Microbiology Exam #1 Study Guide – Flashcards
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Spontaneous Generation
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The hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving matter. A "vital force" forms life.
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Biogenesis
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The hypothesis that the living organisms arise from preexisting life.
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Leeuwenhoeke
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Developed the first microscope.
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Pasteur
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Showed that microbes are responsible for fermentation. Demonstrated that these spoilage bacteria could be killed by heat.
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Koch
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Proved that a bacterium causes anthrax. Developed Koch's Postulates.
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Koch's Postulates
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The microorganism must be present in all cases of the disease. The microorganism can be isolated from the diseased host and grown in a laboratory setting. The microorganism will cause disease when injected into a healthy host. The microorganism must be reisolated from the NEW host and shown to be the same as the microorganism previously identified.
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Jenner
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First vaccination.
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Erlich
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Founding father of chemotherapy
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Fleming
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Discovered first antibiotic
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Ionic Bond
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Attraction between ions of opposite charge. One atom loses electrons, one gains.
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Covalent Bond
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Chemical bond formed by two atoms sharing one or more pairs of electrons.
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Hydrogen Bond
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A hydrogen atom that is covalently bonded to one oxygen or nitrogen atom is attracted to another oxygen or nitrogen atom.
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Dehydration Synthesis
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A chemical reaction in which a molecule of water is released. Produces energy.Energy in. A + B= AB
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Hydrolysis
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Reverse of dehydration synthesis. Breaks down. Release of energy.Energy out. AB=A + B
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Monomers (building blocks)
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amino acids monosaccharides fatty acids nucleotides
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Polymers
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proteins carbs lipids nucleic acids
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Three types of Lipids
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Fats/Oils Phospholipids Steroids
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Simple Sugars
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Called monosaccharides (Glucose)
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Disaccharides
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Formed when two monosaccharides bond in dehydration synthesis. (Maltose, Dextrose, Lactose, Sucrose)
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Polysaccharides
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Consist of tens or hundreds of monosaccharides joined through dehydration synthesis.
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Nucleotides
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Are the structural units of nucleic acids. Each nucleotide has three parts: a nitrogen containing base, a pentose sugar (deoxyribose or ribose) and a phosphate group.
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DNA
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A, T, C, G (RNA is A, U, C, G)
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Microscope we use
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Compound
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Types of staining
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Simple, Differential, Special
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Simple Staining
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Use of a single basic dye
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Differential Staining
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Used to distinguish between bacteria (Gram stain & Acid-fast stain)
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Special Staining
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Used to distinguish parts of cells (Capsule stain, Endospore stain, Flagella stain)
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Monomorphic
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One shape
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Pleomorphic
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Can change shape
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Bacillus
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rod shaped
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Coccus
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spherical
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Spiral
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wavy (Spirillum, Vibrio, Spirochete)
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Diplo
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Pairs
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Staphyl
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Cluster
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Strepto
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Chains
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Peritrichous
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Flagella all around cell structure
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Monotrichous
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One flagella
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Lophotrichous
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Multiple flagella all on one side
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Amphitrichous
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One flagella on each side
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Gram Positive Bacteria
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Purple. Tougher. More resisitant to detergents. Produce exotoxins.
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Gram Negative Bacteria
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Pink. Delicate. Less resistant to detergents. Contain endotoxins. Thrive in aqueous environments.
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Acid Fast Bacteria
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Similar to gram positive cell walls. Waxy lipid. Resist decolorizing agent. (Mycobacterium, Nocardia)
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Diffusion
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Simple: movement from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Facilitated: uses channels. Combines with transporter protein.
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Osmosis
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Movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from area of high water to an area of low water concentration.
