Psychology Mod 2 test – Flashcards

The tendency to perceive an outcome that has occured as being obvious and predictable is called ______________ _____________.

This phenomenon is ___________ in ____________.

Our everyday thinking is also limited by ______________ in what we think we know.

Most people are _____________ in predicting their social behavior.

Another common tendency is to perceive order in _______________ _____________.

Patterns and streaks in random sequences occur ________________ often than people expect, and they _________________ appear random.

The scientific approach is characterized by the attitudes of ____________________, _____________________, and ____________________.

Scientific inquiry thus encourages reasoning that examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions, which is called ____________________ ____________________.

The scientific attitude in psychology refers to the fact that a. psychologists study only observable behavior b. psychologists study thoughts and actions with an attitude of skepticism and derive their conclusions from direct observations c. psychological research should be free of value judgements d. all of these statements are true

The scientific attitude of humility is based on the idea that a. researchers must evaluate new ideas and theories objectively rather than accept them blindly b. scientific theories must be testable c. simple explanations of behavior make better theories than do complex explanations d. researchers must be prepared to reject their own ideas in the face of conflicting evidence

In laboratory experiments, psychologists' concern is not with specific behaviors but with underlying theoretical _____________________.

Psychologists conduct experiments on simplified behaviors in a laboratory environment to gain ______________________ over the many variables present in the "real world." In doing so, they are able to test _____________________ ______________________ of behavior that also operate in the real world.

Culture refers to the enduring __________________, ____________________, ________________, and ____________________ shared by a large group of people and passed on from one generation to the next.

Although specific attitudes and behaviors vary across cultures, the underlying __________________ are the same. For instance, throughout the world people diagnosed with __________________ exhibit the same ____________________ malfunction. Likewise, similarities between the ___________________ far outweigh differences.

Many psychologists study animals because they are fascinating. More important, they study animals because of the ____________________ between humans and other animals. These studies have led to treatments for human ____________________ and to a better understanding of human functioning.

Some people question whether experiments with animals are ___________________. They wonder whether it is right to place the ___________________ of humans over those of animals.

Opposition to animal experimentation also raises the question of what ___________________ should protect the well-being of animals

The ethics code of the ____________________ ______________________ ____________________ urge researchers to obtain participants' ____________________ ____________________ __________________ and fully ____________________ people after the research.

Psychologists' values ____________________ influence their theories, observations, and professional advice

Although psychology ______________________ be used to manipulate people, its purpose is to _______________________.

Your best friend criticizes psychological research for being artificial and having no relevance to behavior in real life. in defense of psychology's use of laboratory experiments you point out that a. psychologists make every attempt to avoid artificiality by setting up experiments that closely simulate real-world environments b. psychologists who conduct basic research are not concerned with the applicability of their findings to the real world c. most psychological research is not conducted in a laboratory environment d. psychologists intentionally study behavior in simplified environments in order to gain greater control over variables and to test general principles that help to explain many behaviors

A friend majoring in anthropology is critical of psychological research because it often ignores the influence of culture on thoughts and actions. You point out that a. there is very little evidence that cultural diversity has a significant effect on specific behaviors and attitudes b. most researchers assign participants to experimental and control conditions in such a way as to fairly represent the cultural diversity of the population under study c. it is impossible for psychologists to control for every possible variable that might influence research participants d. even when specific thoughts and actions vary across the cultures, as they often do, the underlying processes are much the same

The scientific attitude of skepticism is based on the belief that a. people are rarely candid in revealing their thoughts b. mental processes can't be studied objectively c. the scientist's intuition about behavior is usually correct d. idea that need to be tested against observable evidence

Psychologists' personal values a. have little influence on how their experiments are conducted b. do not influence the interpretation of experimental results because of the use of statistical techniques that guard against subjective bias c. can bias both scientific observation and interpretation of data d. have little influence on investigative methods but a significant effect on interpretation

Juwan eagerly opened an online trading account, believing that his market savvy would allow him to pick stocks that would make him a rich day trader. This belief best illustrates a. scientific attitude b. critical thinking c. hindsight bias d. overconfidence

Which statement about the ethics of experimentation with people and animals false? a. the same processes by which humans learn are present in rats, monkeys, and other animals b. views on whether it is right to place the well-being of humans above that of animals are the same in every culture c. the American Psychological Association and the British Psychological Society have set strict guidelines for the care and treatment of human and animal subjects d. most psychological studies are free of such stress as the delivery of electric shock

hindsight bias

critical thinking

culture

informed consent

debriefing