Inorganic Chemistry Chapter 8: Physical Techniques in Inorganic Chemistry – Flashcards
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Photoelectron spectroscopy
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Ionization Based Used to determine energies and energy ordering of orbitals in molecules an d solids by analyzing the kinetic energies of photoejected electrons
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X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS)
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Used to determine the oxidation state of an element in a compound and to investigate its local environment
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Mass spectrometry
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Used to determine the mass of a molecule and of its fragments
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Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AA)
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Quantitatively determine metallic elements
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CHN analysis
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The C, H, N, O, and S content of a sample can be determined
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X-ray fluorescence
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Qualitative and quantitative information about elements present in a compound
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Electro Chemistry
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Cyclic voltammetry is used to measure reduction potentials
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Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM)
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Uses the tunnelling current from a sharp conductive tip to image and characterize a conductive surface
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Atomic force microscopy (AFM)
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Atoms at tip of the probe interact with surface atoms of sample through intermolecular forces Cantilever holding probe moves up and down in response to forces
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Types of AFM
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Frictional force Magnetic force Electrostatic force Scanning capacitance Molecular recognition
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X-ray diffraction
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Can give quantitative structural information and complete molecular structure
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Powder X-ray diffraction
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Determination of lattice parameters and lattice type.
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Single-crystal X-ray diffraction
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Allows complete structure to be determined
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Neutron diffraction
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Uses neutron source Better for positions of light atoms
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Uv-vis
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The energies and intensities of electronic transitions provide information on electronic structure and chemical environment Electronic spectroscopy Beer-Lambert law A = ebc Can be used to measure the progress of reactions
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Emissions spectroscopy
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Visible or near-IR light emitted from a compound in the excited state
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IR and Raman spectroscopy
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Complementary vibrations spectroscopy Used in a variety of ways
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Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
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Study compounds containing a magnetic nuclei Even atomic number and even mass number have zero spin, invisible to NMR. Gives information on molecular structure: chemical environment, connectivity, and internuclear separations.
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Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR)
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Used to study compounds with unpaired electrons Used in bioinorganic chemistry to study metal centers of metalloenzymes (Fe and Cu)
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Mossbauer spectroscopy
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Used g-radiation Can be used to determine oxidation state of metal ions.
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Ionization-based techniques
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Samples is bombarded with high-energy radiation or particles
