Medical Terminology – Chapter 13 – Flashcards
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Albumin
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Protein found in blood.
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Anisocytosis
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Inequality in the size of red blood cells.
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Antibody
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Protein made by white blood cells in response to foreign substances (antigens) in the blood.
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Anticoagulant
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Substance that prevents blood clotting.
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Antigen
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Foreign agent that stimulates the production of an antibody.
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Basophil
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White blood cell (leukocyte) containing dark granules that stain with a basic dye.
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Bilirubin
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Orange-yellow pigment found in bile. It is released from the breakdown of hemoglobin when red blood cells die.
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Coagulation
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Process of blood clotting.
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Coagulopathy
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Disease of blood clotting.
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Colony-stimulating factor
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Protein that stimulates the growth and proliferation of white blood cells (granulocytes).
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Cytology
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Study of cells.
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Differentiation
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Specialization of cells from immature to mature forms.
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Electrophoresis
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Technique used to separate serum proteins by electrical charge.
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Eosinophil
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White blood cell whose granules stain intensely with an acidic eosin (reddish) dye; elevated in allergic reactions.
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Eosinophilia
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Increase in numbers of eosinophils in the bloodstream.
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Erythroblast
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Immature, developing red blood cell.
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Erythrocytopenia
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Deficiency of red blood cells.
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Erythropoiesis
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Formation of red blood cells.
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Erythropoietin
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Substance (hormone) produced by the kidney to stimulate bone marrow to produce erythrocytes.
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Fibrin
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Protein threads that form the basis of a blood clot.
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Fibrinogen
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Plasma protein that is converted to fibrin in the clotting process.
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Globulins
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Major blood proteins; immunoglobulins, alpha, beta and gamma globulins are examples.
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Granulocyte
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White blood cell with numerous dark-staining granules; neutrophil, eosinophil and basophil.
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Granulocytopenia
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Deficiency of granulocytes.
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Hematopoiesis
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Formation of blood cells.
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Hemoglobin
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Blood protein containing iron; carries oxygen in red blood cells.
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Hemoglobinopathy
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Disease or defect of hemoglobin production. Sickle cell anemia is an example.
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Hemolysis
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Destruction or breakdown of blood; specifically red blood cells.
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Hemostasis
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Stoppage of bleeding or circulation of blood.
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Heparin
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Anticoagulant found in blood and tissues.
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Hypochromic
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Pertaining to deficiency in color; decrease in hemoglobin in red blood cells.
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Immune system
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Response of the immune system to foreign invasion.
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Immunoglobulin
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Antibody-containing protein in the blood; IgA, IgG, IgM,
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Leukapheresis
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Mechanical separation of white blood cells from the rest of the blood.
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Leukocyte
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White blood cell.
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Leukocytopenia
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Deficiency of white blood cells.
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Lymphocyte
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White blood cell with a single nucleus (mononuclear); capable of producing antibodies.
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Macrocytosis
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Presence of large red blood cells in the blood.
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Macrophage
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Large phagocytic cell migrating from the blood into tissues.
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Megakaryocyte
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Large, giant cell with a big nucleus; platelet precursor found in the bone marrow.
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Microcytosis
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Increased numbers of smaller than normal red blood cells.
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Monoblast
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Immature monocyte.
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Monocyte
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White blood cell (agranulocyte) with one large nucleus; enter tissues as macrophages.
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Mononuclear
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Pertaining to a white blood cell with a single, round nucleus; monocyte or lymphocyte.
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Morphology
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Study of the shape and form of cells, particularly red blood cells.
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Myeloblast
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Immature granulocytic while blood cell; a cell normally only found in the bone marrow.
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Myeloid
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Derived from bone marrow.
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Myelogenous
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Pertaining to cells produced in the bone marrow.
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Myelopoiesis
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Formation and development of bone marrow or cells that originate from it.
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Neutropenia
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Deficiency of neutrophils.
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Neutrophil
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White blood cell with dark granules that stain with a neutral dye; phagocyte formed in the bone marrow and the body's first line of defense against disease.
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Neutrophilia
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Increased numbers of neutrophils.
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Pancytopenia
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Deficiency of all (blood) cells.
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Phagocyte
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Cell that engulfs another cell or foreign organism and destroys it.
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Plasma
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Liquid portion of blood containing proteins, water, salts, nutrients, hormones and vitamins.
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Plasmapheresis
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Removal of plasma from withdrawn blood by centrifuge.
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Platelet
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Clotting cell or thrombocyte.
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Plateletpheresis
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Separation of platelets from the rest of the blood.
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Poikilocytosis
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Variation in the shape of red blood cells.
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Polymorphonuclear
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Pertaining to a multi-lobed nucleus (in granulocytic white blood cells).
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Prothrombin
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Plasma protein converted to thrombin in the clotting process.
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Reticulocyte
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Immature erythrocyte with a network of strands (reticulum).
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Rh factor
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Antigen (protein) on red blood cells of Rh positive individuals.
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Serum
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Plasma minus clotting proteins (prothrombin and fibrinogen) and clotting cells.
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Sideropenia
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Deficiency of iron in the blood.
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Spherocytosis
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Increase in numbers of sphere-shaped red blood cells, as in a type of anemia (hemolytic anemia).
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Stem cell
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Unspecialized cell that gives rise to all forms of specialized cells in the body. Hematopoietic stem cells are found in the bone marrow and lead to the development of all types of blood cells.
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Thrombin
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Enzyme necessary for blood clotting (converts fibrinogen to fibrin in the clotting process).
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Thrombocyte
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Platelet; clotting cell.
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Thrombocytopenia
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Deficiency of clotting cells.
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Thrombolytic therapy
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Treatment with drugs to break down clots that may abnormally form in blood vessels.
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Thrombosis
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Condition of clot formation.
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Acute lymphocytic leukemia
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Malignant, immature lymphocytes multiply in the blood, bone marrow, and lymphatic system.
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Acute myelogenous leukemia
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Malignant, immature granulocytes called myeloblasts multiply in the bone marrow and bloodstream.
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Antiglobulin test
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Test for the presence of antibodies that coat and damage erythrocytes; Coombs test.
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Apheresis
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Withdrawal and separation of blood elements.
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Aplastic anemia
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Failure of blood cell production due to aplasia (absence of formation) of bone marrow cells.
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Autologous transfusion
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Removal and then reinfusion of a patient's own blood or blood components.
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Bleeding time
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Time required for blood to stop flowing from a tiny puncture wound.
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Blood transfusion
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Blood cells or whole blood from a closely match donor are infused into a patient.
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Bone marrow biopsy
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Needle aspiration of a small amount of bone marrow followed by examination under a microscope.
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Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
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Malignant, but relatively mature lymphocytes, multiply in bone marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen.
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Chronic myelogenous leukemia
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Malignant, but relatively mature granulocytic leukocytes multiply in the bloodstream.
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Coagulation time
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Time required for venous blood to clot in a test tube.
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Complete blood count
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Determination of the number of red and white blood cells, platelets, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and red cell indices (MCH, MCV, MCHC) in a sample of blood.
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Dyscrasia
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Blood disease.
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Ecchymoses
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Large blue or purplish patches on the skin (bruises).
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Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
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Measurement of the speed at which erythrocytes settle or fall to the bottom of a test tube.
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Granulocytosis
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Increased numbers of granulocytes in the blood.
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Hematocrit
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Percentage of red blood cells in a given volume of blood.
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Hematopoietic stem cell transplant
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Peripheral (found in the blood) stem cells from a compatible donor are administered into the vein of a recipient.
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Hemochromatosis
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Excessive deposits of iron throughout the body.
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Hemoglobin test
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Total amount of hemoglobin in a sample of blood.
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Hemolytic anemia
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Reduction in erythrocytes due to excessive destruction of red blood cells.
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Hemophilia
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Hereditary disease of blood clotting failure with abnormal bleeding. Affected individuals are lacking a blood clotting factor (factor VIII or factor IX).
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Intrinsic factor
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Substance normally found in gastric (stomach) juice that helps absorption of vitamin B12 into the bloodstream.
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Mononucleosis
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Infectious disease marked by increased numbers of leukocytes and enlarged cervical lymph nodes.
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Multiple myeloma
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Malignant tumor of bone marrow; overproduction of immunoglobulins and destruction of bone tissue.
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Palliative
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Relieving, but not curing illness.
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Partial thromboplastin time
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Measurement of presence of plasma factors that act in a portion of the coagulation pathway.
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Pernicious anemia
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Lack of mature erythrocytes caused by inability to absorb vitamin B12 into the body.
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Petechiae
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Small, pinpoint hemorrhages caused by bleeding under the skin.
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Platelet count
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Number of platelets per cubic millimeter (mm3 ) or microliter ( L) of blood.
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Polycythemia vera
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Increase in numbers of red blood cells (erythremia).
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Prothrombin time
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Test of the ability of blood to clot.
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Purpura
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Multiple pinpoint hemorrhages and accumulation of blood under the skin caused by deficiency of clotting cells (platelets).
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Red blood cell count
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Number of erythrocytes per cubic millimeter or microliter of blood.
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Red blood cell morphology
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Microscopic examination of a stained blood smear to determine the shape of individual red blood cells.
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Relapse
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Return of symptoms of disease.
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Remission
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Disappearance of symptoms of disease.
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Sickle cell anemia
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Hereditary condition marked by abnormal sickle shape of erythrocytes and by hemolysis.
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Thalassemia
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Inherited defect in the ability to produce hemoglobin, usually seen in persons of Mediterranean background.
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White blood cell count
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Number of leukocytes per cubic millimeter or microliter of blood.
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White blood cell differential
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Percentage of the total white blood cell count made up by different types of leukocytes.
