General Psychology Test Questions – Flashcards
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Year that Psychology Started
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1879
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"Father of Psychology"
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William Wundt~German psychologist who started the first psychology lab and conducted first experiment.
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Roots of Psychology
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1. Ancient Roots-Greeks 2. Physical Science Roots-Newton 3. Philosophical Roots 4. Biological Roots-William Harvey(blood circulation)
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"Psychoanalysis:" emphasized unconscious determinism.
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Sigmund Freud
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"Functionalism" : purpose and function of behavior. Father of AMERICAN psychology
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William James
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Behaviorism: emphasized learning and experience
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John Watson and B F Skinner
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Humanism: wholeness of human nature(people are basically good)
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Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers
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What does cognitive psychology emphasize?
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The PROCESS of knowing
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Definition of Psychology
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The science of behavior and mental processes.
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Biology is _______'s best friend
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Psychology
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Structuralism: elemental structures of the mind--ORGANIZATION.
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Edward Titchner
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Tools for Psychology Research
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1. Observation(gather data) 2. Self-Report(participation--not the most reliable)
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Settings for Research
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1. Laboratory 2. Field(natural setting and observation)
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Methods of Research
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1. Description 2. Correlation (DOES NOT SUPPORT CAUSE AND EFFECT) 3. Experimentation
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Description:
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summarizes observations and self-reports
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Correlation
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A statistical measure of relationship and prediction. (i.e. R= +.37 means that it is a positive correlation. The closer to 1 it is, the stronger the correlation.)
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What type of communication exists between axons?
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Electrical
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What kind of communication exists between neurons?
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Chemical
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What is a synapse?
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junction between neurons
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Have specific shapes; are chemical messengers between neurons. They open gates on receiving neurons.
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Neurotransmitters
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How do drugs work?
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They replace NTs--either agonists or antagonists
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What mimics neurotransmitters?
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Agonists
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What blocks neurotransmitters?
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Antagonists
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What is the most common NT? Used in muscle action and memory.
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Acetylcholine
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What is a major EXCITATORY neurotransmitter?
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Glutamate
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What is a major inhibitory NT?
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GABA
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What NT affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal?
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Serotonin
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What NT gives a pleasurable effect? Influences movement. Not enough causes Parkinson's Disease.
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Dopamine
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What NTs are the body's painkillers?
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Endorphins
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Is alcohol inhibitory or excitatory?
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INHIBITORY! Relaxing.
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What causes 34% of all fatal accidents, 60% of homicides, and is the second most used drug in the USA?
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Alcohol
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Neurological effects of alcohol?
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Affects production of dopamine, impaired judgment, loss of muscle coordination, GABA agonist and Glutamate antagonist.
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Effects according to BAC(Blood alcohol content): 0.03%-0.1%?
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Poor decisions, trouble with fine movement, ABOVE 0.08% considered DUI.
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0.1%-0.2% BAC, (2-3 drinks/hr)
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becomes sleepy, loses balance, slower response time.
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0.2%-0.3% BAC, (3-4 drinks/hr)
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confused, speech slurred, lower sensitivity to pain.
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0.3%-0.4% BAC, (4-5 drinks/hr)
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cannot stand
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0.4%-0.5% BAC, (more than 5 drinks/hr)
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loses consciousness, may die!
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Long Term Effects of Alcohol
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1. Liver Damage 2. Brain Damage 3. Stomach Ulcers 4. Increased blood pressure
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1st Woman President of the APA
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Mary Whiton Calkins
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1st woman to receive psychology PhD
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Margaret Floy Washburn
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If data is going the same direction on a graph, which type of correlation is it?
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Positive Correlation
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If data is going the opposite direction, which type of correlation is it?
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Negative Correlation
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The systematic manipulation of one or more factors while controlling the others.
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Experimentation
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What is the factor that is varied/the effect being studied called?
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Independent variable
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What is the recorded result/what is being measured called?
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Dependent Variable
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What is the group that is receiving the treatment(indep. var.) called?
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Control Group
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What is distortion by desired results referred to as?
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Expectation
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How do scientists eliminate Expectation?
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Double Blind Experiments
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Hindsight Bias
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rationalizing positive data after the fact
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Confirmation
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distortion by positive cases
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Self-Serving
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distortion by self image
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Definition of Worldview
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An all encompassing principle used to interpret the world.
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Psyche-
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soul, life
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-ology
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"study of"
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KEY IDEA
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Biology is a part of everything we do.
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Which country spends the most money on drugs?
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The USA
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Axons carry messages_____
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away
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Life support center, decides if the message is important enough to send on.
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Cell Body
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Receives messages
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Dendrites
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Covers the axons of some neurons and helps speed the neural impulses
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Myelin Sheaths
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Helps form junctions with other cells
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Terminal branches of axons
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A brief electrical charge that travels down an axon
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Action Potential
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Level of stimulation required to start a neural impulse
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Threshold
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Certain places in the brain have certain functions
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Localization
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Psychoactive Drugs
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"anything that alters mood or perception"
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Adrenal Glands release what?
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epinephrine and norepinephrine
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The most influential endocrine gland; regulates growth and is controlled by the hypothalamus
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Pituitary Gland
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Part of the brain that controls heartbeat and breathing
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Medulla
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Oldest part of the brain, involved with automatic movement
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Brainstem
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Part of the brain that receives information from all the senses except smell and routes it back to the brain
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Thalamus
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Network of neurons that extends from the the spinal cord all the way up to the Thalamus--acts as a filter and involved in waking up
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Reticular Formation
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Part of the brain that helps us judge time, control our emotions, recognize sound and textures. Aids in nonverbal learning and memory. Coordinates voluntary movement and balance.
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Cerebellum
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Limbic System
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A doughnut-shaped system of neural structures at the border of the brainstem and cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions such as fear and aggression and drives such as those for food and sex. Includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus.
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Hippocampus
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processes memory
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Amygdala
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influences aggression and fear
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Hypothalamus
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influences hunger, thirst, hormones, and reward centers in the brain.
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Cerebral Cortex
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The body's ultimate control and information processing center. It's the thinking crown of the brain.
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Consciousness
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"our awareness of ourselves and our environment."
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Selective attention
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our awareness focused
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Inattentional Blindness
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Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere
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Circadian Rhythm
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biological clock; regular bodily rhythms for sleep, wakefulness, and body temperature.
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Hallucinogens
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LSD, THC(Marijuana), PCP(Bath Salts)
