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Abnormal Psychology Chapter 2 Flashcard

Evie Nicholson

13 October 2020

question

Biological perspective

answer

focuses on underpinnings of abnormal behavior and the use of biologically based approaches, such as drug therapy, to treat psychological disorders

question

Medical model

answer

used by people who believe that abnormal behaviors represent symptoms of underlying disorders or diseases

question

Mental illness

answer

disorders or diseases with biological root causes

question

Nervous system

answer

the network of nerve cells and fibers that transmits nerve impulses between parts of the body.

question

Neurons

answer

nerve cells that transmit signals throughout the body

question

Action potential

answer

the change in electrical potential associated with the passage of an impulse along the membrane of a muscle cell or nerve cell

question

Dendrites

answer

a short branched extension of a nerve cell, along which impulses received from other cells at synapses are transmitted to the cell body.

question

Axon

answer

the long threadlike part of a nerve cell along which impulses are conducted from the cell body to other cells.

question

Axon hillock

answer

a specialized part of the cell body (or soma) of a neuron that connects to the axon, the last site in the soma where membrane potentials propagated from synaptic inputs are summated before being transmitted to the axon.

question

Axon terminal

answer

The somewhat enlarged, often club-shaped endings by which axons make synaptic contacts with other nerve cells or with effector cells

question

Myelin sheath

answer

The insulating envelope of myelin that surrounds the core of a nerve fiber or axon and that facilitates the transmission of nerve impulses, formed from the cell membrane of the Schwann cell in the peripheral nervous system and from oligodendroglia cells.

question

Nodes of Ranvier

answer

a gap in the myelin sheath of a nerve, between adjacent Schwann cells

question

Terminal buttons

answer

small knobs at the end of an axon that release chemicals called neurotransmitters

question

Neurotransmitters

answer

a chemical substance that is released at the end of a nerve fiber by the arrival of a nerve impulse and, by diffusing across the synapse or junction, causes the transfer of the impulse to another nerve fiber, a muscle fiber, or some other structure.

question

Synapse

answer

a junction between two nerve cells, consisting of a minute gap across which impulses pass by diffusion of a neurotransmitter.

question

Refractory period

answer

a period immediately following stimulation during which a nerve or muscle is unresponsive to further stimulation

question

Receptor site

answer

A specialized cell or group of nerve endings that responds to sensory stimuli. A molecular structure or site on the surface or interior of a cell that binds with substances such as hormones, antigens, drugs, or neurotransmitters

question

Reuptake

answer

the absorption by a presynaptic nerve ending of a neurotransmitter that it has secreted.

question

Serotonin

answer

involved in regulation of mood states, satiety, and sleep, irregularities are implicated in depression and eating disorders

question

Acetylcholine

answer

involved in control of muscle contractions and formation of memories, reduced levels found in patients with Alzheimer's disease

question

Dopamine

answer

involved in regulation of muscle contractions and mental processes involving learning, memory, and emotions, overutilization in the brain may be involved in the development of schizophrenia

question

Central nervous system

answer

consists of the brain and spinal cord, the body's master control unit responsible for controlling bodily functions and performing higher mental functions, such as sensation, perception, thinking, and problem solving

question

Peripheral nervous system

answer

made up of nerves that (a) receive and transmit sensory messages (messages from sense organs such as the eyes and ears) to the brain and spinal cord and (b) transmit messages from the brain or spinal cord to the muscles, causing them to contract, and to glands, causing them to secrete hormones

question

Brain stem

answer

the central trunk of the mammalian brain, consisting of the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain, and continuing downward to form the spinal cord

question

Medulla

answer

the continuation of the spinal cord within the skull, forming the lowest part of the brainstem and regulates heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, and motor movements

question

Pons

answer

The part of the brainstem that links the two hemispheres of the cerebellum. Transmits information about body movement and is involved in functions related to attention, sleep, and respiration.

question

Cerebellum

answer

The part of the brain at the back of the skull. Its function is to control motor skills, balance, and coordination. Injury can impair one's ability to coordinate one's movements, causing stumbling and loss of muscle tone

question

Reticular activating system

answer

A web-like network of neurons that play important roles in regulating sleep, attention, and states of arousal. Starts in the hindbrain and rises through the midbrain into the lower part of the forebrain.

question

Thalamus

answer

part of the forebrain that relays sensory information (such as tactile and visual stimulation, smell does not go though the this region) to the higher regions of the brain. It, in coordination with the RAS, is also involved in regulating sleep and attention

question

Limbic system

answer

made up of the hypothalamus, hippocampus and amygdala. Plays important roles in emotional processing and memory. It also serves important functions regulating more basic drives involving hunger, thirst, and aggression

question

Hypothalamus

answer

Part of limbic system that controls pituitary gland, plays a key role in feeding behaviors, reproductive behaviors, regulation of body temperature

question

Hippocampus

answer

Part of the limbic system responsible for storing memory

question

Amygdala

answer

Part of limbic system involved with the experiencing of emotions, especially fear and aggression, hunger and feeding behaviors and weight gain/loss, memory of emotional events

question

Basal ganglia

answer

lie at the base of the forebrain and are involved in regulating postural movements and coordination

question

Cerebrum

answer

responsible for higher mental functions, such as thinking and problem solving

question

Cerebral cortex

answer

the outer layer of the cerebrum, composed of folded gray matter in two halves and four lobes and playing an important role in consciousness and processing/thinking

question

Cerebral hemispheres

answer

each of the two parts of the cerebrum (left and right) in the brain of a vertebrate, separated by the cerebral fissure

question

Frontal lobe

answer

part of the cerebral cortex, lies immediately behind the forehead, including areas concerned with behavior, learning, attention, concentration, higher resoning, personality, and voluntary movement

question

Motor cortex

answer

he part of the cerebral cortex in the brain where the nerve impulses originate that initiate voluntary muscular activity

question

Prefrontal cortex

answer

the gray matter of the anterior part of the frontal lobe that is highly developed in humans and plays a role in the regulation of complex cognitive, emotional, and behavioral functioning

question

Parietal lobe

answer

part of cerebral cortex, the middle division of each cerebral hemisphere that contains an area concerned with bodily sensations (sensory cortex)

question

Somatosensory cortex

answer

either of two regions in the postcentral gyrus that receive and process somatosensory stimuli

question

Prosopagnosia

answer

a form of visual agnosia characterized by an inability to recognize faces caused by damage to parietal lobe of cerebral cortex

question

Unilateral neglect

answer

a symptom of parietal lobe damage in which a person is unaware of one side of his body and of anything in the external world on the same side

question

Temporal lobe

answer

area of patietal lobe that deals with auditory information and language

question

Occipital lobe

answer

part of the parietal lobe, the posterior portion of each cerebral hemisphere, concerned with the interpretation of visual sensory impulses

question

Somatic nervous system

answer

the part of the peripheral nervous system associated with the voluntary control of body movements via skeletal muscles. The SoNS consists of afferent and efferent nerves

question

Autonomic nervous system

answer

the part of the nervous system responsible for control of the bodily functions not consciously directed, such as breathing, the heartbeat, and digestive processes

question

Sympathetic nervous system

answer

part of the autonomic nervous system that serves to accelerate the heart rate, constrict blood vessels, and raise blood pressure

question

Parasympathetic nervous system

answer

part of the autonomic nervous system that serves to slow the heart rate, increase intestinal and glandular activity, and relax the sphincter muscles

question

Psychopharmacology

answer

the branch of psychology concerned with the effects of drugs on the mind and behavior.

question

Antianxiety drugs/anxiolytics

answer

a medication that treats anxiety

question

Benzodiazepines

answer

anxiolytics, very addictive

question

Valium

answer

Treats anxiety, muscle spasms, seizures, and other medical conditions. This medicine is a benzodiazepine

question

Xanax

answer

Treats anxiety and panic disorder. This medicine is a benzodiazepine

question

Ativan

answer

Treats anxiety, anxiety with depression, and insomnia (trouble sleeping). This medicine is a benzodiazepine.

question

Tolerance

answer

state of reduced sensitivity of drug to the body at given regular (normal) dose. It is characterized by a lower threshold to the normal pharmacologic action of a drug

question

Rebound anxiety

answer

the emergence or re-emergence of symptoms that were either absent or controlled while taking a medication, but appear when that same medication is discontinued, or reduced in dosage

question

Antipsychotic drugs/neuroleptics

answer

a class of psychiatric medication primarily used to manage psychosis, in particular in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, lots of side effects

question

Phenothiazines

answer

class of neuroleptics

question

Thorazine

answer

Treats mental disorders, severe behavior disorders, severe hiccups, severe nausea and vomiting, and certain types of porphyria. Also used before and after surgery to relieve anxiety. Belongs to a class of drugs called phenothiazines.

question

Mellaril

answer

Treats the symptoms of schizophrenia. Belongs to a class of drugs called phenothiazines.

question

Prolixin

answer

Treats schizophrenia and different types of behavior problems. Belongs to a class of drugs called phenothiazines.

question

Clozaril

answer

Treats schizophrenia. Also lowers the risk of suicidal behavior in patients who have schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Class of drug-benzodiazepine

question

Agranulocytosis

answer

a deficiency of granulocytes in the blood, causing increased vulnerability to infection

question

Leukopenia

answer

a reduction in the number of white cells in the blood, typical of various diseases.

question

Tardive dyskinesia

answer

side effect of anti psychotics, a neurological disorder characterized by involuntary movements of the face and jaw.

question

Antidepressants

answer

drugs used for the treatment of major depressive disorder and other conditions, including dysthymia, anxiety disorders, obsessive compulsive disorder, eating disorders, chronic pain, etc.

question

Tricyclics

answer

any of a class of antidepressant drugs having molecules with three fused rings

question

Tofranil

answer

Treats depression. May also be used to treat bedwetting in children. This medicine is a tricyclic antidepressant

question

Elavil

answer

(amitriptyline) a tricyclic antidepressant

question

Sinequan

answer

(doxepin) Treats depression, anxiety, and sleep disorders. This medicine is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA).

question

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors

answer

any of a group of antidepressant drugs that inhibit the activity of monoamine oxidase (so allowing accumulation of serotonin and norepinephrine in the brain).

question

Tyramine

answer

a compound that can cause dangerously high blood pressure in people taking a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, found naturally in aged foods (cheese, wine, etc)

question

Nardil

answer

Treats depression. This medicine is a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI)

question

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

answer

a class of compounds typically used as antidepressants in the treatment of depression, anxiety disorders, and some personality disorders

question

Prozac

answer

(fluoxetine) an SSRI that treats depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and other disorders

question

Zoloft

answer

(sertraline) an SSRI that treats depression, anxiety, and other disorders.

question

Serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor

answer

a class of antidepressant drugs used in the treatment of major depressive disorder and other mood disorders

question

Effexor

answer

(venlafaxine) Treats depression, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder, and social anxiety disorder. This medicine is a serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI).

question

Lithium

answer

Treats mania that is part of bipolar disorder (manic-depressive illness)

question

Anticonvulsant medications

answer

used to prevent or reduce the severity of epileptic fits or other convulsions

question

Electroconvulsive therapy

answer

a procedure in which electric currents are passed through the brain, intentionally triggering a brief seizure, seems to cause changes in brain chemistry that can quickly reverse symptoms of certain mental illnesses

question

Psychosurgery

answer

brain surgery, such as lobotomy, used to treat mental disorder

question

Prefrontal lobotomy

answer

A lobotomy in which the white fibers that connect the thalamus to the prefrontal and frontal lobes of the brain are severed, performed as a treatment for intense anxiety or violent behavior

question

Deep brain stimulation

answer

a nonsurgical treatment to reduce tremor and to block involuntary movements in patients with motion disorders. Small electric shocks are delivered to the thalamus (especially in the treatment of multiple sclerosis) or the globus pallidus (especially in the treatment of Parkinson's disease), rendering these parts of the brain inactive without surgically destroying them

question

Nature v nurture

answer

whether heredity or the environment most impacts human psychological development (behavior, habits, intelligence, personality, sexuality, aggressive tendencies, and so on)

question

Epigenetics

answer

the study of changes in organisms caused by modification of gene expression rather than alteration of the genetic code itself

question

Clozapine

answer

antipsychotic drug that is not a phenothiazine

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question

Biological perspective

answer

focuses on underpinnings of abnormal behavior and the use of biologically based approaches, such as drug therapy, to treat psychological disorders

question

Medical model

answer

used by people who believe that abnormal behaviors represent symptoms of underlying disorders or diseases

question

Mental illness

answer

disorders or diseases with biological root causes

question

Nervous system

answer

the network of nerve cells and fibers that transmits nerve impulses between parts of the body.

question

Neurons

answer

nerve cells that transmit signals throughout the body

question

Action potential

answer

the change in electrical potential associated with the passage of an impulse along the membrane of a muscle cell or nerve cell

question

Dendrites

answer

a short branched extension of a nerve cell, along which impulses received from other cells at synapses are transmitted to the cell body.

question

Axon

answer

the long threadlike part of a nerve cell along which impulses are conducted from the cell body to other cells.

question

Axon hillock

answer

question

Axon terminal

answer

The somewhat enlarged, often club-shaped endings by which axons make synaptic contacts with other nerve cells or with effector cells

question

Myelin sheath

answer

question

Nodes of Ranvier

answer

a gap in the myelin sheath of a nerve, between adjacent Schwann cells

question

Terminal buttons

answer

small knobs at the end of an axon that release chemicals called neurotransmitters

question

Neurotransmitters

answer

question

Synapse

answer

a junction between two nerve cells, consisting of a minute gap across which impulses pass by diffusion of a neurotransmitter.

question

Refractory period

answer

a period immediately following stimulation during which a nerve or muscle is unresponsive to further stimulation

question

Receptor site

answer

question

Reuptake

answer

the absorption by a presynaptic nerve ending of a neurotransmitter that it has secreted.

question

Serotonin

answer

involved in regulation of mood states, satiety, and sleep, irregularities are implicated in depression and eating disorders

question

Acetylcholine

answer

involved in control of muscle contractions and formation of memories, reduced levels found in patients with Alzheimer's disease

question

Dopamine

answer

involved in regulation of muscle contractions and mental processes involving learning, memory, and emotions, overutilization in the brain may be involved in the development of schizophrenia

question

Central nervous system

answer

question

Peripheral nervous system

answer

question

Brain stem

answer

the central trunk of the mammalian brain, consisting of the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain, and continuing downward to form the spinal cord

question

Medulla

answer

the continuation of the spinal cord within the skull, forming the lowest part of the brainstem and regulates heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, and motor movements

question

Pons

answer

The part of the brainstem that links the two hemispheres of the cerebellum. Transmits information about body movement and is involved in functions related to attention, sleep, and respiration.

question

Cerebellum

answer

question

Reticular activating system

answer

question

Thalamus

answer

question

Limbic system

answer

question

Hypothalamus

answer

Part of limbic system that controls pituitary gland, plays a key role in feeding behaviors, reproductive behaviors, regulation of body temperature

question

Hippocampus

answer

Part of the limbic system responsible for storing memory

question

Amygdala

answer

Part of limbic system involved with the experiencing of emotions, especially fear and aggression, hunger and feeding behaviors and weight gain/loss, memory of emotional events

question

Basal ganglia

answer

lie at the base of the forebrain and are involved in regulating postural movements and coordination

question

Cerebrum

answer

responsible for higher mental functions, such as thinking and problem solving

question

Cerebral cortex

answer

the outer layer of the cerebrum, composed of folded gray matter in two halves and four lobes and playing an important role in consciousness and processing/thinking

question

Cerebral hemispheres

answer

each of the two parts of the cerebrum (left and right) in the brain of a vertebrate, separated by the cerebral fissure

question

Frontal lobe

answer

part of the cerebral cortex, lies immediately behind the forehead, including areas concerned with behavior, learning, attention, concentration, higher resoning, personality, and voluntary movement

question

Motor cortex

answer

he part of the cerebral cortex in the brain where the nerve impulses originate that initiate voluntary muscular activity

question

Prefrontal cortex

answer

the gray matter of the anterior part of the frontal lobe that is highly developed in humans and plays a role in the regulation of complex cognitive, emotional, and behavioral functioning

question

Parietal lobe

answer

part of cerebral cortex, the middle division of each cerebral hemisphere that contains an area concerned with bodily sensations (sensory cortex)

question

Somatosensory cortex

answer

either of two regions in the postcentral gyrus that receive and process somatosensory stimuli

question

Prosopagnosia

answer

a form of visual agnosia characterized by an inability to recognize faces caused by damage to parietal lobe of cerebral cortex

question

Unilateral neglect

answer

a symptom of parietal lobe damage in which a person is unaware of one side of his body and of anything in the external world on the same side

question

Temporal lobe

answer

area of patietal lobe that deals with auditory information and language

question

Occipital lobe

answer

part of the parietal lobe, the posterior portion of each cerebral hemisphere, concerned with the interpretation of visual sensory impulses

question

Somatic nervous system

answer

the part of the peripheral nervous system associated with the voluntary control of body movements via skeletal muscles. The SoNS consists of afferent and efferent nerves

question

Autonomic nervous system

answer

the part of the nervous system responsible for control of the bodily functions not consciously directed, such as breathing, the heartbeat, and digestive processes

question

Sympathetic nervous system

answer

part of the autonomic nervous system that serves to accelerate the heart rate, constrict blood vessels, and raise blood pressure

question

Parasympathetic nervous system

answer

part of the autonomic nervous system that serves to slow the heart rate, increase intestinal and glandular activity, and relax the sphincter muscles

question

Psychopharmacology

answer

the branch of psychology concerned with the effects of drugs on the mind and behavior.

question

Antianxiety drugs/anxiolytics

answer

a medication that treats anxiety

question

Benzodiazepines

answer

anxiolytics, very addictive

question

Valium

answer

Treats anxiety, muscle spasms, seizures, and other medical conditions. This medicine is a benzodiazepine

question

Xanax

answer

Treats anxiety and panic disorder. This medicine is a benzodiazepine

question

Ativan

answer

Treats anxiety, anxiety with depression, and insomnia (trouble sleeping). This medicine is a benzodiazepine.

question

Tolerance

answer

state of reduced sensitivity of drug to the body at given regular (normal) dose. It is characterized by a lower threshold to the normal pharmacologic action of a drug

question

Rebound anxiety

answer

the emergence or re-emergence of symptoms that were either absent or controlled while taking a medication, but appear when that same medication is discontinued, or reduced in dosage

question

Antipsychotic drugs/neuroleptics

answer

a class of psychiatric medication primarily used to manage psychosis, in particular in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, lots of side effects

question

Phenothiazines

answer

class of neuroleptics

question

Thorazine

answer

question

Mellaril

answer

Treats the symptoms of schizophrenia. Belongs to a class of drugs called phenothiazines.

question

Prolixin

answer

Treats schizophrenia and different types of behavior problems. Belongs to a class of drugs called phenothiazines.

question

Clozaril

answer

Treats schizophrenia. Also lowers the risk of suicidal behavior in patients who have schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Class of drug-benzodiazepine

question

Agranulocytosis

answer

a deficiency of granulocytes in the blood, causing increased vulnerability to infection

question

Leukopenia

answer

a reduction in the number of white cells in the blood, typical of various diseases.

question

Tardive dyskinesia

answer

side effect of anti psychotics, a neurological disorder characterized by involuntary movements of the face and jaw.

question

Antidepressants

answer

drugs used for the treatment of major depressive disorder and other conditions, including dysthymia, anxiety disorders, obsessive compulsive disorder, eating disorders, chronic pain, etc.

question

Tricyclics

answer

any of a class of antidepressant drugs having molecules with three fused rings

question

Tofranil

answer

Treats depression. May also be used to treat bedwetting in children. This medicine is a tricyclic antidepressant

question

Elavil

answer

(amitriptyline) a tricyclic antidepressant

question

Sinequan

answer

(doxepin) Treats depression, anxiety, and sleep disorders. This medicine is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA).

question

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors

answer

any of a group of antidepressant drugs that inhibit the activity of monoamine oxidase (so allowing accumulation of serotonin and norepinephrine in the brain).

question

Tyramine

answer

a compound that can cause dangerously high blood pressure in people taking a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, found naturally in aged foods (cheese, wine, etc)

question

Nardil

answer

Treats depression. This medicine is a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI)

question

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

answer

a class of compounds typically used as antidepressants in the treatment of depression, anxiety disorders, and some personality disorders

question

Prozac

answer

(fluoxetine) an SSRI that treats depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and other disorders

question

Zoloft

answer

(sertraline) an SSRI that treats depression, anxiety, and other disorders.

question

Serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor

answer

a class of antidepressant drugs used in the treatment of major depressive disorder and other mood disorders

question

Effexor

answer

(venlafaxine) Treats depression, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder, and social anxiety disorder. This medicine is a serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI).

question

Lithium

answer

Treats mania that is part of bipolar disorder (manic-depressive illness)

question

Anticonvulsant medications

answer

used to prevent or reduce the severity of epileptic fits or other convulsions

question

Electroconvulsive therapy

answer

question

Psychosurgery

answer

brain surgery, such as lobotomy, used to treat mental disorder

question

Prefrontal lobotomy

answer

A lobotomy in which the white fibers that connect the thalamus to the prefrontal and frontal lobes of the brain are severed, performed as a treatment for intense anxiety or violent behavior

question

Deep brain stimulation

answer

question

Nature v nurture

answer

whether heredity or the environment most impacts human psychological development (behavior, habits, intelligence, personality, sexuality, aggressive tendencies, and so on)

question

Epigenetics

answer

the study of changes in organisms caused by modification of gene expression rather than alteration of the genetic code itself

question

Clozapine

answer

antipsychotic drug that is not a phenothiazine

Abnormal Psychology Chapter 2 Flashcard

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