Medical Terminology Chapter 2 Test Answers – Flashcards
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Anatomic Position
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Standing straight, palms facing forward
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Midsagittal
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This vertical plane, aka the midline divides the body into equal left and right halves
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Sagittal
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This vertical plane divides the body into unequal left and right portions
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Frontal
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This vertical plane aka the coronal divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back)
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Transverse
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This horizontal plane divides the body into superior and inferior portions. This plane can be at any other level across the body
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Ventral
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Front, or belly side of the organ (body direction)
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Dorsal
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Back side of the organ (body direction)
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Anterior
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Situated in the front (body direction)
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Posterior
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Situated in the back (body direction)
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Superior
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Uppermost, above, or toward the head (body direction)
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Inferior
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Lowermost, below, or toward the feet (body direction)
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Cephalic
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Toward the head (body direction)
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Caudal
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Toward the lower part of the body (body direction)
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Proximal
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Situated nearest the midline or beginning of a body structure (body direction)
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Distal
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Situated farthest from the midline or beginning of a body structure (body direction)
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Medial
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The direction toward or nearer the midline (body direction)
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Lateral
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The direction toward or nearer the side and away from the midline (body direction)
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Dorsal (Cavity)
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Located along the back of the body and head, contains organs of the nervous system that coordinate body functions
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Dorsal (Cavity)
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This cavity contains the cranial cavity and spinal cavity
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Cranial (Cavity)
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This cavity is located within the skull, it surrounds and protects the brain
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Spinal (Cavity)
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This cavity is located within the spinal column, it surrounds and protects the spinal cord
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Ventral (Cavity)
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This cavity is located along the front of the body and contains the organs which maintain homeostasis
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Ventral (Cavity)
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This cavity contains the thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity, and the pelvic cavity
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Thoracic (Cavity)
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This cavity is also known as the chest cavity or thorax, it surrounds and protects the heart and lungs
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Diaphragm
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A muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities
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Abdominal (Cavity)
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This cavity contains primarily the major organs of digestion
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Pelvic (Cavity)
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This cavity is the space formed by the hip bones and contains primarily the organs of the reproductive and excretory systems
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Abdominopelvic (Cavity)
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The cavity referring to the area which combines the abdominal and pelvic cavities
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Inguinal
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Referring to the groin
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Groin
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The crease at the junction of the trunk with the upper end of the thigh
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Abdominal (Region)
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Made up of invisible quadrants, this region helps to better describe where organs and pain are located
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Thorax (Region)
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Made up of nine parts, this region helps to better describe where organs and pain are located
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Hypochondriac (Region/s)
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This region is located on the left and right sides of the body and is covered by the lower ribs
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Hypochondriac
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Below the ribs
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Epigastric (Region)
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This region is located above the stomach
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Epigastric
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Above the stomach
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Lumbar (Region)
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This region is located on the left and right sides near the inward curve of the spine
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Lumbar
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Lower back between the ribs and the pelvis
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Umbilical (Region)
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This region surrounds the umbilicus
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Iliac (Region)
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This region is located on the left and right sides over the hip bones, it is named for the wide portion of the hip bone
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Hypogastric (Region)
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This region is located below the stomach
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Hypogastric
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Below the stomach
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Abdominal (Region)
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This region is made up of the right upper quadrant (RUQ), left upper quadrant (LUQ), right lower quadrant (RLQ), and left lower quadrant (LLQ)
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Peritoneum
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A multi-layered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within the abdominal cavity
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Membrane
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A thin layer of tissue that covers a surface, lines a cavity, or divides a space or organ
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Parietal Peritoneum
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The outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the interior of the abdominal wall
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Parietal
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Meaning cavity wall
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Visceral Peritoneum
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The inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the organs of the abdominal cavity
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Visceral
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Relating to the internal organs
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Mesentery
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A fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall
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Retroperitoneal
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Located behind the peritoneum
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Peritonitis
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Inflammation of the peritoneum
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Cells
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The basic structural and functional units of the body, the are specialized and grouped together to form tissues and organs
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Cytology
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The study of the anatomy, physiology, pathology, and chemistry of the cell
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Cell Membrane
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The tissue that surrounds and protects the contents of the cell by separating them from its external environment
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Cytoplasm
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The material within the cell membrane that is *not* part of the nucleus
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Plasm
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Formative material of cells
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cyt/o
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Cell (word root)
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Stem Cell(s)
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Unspecialized cells that are able to renew themselves for long periods of time by cell division
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Adult Stem Cell(s)
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Also known as *somatic cells*, these cells are undifferentiated and found among differentiated cells in a tissue or organ. The primary role of these cells is to maintain and repair the tissue in which they are found
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Undifferentiated
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Not having a specialized function or structure
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Differentiated
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Having a specialized function or structure
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Hemopoietic
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Meaning blood forming
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Graft Versus Host Disease
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Condition that occurs following bone marrow transplant in which the immune cells in the transplanted marrow produce antibodies against the host's tissues
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Embryonic Stem Cell(s)
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Undifferentiated cells that are unlike any specific adult cell, but have the ability to form *any* adult cell. Found in cord blood and the placenta at birth
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Gene(s)
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A fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity
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Genetics
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The study of how genes are transferred from parents to their children and the role of genes in health and disease
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Dominant
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When this type of gene is inherited from *either* parent, the offspring *will* inherit that genetic condition or characteristic
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Recessive
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When this type of gene is inherited from *both* parents, the offspring *will* have that condition or characteristic
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Recessive
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When this type of gene is inherited from only one parent, and a normal gene is inherited from the other, the offspring will *not* have that condition or characteristic
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Genome
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The complete set of genetic information of an individual
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Chromosome
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The genetic structures located within the nucleus of each cell
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Chromosome
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Each _______________ contains about 100,000 genes
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Somatic Cell(s)
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Any cell in the body except the gametes
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Somatic
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Pertaining to the body in general
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Sex Cell(s)
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Also known as a *gamete*, is the only type of cell which does not contain 46 chromosomes but instead contains 23 single chromosomes
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XY
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Male chromosome pair
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XX
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Female chromosome pair
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Deoxyribonucleic Acid
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DNA
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DNA
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Located on the pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus of each cell
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DNA
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Packaged in a chromosome as two spiraling strands that twist together to form a double helix
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Helix
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A shape twisted like a spiral staircase
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Double Helix
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Two staircase shapes twisted together
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Erythrocytes
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DNA is found in the nucleus of all types of cells except ________________, because they do not have a nucleus
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Genetic Mutation
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A change of the sequence of a DNA molecule which can be caused by exposure to radiation or environmental pollution
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Somatic Cell Mutation
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A change within the cells of the body which affect the individual but *cannot* be transmitted to the next generation
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Gametic Cell Mutation
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A change within the genes in a gamete that *can* be transmitted by a parent to his or her children
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Genetic Engineering
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The manipulating or splicing of genes for scientific or medical purposes
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Genetic Disorder
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Also known as a *hereditary disorder*, is a pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene
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Phenylketonuria
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PKU
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Tissue
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A group or layer of similarly specialized cells that join together to perform certain specific functions
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Epithelial (Tissue)
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This type of tissue forms a protective covering for all of the internal and external surfaces of the body
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Connective (Tissue)
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This type of tissue supports and connects organs and other body tissues
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Muscle (Tissue)
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This type of tissue contains cells with the specialized ability to contract and relax
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Nerve (Tissue)
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This type of tissue contains cells with the specialized ability to react to stimuli and to conduct electrical impulses
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Histology
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The study of the structure, composition, and function of tissues
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hist/o
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Tissue (word root)
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Histologist
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A specialist in the study of the organization of tissues at all levels
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Epithelium
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This specialized tissue forms the epidermis of the skin and the surface layer of mucous membranes
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Endothelium
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This specialized tissue lines the blood and lymph vessels, body cavities, glands, and organs
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Dense Connective (Tissue/s)
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This type of tissue, such as bone and cartilage, form the joints and framework of the body
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Adipose (Tissue)
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Also known as *fat*, this tissue provides protective padding, insulation, and support
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adip/o
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Fat (word root)
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Loose Connective (Tissue/s)
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This tissue surrounds various organs and supports both nerve cells and blood vessels
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Liquid Connective (Tissue/s)
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These tissues are blood and lymph and transport nutrients and waste products through the body
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Aplasia
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The defective development or congenital absence of an organ or tissue
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a-
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Meaning without (prefix)
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-plasia
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Meaning formation (suffix)
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Hypoplasia
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The incomplete development of an organ or tissue usually due to a deficiency in the number of cells
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Anaplasia
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A change in the structure of cells and in their orientation to each other. A characteristic of tumor formations in cancer
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ana-
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Meaning excessive (prefix)
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Dysplasia
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Abnormal development or growth in cells, tissues, or organs
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Hyperplasia
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The enlargement of an organ or tissue because of an abnormal increase in the number of cells in the tissues
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Hypertrophy
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A general increase in the bulk of a body part or organ that is due to an increase in the size, but not the number, of cells in the tissues. Not due to tumor formation
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Gland
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A group of specialized epithelial cells that are capable of producing secretions
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Secretion(s)
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A substance produced by a gland
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Exocrine (Gland/s)
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These glands secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body, such as sweat glands
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Endocrine (Gland/s)
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The glands produce hormones, do not have ducts, and are secreted directly into the bloodstream and then transported to organs and structures throughout the body
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-crine
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Meaning to secrete (suffix)
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endo-
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Meaning within (prefix)
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Adenitis
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The inflammation of a gland
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Adenocarcinoma
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A malignant tumor that originates in glandular tissue
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Malignant
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Meaning harmful, capable of spreading, and potentially life threatening
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Adenoma
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A benign tumor that arises in, or resembles, glandular tissue
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-oma
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Meaning tumor (suffix)
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Benign
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Meaning not life threatening
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Adenomalacia
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The abnormal softening of a gland
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Adenosis
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Any disease condition of a gland
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Adenosclerosis
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The abnormal hardening of a gland
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Adenectomy
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The surgical removal of a gland
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Organ
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A somewhat independent part of the body that performs a specific function
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Pathology
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The study of the nature and cause of disease that involves changes in structure and function. Also meaning a condition produced by disease
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path/o
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meaning disease; and also suffering, feeling, and emotion (word root)
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Pathologist
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A specialist in the laboratory analysis of tissue samples to confirm or establish a diagnosis
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Postmortem
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Meaning after death
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Etiology
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The study of the causes of diseases
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eti-
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Meaning cause (prefix)
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Pathogen
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A disease-producing microorganism such as a virus
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Transmission
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The spread of a disease
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Contamination
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Meaning that a pathogen is possibly present due to a lack of proper hygiene standards or failed infection control precautions
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Communicable Disease
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Also known as a *contagious disease*, this is any condition that is transmitted from one person to another either by direct or indirect contact with contaminated objects
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Communicable
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Means capable of being transmitted
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Indirect Contact Transmission
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Refers to situations in which a susceptible person is infected by contact with a contaminated surface
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Blood-borne Transmission
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The spread of a disease through contact with blood or other bodily fluids that are contaminated with blood
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Airborne Transmission
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This occurs through contact with contaminated respiratory droplets spread by a cough or sneeze
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Food-borne (and water-borne) Transmission
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Also known as *fecal-oral transmission*, this is caused by eating or drinking contaminated food or water that has not been properly treated to remove contamination or kill pathogens that are present
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Vector-borne Transmission
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The spread of certain disease due to the bite of a vector, such as a fly, mite, flea, tick, rat, dog, or mosquito
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Epidemiologist
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A specialist in the study of outbreaks of disease within a population group
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dem
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Meaning population (word part)
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Endemic
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The ongoing presence of a disease within a population, group, or area
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Epidemic
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A sudden and widespread outbreak of a disease within a specific population group or area
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Pandemic
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An outbreak of a disease occurring over a large geographic area, possibly worldwide
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Functional Disorder
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Produces symptoms for which no physiological or anatomical cause can be identified, such as a panic attack
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Iatrogenic Illness
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An unfavorable response due to prescribed medical treatment, such as severe burns resulting from radiation therapy
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Idiopathic Disorder
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An illness without known cause
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idi/o
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Meaning peculiar to the individual
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Infectious Disease
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An illness caused by living pathogenic organisms such as bacteria and viruses
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Nosocomial Infection
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A disease acquired in a hospital or clinical setting
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Organic Disorder
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This disorder produces symptoms caused by detectable physical changes in the body
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Congenital Disorder
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An abnormal condition that exists at the time of birth
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Developmental Disorder
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Also known as a *birth defect*, this disorder can result in an anomaly or malformation such as the absence of a limb or the presence of an extra toe
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Anomaly
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A deviation from what is regarded as normal
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Atresia
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The congenital absence of a normal opening or the failure of a structure to be tubular
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Prenatal Influences
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The mother's health, behavior, and prenatal medical care received before delivery
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Premature Birth
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A birth that occurs earlier than 37 weeks of development which can cause serious health problems because the baby's body systems have not had time to form completely
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Birth Injuries
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Congenital disorders that were not present before the events surrounding the time of birth
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Geriatrics
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The study of the medical problem and care of the aged
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Geriatrician
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A physician who specializes in the care of older people
