question

Maturation

answer

biological changes are the foundation for development

question

Physical development:

answer

changes in the body

question

Personal development:

answer

changes in an individual's personality

question

Social development:

answer

changes in the way an individual relates to others

question

Cognitive development:

answer

changes in thinking

question

Three Principles of Development

answer

1. People develop at different rates. 2. Development is relatively orderly. 3. Development takes place gradually.

question

Neurons

answer

Communication mechanisms in the brain

question

Cerebral Cortex

answer

Responsible for complex problem solving and language Last part of brain to develop are the frontal lobes

question

Lateralization

answer

The specialization of the two sides/ hemispheres, of the brain

question

Cerebellum:

answer

coordinates skilled movement

question

Implications for Teachers.

answer

Many of the strategies offered by "brain-based" advocates are simply good teaching.

question

Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development

answer

Our cognitive skills change because we're constantly trying to make sense of the world.

question

Schemes:

answer

organized systems of actions or thoughts that allow us to mentally represent or "think about" the objects and events in our world. Basic blocks for thinking and memory

question

Adaptation:

answer

adjusting to the environment

question

Assimilation:

answer

incorporating information into existing schemes

question

Accommodation:

answer

changing existing schemes

question

Equilibration:

answer

Organizing, assimilating, and accommodating can be viewed as a kind of complex balancing act. Equilibration is the act of searching for a balance.

question

Four Stages of Cognitive Development 1. Sensorimotor 2. Preoperational 3.Concrete Operations 4. Formal Operations

answer

1. (0-2 years) • Development of imitation, memory, and thought • Recognition of object permanence • Beginning of goal-directed actions 2.(2-7 years) Language acquisition and use Symbolic thinking Logical reasoning Egocentric 3. (7-11 years) • Solve logical problems through manipulation • Laws of conservation Understand reversibility 4.(11-Adult) Abstract thinking Scientific reasoning (logico-mathematical) Social, multilayered, complex thinking

question

Vygotsky's Sociocultural Perspective

answer

It's a Sociocultural Theory Human activities take place in social settings and can't be understood apart from these settings Social interactions create our cognitive structures and thinking processes, this is different than Piaget

question

Cultural tools

answer

Material (physical) Psychological (language & symbols)

question

Zone of Proximal Development

answer

Area where the child can't solve a problem alone, but can be successful under adult guidance or in collaboration with a more advanced peer

question

Scaffolding:

answer

understanding the students' needs; giving information, prompts, reminders, and encouragement at the right time and in the right amounts; and then gradually allowing the students to do more and more on their own

question

Disability

answer

The inability to do something specific such as walk or hear.

question

Children are said to have an intellectual disability if they have difficulty adapting to the demands of independent living and have IQ scores below:

answer

70

question

Handicap

answer

A disadvantage in a particular situation, sometimes caused by a disability.

question

Intelligence

answer

Ability or abilities to acquire and use knowledge for solving problems and adapting to the world

question

General Intelligence (g) Spearman's "g"

answer

A general factor in cognitive ability that is related in varying degrees to performance on all mental tests.

question

Crystallized intelligence

answer

ability to apply culturally approved problem-solving methods

question

CHC theory believes intelligence to be a triangle

answer

True

question

Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences

answer

there are several separate intelligences,

question

Six entry points for teaching

answer

Narrative, Logical-quantitative, Aesthetic, Experimental, Interpersonal, Existential/Foundational

question

Sternburg's Triarchic Theory of Successful Intelligence

answer

A three-part description of the mental abilities (thinking processes, coping with new experience and adapting to context) that lead to more or less intelligent behavior.

question

Intelligence Quotient

answer

Score comparing mental and chronological ages

question

Flynn effect

answer

Because of better health, smaller families increased complexity in the environment and more and better schooling, IQ tests are steadily rising.

question

Learning preferences

answer

preferred ways of studying and learning, such as using pictures instead of text, working with other people versus alone, learning in structured or in unstructured situations and so on.

question

IDEA

answer

Individuals with Disabilities Improvement Act Amendment of PL 94-142; guarantees a free public education to all children regardless of disability - expanded services to birth to 21

question

IDEA 04

answer

added Response to Intervention

question

FAPE

answer

Free, appropriate public education for all students with disabilities

question

Zero reject

answer

a basic principle of IDEA specifying the no student with a disability, no matter what kind or how severe, can be denied a free public education

question

Least restrictive environment (LRE)

answer

To the maximum extent possible, students with disabilities should be educated with non-disabled students. Educating each child with peers in the regular classroom to the greatest extent possible

question

Mainstreaming

answer

Teaching children with disabilities in regular classes for part or all of their school day

question

Integration

answer

Fitting the child with special needs into existing class structures

question

Inclusion

answer

The integration of all students, including those with severe disabilities, into regular classes

question

Individual Education Plan (IEP)

answer

Annually revised program for an exceptional student, detailing present achievement level, goals and strategies, drawn up by teachers, parents, specialists, and (if possible) the student

question

Section 504

answer

A part of civil rights law that prevents discrimination against people with disabilities in programs that receive federal funds such as public schools

question

Learning Disability

answer

Problem with acquisition and use of language; may show up a difficulty with reading, writing, reasoning or math

question

Intellectual disabilities

answer

Significantly below-average intellectual and adaptive social behavior, evident before age 18 (current term for mental retardation)

question

Mental age is

answer

iq

question

chronological age

answer

years

question

There are gender differences in iq.

answer

true

question

Three common mental health topics seen in school:

answer

ADHD, depression, anxiety

question

Teachers' sense of efficacy*

answer

A teacher's belief that he or she can reach even difficult students to help them learn,

question

Reflective

answer

Thoughtful and inventive. Reflective teachers think back over situations to analyze what they did and why and to consider how they might improve learning for their students.

question

Differentiated instruction

answer

teaching that takes into account students' abilities, prior knowledge, and challenges so that instruction not only matches the subject being taught but also the students' needs.

question

Educational Psychology

answer

The discipline concerned with teaching and learning processes; applies to the methods and theories of psychology and has its own as well.

question

Descriptive Studies

answer

Studies that collected detailed information about specific situations, often using observation, surveys, interview, recordings, or a combination of these methods.

question

Ethnography

answer

A descriptive approach to research that focuses on life within a group and tries to understand the meaning of events to the people involved.

question

Participant Observation

answer

A method for conducting descriptive research in which the researcher becomes a participant in the situation in order to better understand life in that group.

question

Case Study

answer

Intensive study of one person or one situation.

question

Correlations

answer

Statistical descriptions of how closely two variables are related.

question

Positive Correlation

answer

A relationship between two variables in which the two increase or decrease together, Example: calorie intake and weight gain.

question

Negative Correlation

answer

A relationship between two variables in which a high value on one is associated with a low value on the other. Example: height and distance from top of head to the ceiling.

question

Experimentation

answer

Research method in which variables are manipulated and the effects recorded.

question

Quasi-experimental studies

answer

Studies that fit most of the criteria for true experiments, with the important exception that the participants are not assigned to groups at random. Instead, existing groups such as classes or schools participate in the experiment.

question

Statistically Significant

answer

Not likely yo be a chance occurrence.

question

Zone of Proximal Development

answer

Phase at which a child can master a task if given appropriate help and support.

question

Good teaching equals

answer

creativity

question

Elementary stations and secondary groups and partnering are examples of way to

answer

differentiate instruction

question

For good teacher-student relationships start

answer

strong and then scale back

question

Identity Foreclosure

answer

placed into something so you cant/wont struggle

question

4 Styles of Parenting

answer

1. Authoritative 2. Authoritarian 3. Permissive 4. Rejecting/Neglecting

question

Authoritative

answer

set clear limits, enforce rules, and expect mature behavior, but they are warm with their children

question

Authoritarian

answer

seem cold and controlling in their interactions with their children. children are expected to be mature because the parents "said so"

question

Permissive

answer

warm and nurturing, few rules or consequences for their children

question

Rejecting/Neglecting

answer

don't seem to care at all and cant be bothered with controlling, communicating, or teaching their children

question

Cliques

answer

relatively small, friendship based, more evident in middle childhood and early adolescence

question

Crowds

answer

less intimate, more loosely organized groups based on shard interest/activities/attitudes

question

Relational Aggression

answer

insults, gossip, exclusion, taunts. the intent is to harm social connections

question

Erickson believed that personality emerges from what?

answer

both inner and outer conflicts

question

Erickson's 8 stages of Development

answer

1. Trust vs. Mistrust 2. Autonomy vs. Doubt/Shame 3. imitative vs. guilt 4. industry vs. inferiority 5. identity vs. role confusion 6. intimacy vs. isolation 7. generativity vs. stagnation 8. ego integrity vs. despair

question

trust vs. mistrust

answer

feeding

question

autonomy vs. doubt/shame

answer

potty training

question

initiative vs. guilt

answer

independence

question

industry vs. inferiority

answer

school

question

identity vs. role confusion

answer

peer relations

question

intimacy vs. isolation

answer

love relationships

question

generativity vs. stagnation

answer

parenting/mentoring

question

ego integrity vs. despair

answer

reflection on and acceptance into ones life

question

Identity Achievement

answer

after exploring realistic options the individual has made a choice and is ready to explore that choice

question

Moratorium

answer

exploration with a delay in commitment to personal and occupational choices

question

Identity Diffusion

answer

individuals do not explore any options or commit to any actions

question

Academic Caring

answer

setting high but reasonable expectations and helping students reach those goals

question

Personal Caring

answer

patient, respectful, humorous, willing to listen, interested in others problems

question

Self Concept

answer

refers to our perceptions of ourselves, multi-dimensional. (boys=better at math/athletics, girls=reading/friendships)

question

James Marcias 4 theories of identity

answer

1. identity achievement 2. moratorium 3. identity foreclosure 4. identity diffusion

question

3 levels of moral reasoning

answer

1. pre conventional 2. conventional 3. post conventional

question

Pre conventional

answer

judgement is based on a persons own needs and perceptions

question

Conventional

answer

expectations of society and laws are taken into account

question

Post Conventional

answer

judgments are based on abstract, more personal principles of justice that are not necessarily defined by society's laws

Educational Psychology Exam 1 (Chapter 1-4) – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards