question

associative learning

answer

Through direct experience with animals, we come to anticipate that dogs will bark and that birds will chirp. This best illustrates

question

conditioned stimulus

answer

Pavlov noticed that dogs began salivating at the mere sight of the person who regularly brought food to them. For the dogs, the sight of this person was a(n)

question

unconditioned response

answer

Blinking in response to a puff of air directed to your eye is a

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conditioned stimulus; unconditioned stimulus

answer

Conditioning seldom occurs when a ________ comes after a(n) _____

question

spontaneous reconvery

answer

Long after her conditioned fear of dogs had been extinguished, Marcy experienced an unexpected surge of nervousness when first shown her cousin's new cocker spaniel. Her unexpected nervousness best illustrates

question

generalization

answer

A year after surviving a classroom shooting incident, Angie still responds with terror at the sight of toy guns and to the sound of balloons popping. This reaction best illustrates

question

observable behavior

answer

John B. Watson believed that psychology should be the science of

question

classical conditioning

answer

If you have a "frightening experience" immediately after hearing a strange sound, your fear may be aroused when you hear that sound again. This best illustrates

question

unconditioned stimulus

answer

Researchers condition a flatworm to contract when exposed to light by repeatedly pairing the light with electric shock. The electric shock is a(n)

question

conditioned response

answer

You repeatedly hear a tone just before having a puff of air directed to your eye. Blinking to the tone presented without an air puff is a

question

discrimination

answer

After being bitten by his neighbor's dog, Miguel experienced fear at the sight of that dog but not at the sight of other dogs. This best illustrates the process of

question

conditioned response

answer

The infant Albert developed a fear of rats after a white rat was associated with a loud noise. In this example, fear of the white rat was the

question

Skinner's experiments on reinforcement

answer

The law of effect was most clearly highlighted by

question

shaping

answer

In teaching her son to play basketball, Mrs. Richards initially reinforces him with praise for simply dribbling while standing still, then only for walking while dribbling, and finally only for running while dribbling. She is using a procedure known as

question

conditioned

answer

If the onset of a light reliably signals the onset of food, a rat in a Skinner box will work to turn on the light. In this case, the light is a ________ reinforcer.

question

fixed-ratio

answer

Airline frequent flyer programs that reward customers with a free flight after every 50,000 miles of travel illustrate the use of a ________ schedule of reinforcement

question

decreases; increases

answer

Punishment ________ the rate of operant responding, and negative reinforcement ________ the rate of operant responding.

question

operant conditioning

answer

If children get attention from their parents for doing cartwheels, they will repeat the trick in anticipation of more attention. This best illustrates

question

negative reinforcement

answer

Matt regularly buckles his seat belt simply because it turns off the car's irritating warning buzzer. This best illustrates the value of

question

conditioned reinforcer; primary reinforcer

answer

A word of praise is to a soothing back rub as ________ is to ________

question

partial reinforcement

answer

A pigeon receives food for pecking a key, but only rarely and on unpredictable occasions. This best illustrates

question

variable-ratio

answer

For professional baseball players, swinging at a pitched ball is reinforced with a home run on a ________ schedule

question

secondary sex characteristics; primary sex characteristics

answer

Female breasts are to ________ as male testes are to ________.

question

preconventional

answer

Jarrud thinks he should obey his teachers only if they are carefully watching him. Kohlberg would suggest that Jarrud demonstrates a(n) ________ morality

question

affectively laden intuitions

answer

The sexual abuse of a very young child is so emotionally repulsive to most people that they immediately recognize it as shamefully immoral. This best illustrates that moral judgments may reflect

question

Erikson's psychosocial development theory

answer

The process of developing a sense of identity during adolescence was highlighted by

question

like their parents

answer

Research on teen social relationships indicates that most adolescents

question

cognitive

answer

An organism's ability to mentally anticipate that a US will follow a CS is most likely to be highlighted by a(n) ________ perspective.

question

novel tastes

answer

Rats easily learn to associate nausea-producing radiation treatments with

question

observational learning

answer

If one chimpanzee watches a second chimp solve a puzzle for a food reward, the first chimp may thereby learn how to solve the puzzle. According to many researchers, this best illustrates

question

mirror neurons

answer

An empathic husband who sees his wife in pain will exhibit some of the same brain activity she is showing. According to many researchers, this best illustrates the functioning of

question

modeling

answer

Children often imitate behaviors seen on television. This best illustrates the impact of

question

biological predispositions

answer

If you get violently ill a couple of hours after eating contaminated food, you will probably develop an aversion to the taste of that food but not to the sight of the restaurant where you ate or to the sound of music you heard there. This best illustrates that associative learning is constrained by

question

classical conditioning

answer

Research participants formed more gut-level liking for PokÉmon characters associated with positive rather than negative images. This best illustrates the impact of

question

intrinsic motivation

answer

Caroline loves to read and enjoys looking up the meanings of words she does not know. In school, her teacher promises a gold star to students each time they learn a new word. The teacher's behavior is most likely to undermine

question

cognitive processes

answer

Children who are promised a payoff for playing with an interesting toy have later been observed to play with the toy less than those who are not promised the reward. This provides evidence for the role of ________ in operant behavior

question

Albert Bandura

answer

Which pioneering learning researcher highlighted the antisocial effects of aggressive models on children's behavior?

question

5; 2

answer

The word "chimps" contains ________ phoneme(s) and ________ morpheme(s)

question

syntax

answer

In the English language, adjectives are typically placed before nouns as in "green car." This illustrates an English language rule of

question

babbling

answer

Vocal sounds that are not included in one's native language first begin to disappear from usage during the ________ stage of language development

question

a critical period

answer

The older a person is when moving to a new country, the harder it is to learn the language. This best illustrates the importance of ________ for learning language.

question

aphasia

answer

As a result of an automobile accident, Jenny suffered damage to her cerebral cortex in Broca's area. Jenny is most likely to experience

question

language on thinking

answer

During a lecture, your professor says, "A child learns language as he interacts with caregivers." This generic use of the pronoun he is more likely to trigger images of males than of females. This best illustrates the impact of

question

process; positive

answer

Introductory psychology students facing a midterm exam one week later spent five minutes each day visualizing themselves reading their assigned chapters, going over their notes, and eliminating study distractions. This ________ simulation had a ________ effect on their exam scores

question

phoneme

answer

Native German speakers who pronounce the English word "this" as "dis" are demonstrating their difficulty with an English

question

semantics

answer

When you add s to the word apple you are referring to more than one apple. This illustrates an English language rule of

question

24

answer

The two-word stage of language development typically begins at the age of ________ months

question

Wernicke's Area

answer

In which of the following parts of the brain would a lesion most likely result in aphasia?

question

neural networks

answer

Brain scans reveal that different ________ are activated when we process verbs rather than nouns.

question

new

answer

Rico, the border collie, can fetch 200 items by name. If asked to retrieve a toy with a name he has never heard before, Rico will fetch a toy that is

question

linguistic determinism

answer

Using different words for two very similar objects enables people to recognize conceptual distinctions between the objects. This best illustrates

question

genome

answer

An organism's complete set of genetic instructions is called the

question

more similar in their risk of developing Alzheimer's disease and more similar in risk of being emotionally unstable.

answer

Compared with fraternal twins, identical twins are

question

personality traits

answer

Adoptive parents are LEAST likely to influence the ________ of their adopted children

question

temperament

answer

Intense and reactive infants become unusually anxious and aroused when facing new or strange situations. This best illustrates the importance of

question

nature-nurture interactions

answer

In emphasizing that heredity's effects on behavior depend on a person's home environment, psychologists are highlighting the importance of

question

mutations

answer

What is a major source of genetic diversity?

question

natural selection

answer

The prevalence of genetically predisposed traits that have a reproductive advantage is best explained in terms of

question

an evolutionary perspective

answer

It has been suggested that older men in all cultures tend to marry women younger than themselves because men are genetically predisposed to seek female features associated with youthful fertility. This suggestion best illustrates

question

behavior geneticists

answer

Studies of the relative impact of nature and nurture on human differences in aggressiveness best illustrate the research efforts of

question

DNA

answer

Chromosomes are composed of

question

prenatal environments

answer

Identical twins who have separate placentas are somewhat less similar than identical twins who share a placenta. This best illustrates the influence of ________ on development.

question

attitudes

answer

Adopted children are especially likely to have similar ________ if raised in the same home.

question

molecular geneticists

answer

Identifying some of the specific genes that contribute to alcohol dependence would be of most direct interest to

question

genes

answer

Heritability refers to the extent to which trait variations among individuals are attributable to their differing

question

an epigenetic effect

answer

If chronic child abuse alters a victim's gene expression in such a fashion as to facilitate depression and suicide, this would be said to illustrate

question

genetic predispositions

answer

Evolutionary psychologists attribute the human tendency to fear snakes and heights to

question

developmental

answer

Dr. Matsuko's major research interest is the long-term effects of child-rearing practices on the psychological adjustment of offspring. It is most likely that Dr. Matsuko is a(n) ________ psychologist.

question

embryo

answer

When a placenta is first developed, it transfers nutrients and oxygen from mother to

question

placenta

answer

Nutrients and oxygen are transferred from a mother to her developing fetus through the

question

zygotic

answer

Genetically identical twins first begin their separate paths of prenatal development during ________ development.

question

mental abilities

answer

Infants' tendency to gaze longer at novel stimuli than at familiar ones provides compelling evidence regarding their

question

continuity and stages

answer

Ross believes that personality development is a matter of sudden qualitative changes at various turning points in the life span. His viewpoint is most directly relevant to the issue of

question

continuity and stages

answer

Mark thinks that language development over the life span requires a slow but steady shaping process. His belief is most directly relevant to the issue of

question

adulthood

answer

Human personality shows the greatest stability during

question

teratogens

answer

Taking certain drugs during pregnancy is likely to expose unborn children to

question

voices

answer

By a week after birth, infants are able to distinguish between their mothers' and strangers'

question

Piaget's cognitive development theory

answer

The importance of schemas was most clearly highlighted by

question

concept of conservation

answer

Two closed, pyramid-shaped beakers containing clearly identical amounts of a liquid are judged by a child to hold different amounts after one of the beakers is inverted. The child apparently lacks a

question

a theory of mind

answer

A child's realization that others may have beliefs that the child knows to be false best illustrates the development of

question

a critical period

answer

The process of imprinting occurs during a brief developmental phase known as

question

authoritarian

answer

"I don't care whether you want to wash the dishes, you will do so because I said so!" This statement is most representative of a(n) ________ parenting style

question

acommodation

answer

After Nadia learned that penguins can't fly, she had to modify her existing concept of birds. This best illustrates the process of

question

sense of object permanence

answer

During Piaget's sensorimotor stage, children acquire a

question

autism

answer

Deficient social interaction and an impaired understanding of others' emotional states is most characteristic of

question

insecure attachment

answer

Marissa resents the burden and constraints of caring for her infant daughter and frequently ignores her cries for attention. As a consequence, her daughter is most likely to display signs of

question

more likely to develop a sense of self-reliance and more likely to demonstrate social competence.

answer

Compared with the children of authoritarian parents, the children of authoritative parents are

question

preventing her from functioning effectively

answer

Alexis is socially withdrawn and has few close friends. This behavior is most likely to be diagnosed as a symptom of psychological disorder if it is

question

stimulant; ADHD

answer

Although Adderall is a ________ drug, it is commonly used in the treatment of ________

question

the medical model

answer

At one time, disordered people were simply warehoused in asylums. These were replaced with psychiatric hospitals in which attempts were made to diagnose and cure those with psychological disorders. This best illustrates one of the beneficial consequences of

question

DSM-IV-TR

answer

A current authoritative scheme for classifying psychological disorders is known as the

question

biased power of diagnostic labels

answer

After George learned that Mrs. Min suffered from schizophrenia, he mistakenly concluded that her tendencies to laugh easily and smile frequently were symptoms of her disorder. This best illustrates the

question

dysfunctional

answer

Ongoing patterns of behavior that interfere with normal day-to-day life are best characterized as

question

ADHD

answer

Brian often interrupts his teacher while she is speaking and frequently forgets to complete his homework assignments. He also has difficulty taking turns in playground games with classmates. Brian most clearly exhibits symptoms of

question

a biopsychosocial approach

answer

An integrated understanding of psychological disorders in terms of stressful memories, evolutionary processes, and gender roles is most clearly provided by

question

biased power of diagnostic labels

answer

After participants in one study were informed that a videotaped interviewee was a psychiatric patient, they characterized the person with phrases such as "a passive, dependent type" and "frightened of his own aggressive impulses." This study best illustrated the

question

20

answer

Symptoms of schizophrenia begin to appear at a median age of about

question

generalized anxiety disorder

answer

Lenore is unexplainably and continually tense and is plagued by muscle tension, sleeplessness, and an inability to concentrate. Lenore most likely suffers from

question

a specific phobia

answer

An immediate and irrational anxiety response to the mere sight of blood is indicative of

question

an obsession

answer

Mrs. Swift is alarmed by her own intrusive and irrational thoughts that her house is contaminated by germs. Her experience best illustrates the agitating effects of

question

PTSD

answer

Years after he barely survived a terrorist attack that killed his wife and two children, Mr. Puskari suffers recurring flashbacks and frequent nightmares of the event that render him incapable of holding a steady job. Mr. Puskari is most clearly showing signs of

question

learning

answer

Andrea experiences extreme anxiety when approaching any lake. Her therapist suggests that her fear results from a traumatic boat accident she experienced as a child. The therapist's suggestion reflects a ________ perspective.

question

depression

answer

generalized anxiety disorder is often accompanied by

question

panic disorder

answer

Symptoms that may be misperceived as a heart attack are most characteristic of

question

a phobia

answer

Although Mark realizes that his behavior is unreasonable, he is so alarmed by high bridges or expressway overpasses that he avoids them by taking an unnecessarily lengthy route to and from work each day. Mark appears to suffer from

question

OCD

answer

Without success, Maxine spends hours each day trying to suppress intrusive thoughts that she might have forgotten to lock her house when she left for work. Her experience is most symptomatic of

question

learning

answer

A therapist suggests that Mr. Broshi continues to bite his fingernails because this behavior often reduced his feelings of anxiety in the past. The therapist's suggestion most clearly reflects a ________ perspective.

question

major depressive disorder

answer

Elaine feels that her life is empty, has lost all interest in her career and hobbies, and wonders if she would be better off dead. She is most likely suffering from

question

inhibits; inhibits

answer

The experience of depression ________ risk taking and ________ aggression.

question

bipolar disorder

answer

Between 1994 and 2003, there was a 40-fold increase in the number of people 19 and under diagnosed each year with

question

a manic episode

answer

An overabundance of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine is most likely to be associated with

question

"I'm academically incompetent and always will be."

answer

Inanna suffers from chronic depression. According to the social-cognitive perspective, how is she most likely to respond when told that she performed very poorly on a test she took the previous day?

question

two weeks

answer

Major depressive disorder is said to occur when signs of depression last at least

question

mania

answer

Mr. Hoffman has always been cautious with his money, but over the past two weeks he has developed grandiose plans to bet his entire life savings on a single horse race. With unrestrained exuberance he has also been giving everybody he sees unsolicited advice on how to make millions in the stock market. Mr. Hoffman's behavior is most indicative of

question

alternations between extreme hopelessness and unrealistic optimism

answer

Bipolar disorder is most likely to be characterized by

question

NSSI

answer

Which of the following has been shown to be a risk factor for future suicide attempts?

question

social cognitive perspective

answer

Amanda's therapist suggests that her depression results from mistakenly blaming herself rather than a slumping economy for her recent job loss. Her therapist's suggestion best illustrates a

question

delusions

answer

Mr. James believes that people are constantly laughing at him and that FBI agents are trying to steal his life savings. Mr. James is most clearly suffering from

question

social withdrawal

answer

Which of the following best illustrates a negative symptom of schizophrenia?

question

periods of immobility or excess, purposeless movement

answer

Catatonia is characterized by

question

hallucinations

answer

Therapeutic drugs that block dopamine receptors are most likely to reduce

question

viral infections

answer

The relationship between the season of the year in which people are born and their subsequent risk of schizophrenia best highlights the role of ________ in this disorder

question

schizophrenia

answer

Mrs. Higgins believes that aliens from another planet have removed her stomach and are watching her to see how long it takes her to grow another one. Mrs. Higgins is most likely suffering from

question

hallucinations

answer

Michael complains that threatening voices are constantly telling him that he is so evil he should drown himself. Michael is experiencing

question

rapidly in response to a stressful life situation

answer

The chances for recovery from schizophrenia are considered to be greatest when the disorder develops

question

paranoia

answer

A PET scan study of people with ________ found increased activity in the amygdala.

question

schizophrenia

answer

Oxygen deprivation at the time of birth is a known risk factor for

question

eclectic

answer

A therapist who uses a variety of psychological theories and therapeutic methods is said to be

question

free association

answer

While focusing on several intrusive thoughts that had been bothering her recently, Jenny was instructed by her therapist to report any ideas or memories stimulated by these thoughts. Jenny's therapist was making use of a technique known as

question

interpreting the meaning of patients' resistance to therapeutic procedures

answer

Classical psychoanalysts were especially interested in

question

Carl Rogers

answer

Who emphasized the importance of active listening in the process of psychotherapy?

question

exposure therapy

answer

A therapist helps Rebecca overcome her fear of water by getting her to swim in the family's backyard pool three times a day for two consecutive weeks. The therapist's approach to helping Rebecca best illustrates

question

exposure therapy

answer

Systematic desensitization is a form of

question

operant conditioning

answer

In a home for troubled youth, adolescents receive large colored buttons when they hang up their clothes, make their beds, and come to meals on time. The adolescents return the buttons to staff members to receive bedtime snacks or watch TV. This best illustrates an application of

question

emphasize the importance of clients' personal interpretations of life events

answer

Cognitive therapists are most likely to

question

resistance

answer

During her weekly therapy sessions, Sabrina will often abruptly shift the focus of her attention and lose her train of thought. A psychoanalyst would suggest that this illustrates

question

Sigmund Freud

answer

Who emphasized the importance of transference in the therapeutic process?

question

enabling clients to feel unconditionally accepted

answer

Client-centered therapists emphasize the importance of

question

systematic desensitization

answer

To help Adam reduce his fear of dogs, a therapist encourages him to physically relax and then simply imagine that he is walking toward a friendly and harmless little dog. The therapist's technique best illustrates

question

aversive conditioning

answer

To help Janet overcome her nearly irresistible craving for chocolate, a therapist provides her with a supply of chocolate candies that contain solidified droplets of a harmless but very bitter-tasting substance. This approach to treatment best illustrates

question

cognitive-behavioral therapy

answer

Nancy's therapist encourages her to think about her strengths rather than her weaknesses and to develop a habit of thanking others when they compliment her or provide emotional support. The therapist's approach best illustrates

question

Albert Ellis

answer

Which of the following therapists would most likely challenge and dispute a client's self-defeating thoughts?

question

cognitive therapy

answer

The goal of stress inoculation training is to reduce incapacitating anxiety by encouraging people to say positive things to themselves during anxiety-producing situations. This best illustrates a form of

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