Chapter 13: Personality. – Flashcards
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The unconscious mind.
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What did Freud believe was the most important factor in human behavior and personality?
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The id is the impulsive and unconscious of the three and its function of the id is getting primal needs met.
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Id.
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The function of the ego is to manage conflict and anxiety, make sure we are living in accordance with reality
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Ego.
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The function of the superego is making sure we are good, moral people and live up to who we should be
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Superego.
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Remember the Id as the devil on one shoulder, the superego as the angel on the other shoulder and the ego as everyday you trying to decide what is morally right and possible.
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What is a good way to memorize id ego and superego?
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Any of a variety of usually unconscious mental processes used to protect oneself from shame, anxiety, loss of self-esteem, conflict, or other unacceptable feelings or thoughts, and including behaviors such as repression, projection, denial, and rationalization.
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What is a defense mechanism?
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Suppression things unconsciously (remain unconscious.)
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Repression.
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When trauma occurs and the unconscious makes the individual forget it all and they don't even know they forgot it.
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What is an Example of Repression?
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Preventing oneself from expressing unacceptable feelings by expressing the opposite.
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Reaction Formation.
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When one is having a bad day, but is presenting themselves as happy.
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What is an Example of Reaction Formation?
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Where socially unacceptable impulses are transformed into socially acceptable behavior.
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Sublimation.
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Someone wanting to be a peeping tom but watches porn instead??
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What is an Example of Sublimation.
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Attempting to justify an action to oneself and others by "proving" it to be rational.
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Rationalization.
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A smoker saying something else will kill him so he might as well smoke.
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What is an Example of Rationalization?
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Taking out built-up feelings of frustration or anger on objects or people less dangerous than those who initially aroused them.
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Displacement.
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A man is mad at his wife and wants to slap her but instead he kicks their dog
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What is an Example of Displacement?
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When one blames their own forbidden desires and wants on others; the unconscious transfer of one's own desires or emotions to another person.
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Projection.
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When a young boy is ashamed that he is gay so he bullies kids about being gay.
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What is an Example of Projection?
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Childish, immature behavior.
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Regression.
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A boy acting like a child towards the girl after a breakup.
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What is an Example of Regression?
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Refusing to accept reality.
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Denial.
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When a breakup occurs and the girl refuses to acknowledge it by still calling him her boyfriend and acting as if it didn't happen.
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What is an Example of Denial?
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Followers of Freud who helped develop psychoanalysis.
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Definition of Neo Freudians.
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Developed a theory including both a person and collective unconscious.
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Jung.
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unconscious mind as described by Freud.
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Personal Unconscious =
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the memories shared by all member of the human species.
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Collective Unconscious =
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collective, universal human memories.
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Archetypes =
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Proposed that feelings of inferiority are the driving force behind personality (seeking superiority). He also developed the birth order theory.
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Adler.
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Feel inferior to the younger children who get all the attention and eventually are over achievers.
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Firstborn.
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Feel superior to the dethroned older child and the younger one, they tend to be very competitive.
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Middleborn.
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Feel inferior because they do not have the freedom of the older children.
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Lastborn.
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Developed a theory based on social rather than sexual relationships, covering the entire lifespan.
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Erikson.
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Adler.
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Which neo-Freudian viewed personality disturbances as result from basic anxiety? Or feelings of inferiority?
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Behaviorists define personality as a set of learned responses or habits.
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Behavioral Theory.
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This theory tends to emphasize the importance of the influence that other people's behavior has on individuals and the experience one also has with learning does as well.
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Social Cognitive Theory.
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This was Bandura's explanation of how factors such as the environment, personal characteristics and behavior can interact to determine future behavior.
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Bandura's Reciprocal Determinism and Self-Efficacy.
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This theory has an emphasis on conscious free will in one's actions, the uniqueness of the individual person, and personal growth.
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Humanistic Theory.
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A person who is in the process of self-actualizing, actively exploring potentials and abilities and experiencing a match between the real self and ideal self, is a fully functioning person. These people are in touch with their own feelings and abilities and are able to trust their innermost urges and intuitions.
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According to Rogers, what kind of people are most likely to become a fully functioning?
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Endeavor to describe characteristics that describe that make up personality in an effort to predict future behavior.
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Trait Theory.
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Openness Conscientious Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism
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What are the five factors in the Big Five personality traits?
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Willingness to try new things and be open to new experiences.
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Openness.
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The care a person gives to an organization and thoughtfulness of others.
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Conscientious.
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One's need to be with other people.
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Extraversion.
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The emotional style of a person that may range from easy going, friendly and likeable, to grumpy, crabby and unpleasant.
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Agreeableness.
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Degree of emotional instability or stability.
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Neuroticism.
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The studies of genetics and personality seem to indicate that variations in personality traits are about 25-50 percent inherited. This also means that environmental influences apparently account for about half of the variation in personality traits as well.
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What major conclusion about personality traits emerged from the Minnesota twin study?
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Power distance, individualism, masculinity, uncertainty avoidance, long term orientation and indulgence. Pros and Cons of Personality Tests.
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What are the personality characteristics in the United States based on Hofstede's work?
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This is a personality assessment that present ambiguous visual stimuli to the client to respond with whatever comes to mind.
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Projective Test.
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They are subjective and without subjective grading scales they are low in reliability and validity.
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Problems with Projective Tests.
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Inventories are standardized, so the validity and reliability of inventories are generally recognized as being superior.
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What are advantages of personality inventories over projective tests?
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Standardized (everyone gets exactly the same questions and the answers are scored in exactly the same way
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What is the most commonly used personality inventory?
