Organizational Behavior Example Flashcards

Organic Compounds: 1) Contain/based on carbon atoms: HONC 2) Low melting and boiling points 3) Non-polar molecules 4) NOT water soluble 5) Reactions occur slowly (example: oil- not water soluble, food- reactions in stomach occur slowly to digest)

Molecular formula (C₂H₆O): →tells us which elements →tells us how many

Structural formula (looks like a map of the compound): →Shows us how atoms are arranged/bonded *Gives us much more information than other formulas

Condensed formula (CH₃CH₂OH) →COMBINATION of molecular/structural formulas

Hydrocarbons: -compounds with ONLY hydrogen and carbon (example: fossil fuels) *If you want to know how to count carbon style, see table P -There are multiple types of hydrocarbons based upon the bonds that can be made between the carbon atoms: called alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, saturated and unsaturated

Tips for naming/drawing hydrocarbons: -If it has isomers, check to see if it needs the "N-" in front of it *Read name given backwards and start from there when drawing! -The branches have to go on the LOWEST possible carbon number! -Use the general formula to figure out the number of hydrogens when carbons are given -Specify where the double/triple bonds in alkenes/alkynes are made by saying "1-" or "2-" in front -DON'T FORGET: the valence electrons on certain elements when drawing! Example: # on the branch ("yl" means branch) ↑ 2 methyl propane →how many carbons in a row/bond # ↓ place of the branch *if it says: "dimethyl": means that there are TWO branches!

-Same molecular formula, different structural formula (and different properties) →Use the line test to see if it is actually different (not just appearing to be different)

Hydrocarbons: -compounds with ONLY hydrogen and carbon (example: fossil fuels)

Alkanes: -have all single bonds between carbon atoms General formula (all alkanes fit this, in reference table): CnH₂n+₂ *Make sure you distinguish between N-Butane and it's isomers! (where N=normal) Examples: Methane, Ethane and Propane (think: can you draw these?)

Alkenes: -have 1 double bond between carbon atoms *DON'T FORGET: specify where the double bond is made by saying "1-" in front General Formula: CnH₂n Examples: Butene, Ethene

Alkynes: -have 1 triple bond between carbon atoms General Formula: CnH₂n₋₂ Examples: Ethyne, Butyne

-Hydrocarbon with only single bonds (alkane) →How to remember: saturated fats are BAD for you, because it's easier for the body to break them down because it's a SINGLE bond...which means less fat is used in the process!

Hydrocarbon with double/triple bonds (alkenes and alkynes) →How to remember: unsaturated fats are better for the body because they are harder to break down due to the double and triple bonds, meaning more fat is used to break them down!

H: Hydrogen → 1 (can make one bond) O: Oxygen → 2 (can make two bonds) N: Nitrogen → 3 (can make three bonds) C: Carbon → 4 (can make four bonds)

-Specific groups of atoms/bonds within molecules; gives molecules characteristic chemical reaction (or IDENTITY) →What "gang" it belongs to

*USE REFERENCE TABLE FOR MORE INFO -Halides -Alcohols (NOT AN ACID: NEUTRAL) -Ether -Adehydes -Ketones -Organic Acids -Esters -Amine -Amide

-Must have UNSATURATED hydrocarbons (alkenes and alkynes) H H Cl Cl C= C + Cl - CL → H-C-C-H H H H H *Chlorines MUST fill in the space and go: one on EACH carbon!

-Must have SATURATED hydrocarbons (alkanes) -Both substituiton/saturation begin with a "s"... H H H Cl H + Br-Br → H-C-Br + H-Br H H

-Could be with ANY hydrocarbon *BUT the result is always: CO₂ +H₂O -MAKE SURE THEY ARE BALANCED!

1) Condensation polymerization 2) Addition polymerization *Involves monomer→POLYmer (one unit to many units) tiny → BIG Usually: monomer+monomer → polymer + water *Addition Polymerization: n( C=C ) → ( C-C ) n -Just need to show: we start with a lot, end with a lot too (but written in shorthand) →sequence repeated →breaks double bonds

Natural Polymers: -Starch- sugars=the monomers (can digest=easy bonds) -DNA- nucleotides (A,C,T,G) -Protein- amino acids (20 types) -Cellulose- sugars= monomers (can't digest b/c of bondage) Synthetic Polymers: -Nylon (NY+London)-fabric -Polythylene (Shoprite bags) -Polyester- fabric

-How alcoholic beverages are produced →ALL ARE MADE THE SAME WAY C₆H₁₂O₆ → C₂H₅OH + CO₂ (enzyme)

-How soap is made (just think: start big) Fat + Strong Base → Soap + Glycerin

-How esters are produced Acid + Alcohol → Ester + Water