Chem 101 final exam – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
Ionic Compound
answer
a compound composed of positive and negative ions that are combined so that the numbers of positive and negative charges are equal
question
Covalent Compound
answer
a chemical compound formed by the sharing of electrons
question
The Ideal Gas Law
answer
PV = nRT. Tells you how a gas responds to a change in its physical conditions. change P, V or T, and the others adjust
question
Stoichiometry
answer
that portion of chemistry dealing with numerical relationships in chemical reactions; the calculation of quantities of substances involved in chemical equations
question
Electrolytes
answer
chemical substances that develop an electric charge and are able to conduct an electric current when placed in water; ions
question
Strong Acids
answer
HCl, HBr, HI, HNO3, HClO4, H2SO4 Dissociates completely in water
question
Weak Acids
answer
HF, HCN, HC2H3O2, H2S, H2CO3, HClO Doesn't dissociate completely in water
question
Net Ionic Equation
answer
an equation for a reaction in solution showing only those particles that are directly involved in the chemical change
question
Spectator Ions
answer
ions that do not take part in a chemical reaction and are found in solution both before and after the reaction
question
Acid
answer
a substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution
question
Base
answer
eat protons consume H+ ions when fin water metal hydroxides are the most common
question
1st Law of Thermodynamics
answer
The principle of conservation of energy. Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.
question
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
answer
entropy of the universe is always increasing
question
Kinetic Energy
answer
energy of motion
question
Potential Energy
answer
energy stored due to an object's position or arrangement
question
answer
the amount of thermal energy emitted or absorbed by a chemical reaction, under conditions of constant pressure
question
Endothermic Reaction
answer
a chemical reaction accompanied by the absorption of heat
question
Exothermic Reaction
answer
a reaction that releases energy in the form of heat
question
Specific Heat
answer
the heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance one degree centigrade
question
Wavelength
answer
The distance between crests of waves, such as those of the electromagnetic spectrum. Lambda
question
Speed
answer
v symbol
question
Frequency
answer
Mu symbol u
question
The Bohr Model
answer
Bohr proposed that an electron is found only in specific circular paths, or orbits, around the nucleus.
question
3 Quantum Numbers
answer
n=size l=shape and m=position
question
Paui Exclusion Principle
answer
no Two electrons in the same atom can have the same quantum numbers No more than two electrons of the opposite spin in an orbital
question
Aufbau Principle
answer
states that each electron occupies the lowest energy orbital available
question
Hund's Rule
answer
orbitals of equal energy are each occupied by one electron before any orbital is occupied by a second electron, and all electrons in singly occupied orbitals must have the same spin
question
Ionization Energy
answer
the energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom; generally increases in moving from left-to-right across a period and decreases in moving down a group
question
3 Situations that Violate the octet rule
answer
1. An odd number of electrons 2. More than 8 electrons (PCL5, SF6) 3. Fewer than 8 electrons (Be, B, and Al)
question
Formal Charge
answer
The charge assigned to an atom in a molecule or poly atomic ion, Molecules containing atoms with lower formal charges tend to be more stable than those with higher formal charges
question
Resonance
answer
condition that occurs when more than one valid Lewis structure exists for the same molecule
question
Bond Energies
answer
The energy that is required to break a bond Bond Breaking is Endothermic (Negative outcome)
question
VSEPR
answer
Valence shell electron pair repulsion theory; because electrons repel; molecules adjust their shapes so molecules can be as far apart as possible
question
Electron Domain Geometry
answer
the arrangement of electron domains about the central atom Lone Pairs and Bonding Pairs
question
Electron Domain Geometry 2 Domains
answer
Linear 180 degree angles
question
Electron Domain Geometry 3 Domains
answer
Planar Triangular 120 degree angles
question
Electron Domain Geometry 4 Domains
answer
Tetrahedral 109.5 degree angles
question
Electron Domain Geometry 5 Domains
answer
Trigonal Bipyramidal 120,90, and 180 degree angles
question
Electron Domain Geometry 6 Domain
answer
Octahedral 90, and 180 degree angles
question
Molecular Geometry
answer
the geometry of a molecule or ion described by the bonded atoms. it does not include the unshared pairs of electrons.
question
Molecular Geometry 3 Bonded Pairs, 1 lone pair
answer
Trigonal Pyramidal 109.5 degree angles
question
Molecular Geometry 2 Bonded Pairs, 2 lone pairs
answer
Angular or Bent 109.5 Degree angles
question
Molecular Geometry 4 Bonded Pairs, 0 lone pairs
answer
Tetrahedral 109.5 degree angles
question
Molecular Geometry 5 Bonded Pairs, 0 lone pairs
answer
Trigonal Bipyramidal 120,90,and 180 degree angles
question
Molecular Geometry 4 Bonded pairs, 1 lone pair
answer
Seesaw 120,90, and 180 degree angles
question
3 Bonded pairs, 2 lone pairs
answer
T-shaped 90, and 180 degree angles
question
2 bonded pairs, 3 lone pairs
answer
Linear 180 degree angles
question
6 bonded pairs, 0 lone pairs
answer
Octahedral 90, and 180 degree angles
question
5 Bonded pairs, 1 lone pair
answer
Square Pyramidal 90 degree angles
question
4 Bonded Pairs, 2 Lone pairs
answer
Square Planar 90 Degree angles
question
Polarity
answer
uneven distribution of charges in a molecule Often when there is a lone pair, it is polar When a molecule is not surrounded by the same element equallly it is polar
question
Sigma Bond
answer
a single covalent bond that is formed when an electron pair is shared by the direct overlap of bonding orbitals
question
Pi Bond
answer
A bond formed when parallel p orbitals overlap creating two regions of electron density, one above and one below the internuclear axis. Formed when there is a double bond or triple, etc
question
Orbital Hybridization
answer
The combination of atomic orbitals to form a set of equivalent hybrid orbitals.
question
Valence Bond Theory
answer
An advanced model of chemical bonding in which electrons reside in quantum-mechanical orbitals localized on individual atoms that are a hybridized blend of standard atomic orbitals; chemical bonds result from an overlap of these orbitals.
question
Intermolecular Forces
answer
the forces of attraction between molecules In order from Weakest to strongest 1. London Dispersion 2. Dipole-induced dipole 3.Dipole-dipole (Hydrogen Bonds) 4. Ion-dipole 5. Ion-Ion
question
Viscosity
answer
a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow
question
Surface Tension
answer
the result of an inward pull among the molecules of a liquid that brings the molecules on the surface closer together
