' thoughts.
question
Another name for behavioral theory is
answer
learning theory
question
Erikson himself referred to the developmental tasks in his model as:
answer
opportunities
question
Which theory is Erik Erikson most associated with?
answer
psychosocial theory
question
Erikson's developmental tasks are referred to as:
answer
psychosocial stages
question
Behavioral theorists divide the environment into units called:
answer
stimuli
question
The idea that human development has a specifically historical charter—that it is affected by where and when a person grows up—is associated with which theory of development?
answer
sociocultural theory
question
The process of taking in new information and interpreting it so that it conforms to a currently held model of the world is what Piaget termed:
answer
assimilation
question
In contrast to psychoanalysis and behavior modification, humanistic psychology is:
answer
more self-directed
question
When the processes of accommodation and assimilation are in balance, it is known as ______________ according to Piaget.
answer
equilibrium
question
According to Freudian theory, the tendency to stay at a particular stage is called:
answer
fixation
question
The organismic model views a human being as
answer
a structured whole, inherently active
question
All of the following are true about a theory EXCEPT:
answer
it proves that events occur for the reasons stated
question
Freud's theories have been critiqued on the basis of:
answer
explanations that are based solely on adult patients
question
A type of learning in which the consequences of a behavior alter the strength of that behavior is called:
answer
operant conditioning
question
Erikson's theory differs from Freud's because it
answer
states that personality develops over the life span
question
In Piaget's theory, cognitive structures that people evolve for dealing with specific kinds of situations in their environments are known as
answer
schemas
question
Millie and her brother are being raised by their grandmother. Millie's grandmother and brother comprise her
answer
microsystem
question
An approach in psychology that maintains that humans are different from all other organisms in that they actively intervene in the course of events to control their destinies and shape the world around them is known as
answer
humanistic psychology
question
The theory that stresses the role of unconscious motivation on behavior is most closely associated with:
answer
Freud's psychosexual theory
question
Erikson believed that each part of the personality has a particular time in the life span when it must develop (if it is to develop at all). If a particular stage of development is not completed the stages that should follow it will be hindered. This is based on the
answer
epigenetic principle
question
When the ball that 9-month-old Reggie was playing with rolls under the bed he begins searching for it in the direction that it rolled. According to Piaget's stages of development, which stage corresponds to Reggie's behavior?
answer
sensorimotor
question
Marisol is very bright with a tested IQ of 135. She likes school despite the fact that her first-grade teacher was very strict and punished students who failed tests by denying privileges such as play time. Marisol is a good student, but when she knows that a test will be given at school, she wakes up on those days with a headache and nausea. A behaviorist would argue that Marisol's reaction could be the result of
answer
classical conditioning
question
Five-year-old Nora is excited to see that it is starting to snow. She exclaims, "Wow, it's snowing so that I can make a snowman!" This kind of egocentric thinking is related to which of Piaget's stages of development?
answer
preoperational
question
Emotions have not been researched with the same vigor as cognition until recently because:
answer
emotions are hard to quantify and measure
question
Which view sees development as similar to metamorphosis, where change is abrupt and constitutes a difference of kind rather than a difference of degree?
answer
discontinuity
question
An approach that applies learning theory and experimental psychology to altering maladaptive behavior is called
answer
behavior modification
question
Two-year-old Amina sees a cat for the first time. After watching her mother stroke the cat's back, Amina begins to stroke the cat's back, too. This is an example of
answer
cognitive learning
question
Kagan's studies on timidity indicate all of the following EXCEPT:
answer
Over 50 percent of all children are predisposed to shyness.
question
When a person learns how to respond to something that he or she has not yet encountered from observing someone else's response, this is called
answer
cognitive learning
question
Behavioral theorists divide the environment into units called
answer
stimuli
question
A set of interrelated statements that provides an explanation for a class of events is called a
answer
Theory
question
The theory most closely related to the view that personality is fashioned progressively as the individual passes through various psychosexual stages is:
answer
psychoanalytic theory
question
An approach which allows psychologists to choose from various theories and models is called
answer
eclectic
question
When a person learns how to respond to something that he or she has not yet encountered from observing someone else's response, this is called:
answer
cognitive learning
question
The term self-actualization means:
answer
realizing one's potential to the fullest
question
An approach in psychology that maintains that humans are different from all other organisms in that they actively intervene in the course of events to control their destinies and shape the world around them is known as:
answer
humanistic psychology
question
Eight-year-old Margie is watching her little brother Harry play with clay. When Harry takes the lump of clay and rolls it into a "snake," he comments, "Look, I made it bigger." Margie replies, "No silly, it's the same amount of clay; you just stretched it." Margie's reasoning reflects which of Piaget's stages of development?
answer
concrete operations
question
An approach that applies learning theory and experimental psychology to altering maladaptive behavior is called:
answer
behavior modification
question
The process of taking in new information and interpreting it so that it conforms to a currently held model of the world is what Piaget termed:
answer
assimilation
question
Which research design would be best suited to the ecological approach to understanding human development?
answer
longitudinal
question
On a visit to Sea Spectacular, an outdoor aquarium, your nephew notices that each time a dolphin performs a trick it is rewarded with a fish. You have read the brochure that explains that the dolphins are trained this way to ensure that they will continue to perform the tricks for several performances each day. This is an example of:
answer
operant conditioning
question
According to Erikson's theory, a person first establishes a sense of trust during which stage?
answer
infancy
question
John is retired from a career in the army. He often looks at his medals and photographs from the places he had been stationed. He talks fondly about "the old days" with anyone who will listen. According to Erikson's theory, John is probably in which stage of development?
answer
integrity vs. despair
question
A field of study that focuses on individual differences and seeks to answer why individuals within a species exhibit different behaviors is called:
answer
behavioral genetics
question
Erikson's theory differs from Freud's because it:
answer
states that personality develops over the life span
question
The theory that human behavior arises out of a struggle between societal prohibitions and the instinctual drives associated with sex and aggression is attributed to
answer
Sigmund Freud
question
Marie loves her baby niece Fiona because of her tiny fingers, big brown eyes, and cute smile. When Fiona cries Marie always responds by picking her up to soothe her. Fiona's behaviors and characteristics are examples of what ethologists call
answer
releasing stimuli
question
Sherry is 4 ½ years old and loves to play with the remote controls for the TV and DVD player as well as with her toys. Her kindergarten teacher reports that Sherry always follows the teacher's directions and often helps to explain to her classmates why they are engaging in activities like lining up for lunch time. According to Erikson's theory, Sherry is successfully going through which stage of development?
answer
initiative vs. guilt
