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Developmental Psychology

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A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span.

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Physical, Cognitive, and Social

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Developmental psychology follows _____, _____ and _____ change from birth to adulthood.

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Stage Theory: Lawrence Kohlberg

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Pre-conventional Morality > Conventional Morality > Post-conventional Morality (for some)

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Stage Theory: Erik Erikson

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Trust > Autonomy > Initiative > Competence > Identity > Intimacy > Generativity > Integrity

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Stage Theory: Jean Piaget

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Sensorimotor > Pre-Operaitonal > Concrete Operational > Formal Operational

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Temperament

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-A person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity -stable characteristic

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Zygote

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-Fertilized egg -Enters a 2 week period of rapid cell division -Develops into an embryo

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Midlife

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Openness, self-esteem,and agreeableness often peak _____.

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Stability

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-provides our identity -enables dependence and concern for child development

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Change

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-its potential gives hope -it motivates our concerns to help us adapt and grow with experience

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continuity; stability

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Developmental researchers who emphasize learning and experience are supporting _____; those who emphasize biological maturation are supporting _____.

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Embryo

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The developing human organism from 2 weeks through the 2nd month. At the end of this period is when gender development occurs.

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Fetus

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The developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth.

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Embryonic Phase

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At the end of the _____ _____ is when gender development occurs.

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Infantile Amnesia

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the inability to remember events from early childhood due to lack of neural connections

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Teratogens

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agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

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physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking

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temperament

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Newborns possess a biologically rooted _____.

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Habituation

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Decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation

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heredity, experience

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Brain cells are sculpted by _____ and _____.

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birth

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Neuronal growth spurt and synaptic pruning

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frontal lobe

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3-6 months: Rapid _____ _____ growth and continued growth into adolescence and beyond

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Maturation

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biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience.

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Motor Skills

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Develop as nervous system and muscles mature. Are primarily universal in sequence, but not in timing. Are guided by genes and influenced by environment.

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Jean Piaget

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Swiss psychologist. Worked with the French psychologist, Alfred Binet, on the development of the first intelligence test, the Binet-Simon Test of Intelligence. Began developing his theory in the 1920's.

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Cognition

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All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

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schema

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a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information.

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assimilation

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Interpreting one's new experience in terms of one's existing schemas.

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accommodation

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Adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information.

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equilibration

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Piaget's term for the tendency to seek a stable balance among cognitive elements; achieved through a balance between assimilation and accommodation.

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autism

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Marked by deficient communication, social interaction and understanding of others' states of mind.

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Piaget's stages of cognitive development

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1) Sensorimotor (permanence) 2) Preoperational (language, egocentric, 2-7yo), 3) Concrete Operational (inductive reasoning, concervation, 7-11yo), 4) Formal operational (deductive reasoning, altruism)

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Object Permanence

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the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived.

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conservation

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the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects.

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Criticisms of Piagetian Theory

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Stage onset is not so ridged, children may start earlier. Does not take into account individual differences. While stage progression holds up across cultures, the rate we pass through them does not.

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Vygotsky and the Social Child

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Child's minds grow through interaction with their environment. By age 7, kids are able to think and solve problems with words. Parents and others provide a temporary scaffold to facilitate a child's higher level of thinking. The language of the child's culture in internalized, inner speech is used.

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Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

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have impaired theory of mind, spatial deficiencies, and repetitive behaviors. attributed to poor communication among brain regions that facilitate theory of mind skills and genetic influences higher when prenatal testosterone/ extreme male brain exists.

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Harry Harlow

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American psychologists (Stanford, PhD) Taught at University of Wisconsin Studied attachment theory using monkeys

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Stranger Anxiety

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fear of strangers that infants commonly display. beginning by about 8 months of age.

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Attachment

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shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and displaying distress on separation

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Critical Period

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an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development.

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Imprinting

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The process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life.

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Basic Trust

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according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers

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Self-concept

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a sense of one's identity and personal worth

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Authoritarian

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marked by imposing rules and expecting obedience

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Permissive

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parents submit to their children's desires, make few demand, use little punishment.

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Authoritative

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both demanding and responsive parenting style. set rules, but explain reasons and encourage open discussion.

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Adolescence

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the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence

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Puberty

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The period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing.

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Primary Sex Characteristics

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any structure (organ, duct, or gland) that plays a direct role in reproduction

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Secondary Sex Characteristics

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nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair

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Lawrence Kohlberg

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(1927-1987) American psychologist who used hypothetical moral dilemmas to study moral reasoning. His influential theory of the stages of moral development is a milestone in developmental psychology.

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Post-conventional Level

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self-interest to avoid punishment or receive praise

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Conventional Level

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conscience and desire not to disappoint, seeking approval

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Pre-concentional Level

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doing the right thing because it's ethical

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Erik Erikson

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Trained as a Developmental Psychologist Studied with Anna Freud in Vienna, becoming a psychoanalyst (1933) Emigrated to America in 1930's, taught at Yale and practiced at the Harvard Medical School Taught at U of C, Berkeley (1950) Returned to Harvard where he retired in 1970 8 Stage theory of Psycho-Development

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Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development

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Trust v mistrust. Autonomy v shame & doubt. Initiative v guilt. Competence v inferiority. Identity v role confusion. Intimacy v isolation. Generativity v stagnation. Integrity v despair.

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Identity

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Our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles.

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Intimacy

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in Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood

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Alzheimer's Disease

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an irreversible, progressive brain disorder, characterized by the deterioration of memory, language, and eventually, physical functioning.

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Cross-Sectional Study

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a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another

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Longitudinal Study

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A research approach that follows a group of people over time to determine change or stability in behavior.

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Crystallized Intelligence

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One's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age

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Fluid Intelligence

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One's ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood.

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Social Clock

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the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement

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Kubler-Ross

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Stages of death (denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance)

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Jean Piaget

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Which psychologist was most influential in shaping our understanding of cognitive development?

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assimilation; accomadation

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Incorporating new information into existing theories is to ________ as modifying existing theories in light of new information is to ________.

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Sensorimotor

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Olivia understands her world primarily by grasping and sucking easily available objects. Olivia is clearly in Piaget's ________ stage.

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Pre-operational

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According to Piaget, a child can represent things with words and images but cannot reason with logic during the ________ stage.

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egocentricism

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the difficulty of perceiving things from another person's point of view.

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theory of mind

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people's ideas about their own and others' mental states -- about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict

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Asperger Syndrome

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One variation in the autism spectrum is characterized by normal intelligence, often accompanied by exceptional skill in a particular area, but deficient social and communication skills.

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inner speech

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The Russian psychologist Vygotsky suggested that children's ability to solve problems is enhanced by

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telomeres

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The structures that cap the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes that shorten as you age

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generativity

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according to Erikson, the ability to create, originate, and produce throughout adulthood

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Concrete Operational

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According to Piaget, the ability to think logically about events first develops during the ________ stage.

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Pre-Operational; Concrete Operational

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According to Piaget, egocentrism is to conservation as the ________ stage is to the ________ stage.

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body contact

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Studies of monkeys raised with artificial mothers suggest that mother-infant emotional bonds result primarily from mothers providing infants with ____ _____.

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sensorimotor stage

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in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

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object permanence

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the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

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preoperational stage

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in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

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egocentrism

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in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view

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concrete operational stage

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in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

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formal operational stage

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in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

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autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

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a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others

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stranger anxiety

answer

the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age

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attachment

answer

An emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation.

question

imprinting

answer

The process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life.

question

critical period

answer

an optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development

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basic trust

answer

according to Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers

question

self-concept

answer

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"

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identity

answer

Our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles.

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social identity

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the "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "Who am I?" that comes from our group memberships

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emerging adulthood

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a period from about age 18 to the mid-twenties, when many in Western cultures are no longer adolescents but have not yet achieved full independence as adults

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cross-sectional study

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a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another

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longitudinal study

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research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period

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neurocognitive disorder (NCDs)

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acquired (not lifelong) disorders marked by cognitive deficits; often related to Alzheimer's disease, brain injury or disease , or substance abuse. In older adults neurocognitive disorders were formerly called dementia.

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social clock

answer

the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement

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