Psych Chapter 10: Fluid intelligence refers, term mental age – Flashcards
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achievement test
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a test designed to assess what a person has learned.
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intelligence
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mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.
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cohort
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a group of people from a given time period.
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intelligence quotient (IQ)
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defined originally as the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 (thus, IQ = ma/ca ø- 100). On contemporary intelligence tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100.
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creativity
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the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas.
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intelligence test
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a method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores.
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Down syndrome
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a condition of mild to severe intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21.
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mental age
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a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance. Thus, a child who does as well as the average 8-year-old is said to have a mental age of 8.
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factor analysis
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a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person's total score.
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normal curve
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(normal distribution) a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean, or average (about 68 percent fall within one standard deviation of it) and fewer and fewer near the extremes.
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general intelligence (g)
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a general intelligence factor that, according to Spearman and others, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test.
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predictive validity
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the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior. (Also called criterionrelated validity.)
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intellectual disability
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a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life; varies from mild to profound. (Formerly referred to as mental retardation.)
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reliability
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the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, or on retesting.
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content validity
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the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest.
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savant syndrome
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a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing.
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aptitude test
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a test designed to predict a person's future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn.
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crystallized intelligence
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our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age.
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emotional intelligence
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the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions.
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fluid intelligence
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our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood.
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heritability
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the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. The heritability of a trait may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied.
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standardization
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defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group.
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Stanford-Binet
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the widely used American revision (by Terman at Stanford University) of Binet's original intelligence test.
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stereotype threat
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a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype.
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validity
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the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to. (See also content validity and predictive validity.)
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Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
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the WAIS is the most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests.
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When a person's test performance can be compared with that of a representative and pretested sample of people, the test is said to be
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Standardized
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In very stressful or embarrassing situations, Sanura is able to maintain her poise and help others to feel comfortable. Sanura's ability best illustrates the value of
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emotional intelligence
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The WAIS was designed for testing ________ intelligence, whereas the WISC was designed for testing ________ intelligence.
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adults, children
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Males' reading ability scores vary ________ than females' scores and males' math test performance scores vary ________ than females' scores.
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more, more
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On which of the following tasks are women most likely to perform as well or better than men?
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reciting poetry
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On which of the following tasks are men most likely to outperform women?
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. mentally rotating three-dimensional objects
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Students who have spent time living abroad and experiencing other cultures are more adept at
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creative problem solving.
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Injury to certain areas of the ________ lobes can destroy imagination while leaving reading, writing, and arithmetic skills intact.
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Frontal Lobes
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The impact of early environmental influences on intelligence is most apparent among young children who experience
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minimal interaction with caregivers.
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The test that provides separate verbal comprehension, perceptual organizati on, working memory, and processing speed scores, as well as an overall intelligence score, is the
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NOT Stanford-Binet.
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Intelligence tests are most likely to be considered culturally biased in terms of their
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content validity.
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Assessing the stability of repeated intelligence test results gathered over the adult years of a single cohort would most clearly involve
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?
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Hereditary Genius is the title of a book authored by
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Francis Galton
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The speed with which people retrieve information from memory has been found to be a predictor of their ________ intelligence.
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verbal
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Older adults outperformed younger adults in their responses to New York Times crossword puzzles. The superior performance of these older adults best illustrates the value of
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crystallized intelligence.
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Binet used the term mental age to refer to
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the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of intelligence test performance.
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On which of the following tasks are 55-year-old adults most likely to perform just as effectively as they could 30 years earlier?
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writing a story
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The Flynn effect best illustrates that the process of intelligence testing requires up-to-date
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standardization samples.
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"Gifted child" programs can lead to ________ by implicitly labeling some students as "ungifted" and isolating them from an enriched educational environment.
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self-fulfilling prophecies
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Psychologists generally agree that intelligence test scores are ________ in terms of being sensitive to differences caused by cultural experiences and are ________ in terms of their predictive validity for different groups.
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biased, not biased
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One scholar has speculated that a genetic phenomenon comparable to "hybrid vigor" in plants and animals might have contributed to
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The Flynn Effect
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The speed with which people retrieve information from memory has been found to be a predictor of their ________ intelligence.
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Verbal
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Anders Ericsson reports a 10-year rule for expert performance that highlights the importance of
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Verbal
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The impact of early environmental influences on intelligence is most apparent among young children who experience
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minimal interaction with caregivers.
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Students verbal scores on the SAT correlate ________ with their subsequent verbal scores on the GRE. Students math scores on the SAT correlate ________ with their subsequent math scores on the GRE.
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very strongly; very strongly
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Aptitude tests are specifically designed to
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very strongly; very strongly
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Kristina, a high school English teacher, is eager to promote creativity in her writing-class students. Which of the following reminders is likely to do the most to accomplish her goal?
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c. "You can produce interesting insights through your writing."
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There are many genes, each of which accounts for much less than 1 percent of intelligence variations. This suggests that intelligence is
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polygenic trait
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Research indicates that Head Start programs
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polygenic trait
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Crystallized intelligence refers most directly to a person's
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accumulated knowledge and verbal skills.
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Of the following, who best illustrates Sternberg's concept of analytical intelligence?
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accumulated knowledge and verbal skills.
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Research on the determinants of intelligence indicates that
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both genes and environment have some influence on intelligence scores
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Intelligence tests were initially designed by Binet and Simon to assess
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academic aptitude.
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The intelligence scores of adopted children are LEAST likely to be positively correlated with the scores of their adoptive siblings during
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adulthood
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After learning about his low score on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Gunter complained, "I don't believe that test is a measure of intelligence at all." Gunter's statement is equivalent to saying that the WAIS lacks
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Validity
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A college administrator is trying to assess whether an admissions test accurately predicts how well applicants will perform at his school. The administrator is most obviously concerned that the test is
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Valid
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If both depressed and nondepressed individuals receive similar scores on a diagnostic test for depression, it suggests that the test
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is not valid
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The widespread improvement in intelligence test performance during the past century is called
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The Flynn effect
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Dr. Benthem reports that the scores of 100 male and 100 female students on his new test of mechanical reasoning form a normal curve. From his statement we may conclude that
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relatively few students' scores deviated extremely from the groups' average score.
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When a person's test performance can be compared with that of a representative and pretested sample of people, the test is said to be
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standardized
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The correlation is likely to be lowest between the
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GRE scores and grades of graduate students.
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Emotional intelligence is a critical component of
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social intelligence.
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A longitudinal study is one in which
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the same group of people are tested and retested over a period of years.
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Which of the following most directly suggested that intelligence declines throughout adulthood?
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cross-sectional studies
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Who is most likely to be criticized for extending the definition of intelligence to an overly broad range of talents?
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Howard Gardner
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Although not notably heavier or larger in total size than the typical Canadian's brain, Einstein's brain was 15 percent larger in the lower region of the
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parietal lobe.
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Although not notably heavier or larger in total size than the typical Canadian's brain, Einstein's brain was 15 percent larger in the lower region of the
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parietal lobe.
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The idea that adult intelligence declines with age has been challenged most effectively by
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longitudinal research.
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The original IQ formula would be LEAST appropriate for representing the intelligence test performance of
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university students
