Introduction ch1& 2 PSYC – Flashcards
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Psychology
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the scientific study of behavior and mental rocess
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science
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the use of systematic methods to observe the natural world, including human behavior
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behavior
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everything we do that can be directly observed
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mental processes
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the thoughts, feelings,and motives that each of us experiences privately but that cannot be observed directly
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critical thinking
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the process of reflecting deeply and actively, asking questions and evaluating evidence
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empirical method
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gaining knowledge through the observation of events, the collection of data and logical reasoning
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Biological Psychology
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An approach to psychology focusing in the body, especially the brain and nervous system
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behaviorism
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the theory that human and animal behavior can be explained in terms of conditioning, without appeal to thoughts or feelings, and that psychological disorders are best treated by altering behavior patterns.
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Behavioral approach
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An approach to psychology emphasizing the scientific study of observable behavioral responses and their enviromental determinants
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Psycho dynamic approach
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An approach to psychology emphasizing unconsious thought, the conflict between biological drives, (sex Drive) and society's demands and early childhood family experiences.
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Humanistic Approach
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Emphasizing a persons positive qualities, the capacity for positive growth, and the freedom to choose and destiny.
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Cognitive approach
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the mental processes involved in knowing; how we direct our attention, perceive, remember,think, and solve problems
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Evolutionary approach
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An approach centered on evolutionary ideas such as adaption, reproduction, and natural selection as the basis for explaining specific human behaviors.
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Sociocultural approach
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an approach that examines the ways in which social and cultural enviroments influence behavior
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Naturalistic observation
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observation of behavior in a real-world setting.
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case study
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an in depth look at a single individual
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Laboratory observation
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The study of behavior in a controlled situation
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survey
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A study, generally in the form of an interview or questionnaire, that provides researchers with information about how people think and act.
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correlation
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A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other.
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correlation coefficent
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describes the direction and strength of the relationship between two sets of variables
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population
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The entire group about which the investigator wants to draw conclusion
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sample
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the subset of the population chosen by the investigator for study
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random sample
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a sample that gives every member of the population an equal chance of being selected
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representative sample
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A sample or subgroup of the population that possesses the same characteristics of the population
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Exerimental group
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the participants in an expriment who receives the drug or other treatment under study- that is those who are exposed to the change that the independent variables represent
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control group
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the participants in an experiment who are much like the experimental group as possible and who are treated just like the experimental but not given treatment or drugs
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Dependent variable
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the outcome; the factor that can change in an experiment in response to change in the independent variable
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independent variable
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(statistics) a variable whose values are independent of changes in the values of other variables
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Random assignment
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researchers assignment of participants to groups by chance to reduce the likelihood that an experiment's results will be due to preexisting differences between groups
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Experiment
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a carefully regulated procedure in which the researcher manipulates one or more variables that are believed to influence some other variables
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Hypothesis
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an educated guess that derives logically from a theory; a prediction that can be tested.
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Experimenter bias
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the influence of the experimenters expectations on the outcome of research
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placebo effect
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a phenomenon in which participants expectations, rather than an actual treatment, produce an outcome
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placebo
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in a drug study; an harmless substance that has no physiological effect, that they are treated identically to the experimental group except for the active agent
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double blind experiment
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Both the researchers and patients don't know who got the placebo.
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Introspection
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Looking inside our own mind.
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Social Psychologist
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deals with people's interactions with one another, relationships, social perceptions, social cognition, and attitudes
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Psychology of women and gender
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studies how biological sex and gender affect everyone, both men and women
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Sensation and Perception
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focus on the physical systems and psychological processes that allow us to experience the world i.e. listen to music and watch a suset
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physiological psychology
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are interested in the physical processes that underlie mental operations such as vision and memory. uses animal models to study processes that are difficult or impossible to test on humans to examine such topics as the development of the nervous system.
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Behavioral neuroscience
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focuses on biological processes especially the brains role in behavior.
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Learning
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intricate process by which behavior changes in response to changing circumstances
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cognitive psychology
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the field of psychology that examines attention, consciousness, information processing and memory.
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Developmental psychology
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is concerned with how people become who they are from conception to death
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Motivation and Emotion
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address research questions as to how individuals persist to attain a difficult goal and how rewards affect the experience.
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Professor Scott is a psychologist conducting research on the behavior of children. He observes them in an amusement park as they take turns on the new carousel. He records how many times a child complains to his or her parent about not getting a turn. In this scenario, which goal of psychological science is Professor Scott utilizing in his research
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to describe
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The historical perspective known as _____ concentrates on discovering the basic elements of mental processes in psychology.
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structuralism
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sigmund freud is associated with
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the psychdynamic approach
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In the context of psychology's scientific method, the objective description of how a variable is going to be measured and observed in a particular study is referred to as the:
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Operational definition
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surveys, case studies, and interviews are all a part of the psychological research method known as
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Descriptive research
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who was the founding father of modern psychology
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Wilhelm wundt
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in psychology, personality is defined as
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the relatively enduring characteristic of an individual
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Dr. Gillespie conducts an experiment on childhood aggression. She has two groups in her experiment. She places participants into each group by flipping a coin. Heads places them in group A; tails places them in group B. In this experiment, Dr. Gillespie has satisfied the requirement of: a.blind experimentation. b. placebo control. c. random assignment. d. experimental control.
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Random assognment
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the broad name given to the field of psychology that specifically examines attention, consiousness, information processing and memory
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cognitive psychology
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difference between psychiatrist and clinical psychologist
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psychiatrist have medical degrees, clinical psychologist do nott
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whats the first step of the scietific method in psychology involves
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observing some phenomenon in the world
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Dr. Stanley, a psychologist, conducts a study on the effect of the color red on babies. Although there is no visible change in the babies when they see the color red, he studies their neural patterns and notes that specific sections of their brains are being stimulated by the color. In this scenario, which of the following approaches has Dr. Stanley used for his research? Select one: a. The cognitive approach b. The biological approach c. The behavioral approach d. The psychodynamic approach
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the bilogical approach
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Albert, a student researcher, varies the amount of food given to rats in an experiment, to measure the effect on their learning behavior. In Albert's study, the amount of food given is the _____ variable. Select one: a. independent c. eperimental d. third problem
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independent
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A _____ design is a type of correlational study in which variables are measured at a single point in time and then observations from this single measurement are compared.C
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cross sectional
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In the context of psychological research methods, _____ research is conducted to determine whether a causal relationship exists between two variables.
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experimental
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The humanistic approach to psychology emphasizes the role of _____ as a determinant of behavior.
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free will
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Which of the following is most likely to be the focus of study for a behavioral psychologist? Select one: a. The sensations a person reports when he or she is tapped on the knee b. The effect of rewards and punishments on a child's behavior. c. The feelings of rejection a person experiences during childhood d. The mental images a person conjures up when reflecting on a pleasant vacation.
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The effect of rewards and punishments on a child's behavior.
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When psychological researchers use the correlational method to study variables, the degree of relation between two variables is expressed as a numerical value known as _____.
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Correlational coefficient
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In the context of psychological research methods, which of the following scenarios is an example of the survey method? a. Dr. Trooper collects children's school grades and test scores. b. Dr. Gomes studies his patients while they undergo psychological counseling. c. Dr. Frank asks people how many hours of television they watch per week. d. Dr. Adele watches children as they learn to read.
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Dr. Frank asks people how many hours of television they watch per week
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In the context of psychology's scientific method, variables are elements of research that:
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can change
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In the context of psychology's scientific method, _____ is an educated guess that derives logically from a theory.
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hypothesis
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In an experimental study, _____ is a manipulated experimental factor that the experimenter changes to see what its effects are.
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Independent variable
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The _____ approach to psychology emphasizes the scientific study of observable responses and their environmental determinants.
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behavioral
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In psychological research, a correlational study is used to determine:
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the link between variables
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Dr. Smith is conducting research on the levels of achievement motivation in the country of Spadia. He is studying the behaviors of different religious groups to determine the correlation between religious upbringing and the need to achieve. In this scenario, Dr. Smith is most likely using the _____ approach in his research.
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sociocultural
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In the context of psychological research methods, _____ presents a standard set of questions, or items, to obtain people's self-reported attitudes or beliefs about a particular topic.
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survey
