General Psychology: Cognition and Intelligence/Motivation and Emotion/Gender and Sex – Flashcards
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Define Cognition
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Higher mental processes, how we understand the world process information, make judgements, decisions, and communicate
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Define schema
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a framework that provides expectations about objects and situations
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What is an algorithm?
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a formula that guarantees an answer
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What are heuristics?
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guidelines for solving problems
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Generate and Test
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Considering all of the possible answers to a solution and trying them
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Hill climbing
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sticking to one possible answer to a solution, even if the answer is not sensible or right
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Work backwards
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thinking of the solution, how to get there, and then how to get there and so on
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Reason by analogy
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using the solutions and processes to previous problems to answer current ones
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Confirmation Bias
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accepting information that proves what you believe, and disregarding information that disproves what you believe
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Hindsight bias
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claiming that you knew the answer before it was said
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Availability heuristic
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developing a schema based on similar or recent events
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Base rate neglect
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ignoring potential consequences
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Representative heuristic
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using preset ideals to define a schema (stereotypes)
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Functional Fixedness
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not being able to find multiple functions for one object
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Divergent thinking
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Finding multiple ways to solve problems (creative thinking)
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Convergent thinking
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Using set singular ways to solve problems (logical thinking)
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Brainstorming
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quickly listing random ideas to find a plausible solution
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Define intelligence
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the capacity to understand the world, think rationally and use resources effectively when faced with challenges
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According to Gatton, what are the two characteristics of intelligence?
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It is quantifiable and normally distributed
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What did Binet and Simon create?
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The I.Q. test
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What is Spearman's theory of intelligence?
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g-factor language, math, spatial and analytical all make up general intelligence
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What is Sternberg's theory of intelligence?
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thiarctic theory 1. analytical 2. practical 3. creative
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What is Gardner's theory of intelligence?
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nine types 1. linguistic 2. logical - math 3. visuospatial 4. musical 5. bodily - kinesthetic 6. interpersonal 7. intrapersonal 8. naturalistic 9. existential
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Reliability
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consistency
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Validity
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accuracy
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Content Validity
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measures a specific domain
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Criterion - related Validiy
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measures of how it relates to another variable
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Cultural fair test
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strip out cultural bias
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Achievement test
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level of knowledge of a specific domain
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Aptitude test
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predicts ability in a particular area
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Standardization
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procedures in administration and scoring
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Norms
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a score relative to others
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There are overall differences that appear to differ in overall intelligence (T/F)
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False
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intelligence is not related to common sense (T/F)
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True
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giftedness
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having a high IQ (usually about 130) or special talents or abilities
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mild intellectual deficiency
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IQ between 55 and 69 and the ability to be independent
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moderate intellectual deficiency
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IQ between 40 and 55, may live in a group home
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severe intellectual deficiency
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IQ between 25 and 40 and difficulty in functioning independently
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profound intellectual deficiency
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IQ between 0 and 25 and an inability to function independently
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Causes of intellectual deficiency
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organic-genetics or brain damage cultural - familial-adverse sociocultural conditions
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hypothalamus
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regulates hunger, thirst, motivation, emotion, and sex
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motivation
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internal regulatory process of behavior
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three components of motivation
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direction: what should i do? intensity: how hard should i try? persistence: should i keep going?
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Instinct apporoach
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motivation for survival
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Drive-reduction approach
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drive to achieve hemeostasis
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Optimal arousal approach + Yerks-dodson law
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not wanting to be aroused too much or too little
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Cognitive approach to motivation
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intrinsic: internal motivation (love and want) extrinsic: external motivation (money and avoiding punishment)
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self determination
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competence relatedness autonomy
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Psychoanalytic approach
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motivation is unconscious and based on aggression and sex
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Humanistic approach to motivation
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motivated to achieve our maximum potential unless there are obstacles
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Maslow: Hierarchy of Needs
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self-actualization aesthetic cognitive esteem love and belonging safety psychological
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Physiological arousal (emotion)
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fight or flight/automatic nervous system
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James-Lange Theory of Emotion
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Emotional feelings follow bodily arousal and come from awareness of such arousal
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Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
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We have emotional feelings and bodily responses at the same time
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Schachter and Singer's Two Factor Theory of Emotion
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Emotions occur when a label is applied to general physical arousal
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Facial Feedback Hypothesis
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facial expression can influence emotions; in support of James-Lange
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Comparative Perspectives
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expression of emotions similar across cultures; display rules do vary across cultures
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Polygraph
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records heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, and skin response
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Order of polygraph questions
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Irrelevant: neutral Control: anxiety provoking Relevant: only guilty should react
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External Eating Cues
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external stimuli that tend to encourage hunger or elicit eating
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taste aversion
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active dislike for a particular food this is very difficult to overcome
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Anorexia Nervosa
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self-starvation or sustained loss of appetite
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Bulimia nervosa
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excessive eating, self-induced vomiting, and/or taking laxatives
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Sex
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Biological assignment to male or female
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Gender
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Psychosocial construct of male or female
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Gender Identity
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The gender that a person refers to themselves as
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Androgynous
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having both masculine and feminine traits
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Egalitarian
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genders are equal
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Instrumentality
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masculine traits
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Expressiveness
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feminine traits
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Disorders of Sexual Development (DSD)
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The development of the chromosomal, gonal, anatomical, or sex is atypical
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Transgender
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when a person's gender identity is not the same as the sex they were assigned at birth
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Gender dysphoria
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the "disorder" that transgender individuals are diagnosed with there has been controversy if transgender individuals should be diagnosed at all
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Sexual selection
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the differentiation between the male and female members of a species because of the differences between the two in competition and choice
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gender-nonconforming behavior
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Individual engaging in behavior that doe not line up with the social "norms" of their gender
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gender schema
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Mental framework for understanding what is considered appropriate behaviors for males in their culture
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social role theory
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Eagly's theory of gender development that acknowledges the physical differences between the sexes that have historically influenced different tasks performed by men and women; points out the ways that these differences color social expectations and create social structures that limit opportunities for both sexes
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gender roles
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roles that reflect the individual's expectation for how females and males should think, act, and feel
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gender stereotypes
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overly general beliefs and expectations about what women and men are like
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gender similarities hypothesis
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Hyde's proposition that men and women are much more similar than they are different
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Overt aggression
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physically or verbally harming another person directly
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rational aggression
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behavior that is meant to harm the social standing of another person
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sexual scripts
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patterns of expectancies for how people should behave sexually
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comprehensive sex education
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involves providing students with comprehensive knowledge about sexual behavior and protection
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abstinence-only education
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sexual behavior before marriage is harmful
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fetish
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an object or activity that arouses sexual interest and desire
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paraphilic disorders
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sexual disorders that feature recurrent sexually arousing fantasies, urges, or behaviors involving nonhuman objects; the suffering or humiliation of oneself or one's partner; or children or other nonconsenting individuals
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exhibitionistic disorder
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exposing one's genitals to a stranger
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fetishistic disorder
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using nonliving objects for sexual pleasure
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frotteuristic disorder
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touching and rubbing against a person who has not given consent
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pedophilic disorder
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sexual activity with a prepubescent child
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sexual masochism disorder
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acts is which the individual derives sexual excitement from being humiliated, beaten, bound, or otherwise made to suffer
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sexual sadism disorder
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acts in which the individual derives sexual excitement from the psychological or physical suffering of the victim
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transvestic disorder
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crossdressing by a man or woman that causes distress or interferes with daily functioning
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voyeuristic disorder
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observing unsuspecting individuals, usually strangers, who are naked or in the process of disrobing or engaging in sexual activity
