General Psychology Test 1 Test Questions – Flashcards
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Psychology
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Study of behavior and mental processes such as thought and emotion
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Dualism
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The idea tha tmind and body are quite different and separate
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Monism-Early Philosophers
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Democritus and Aristotle
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Dualism-Early Philosophers
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Pythagorus, Socrates, Plato and Rene Descartes
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Wilhem Wundt
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first psychologist, conducted first psychological experiment in 1879
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Functionalism
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Saw behavior as purposeful and contributing to survival
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Structuralism
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The mind is broken into the smallest elements of mental experience
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Gestalt Psychology-Max Wertheimer
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Study of the whole is greater than some of its parts, sensation and perception, interested in probelm solving and making patterns
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William James
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Functionalist-conciousness and present awareness, education and living
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Behaviorism
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features the study and careful measurement of observable behaviors.
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John B Watson
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founder of behaviorism, strong believer in the "blank state" approach of the earlier empiricist philosophers
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Ivan Pavlov
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Classical conditioning, Emotional responses associated with environmental cues. Realized his dogs could learn that certain signals meant food was on the way.
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B. F. Skinner
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Operant conditioning. Interested in the effects of consequences on how frequently behaviors were performed. Also interested in the effects of reward and punishment on future behavior
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Sigmund Freud
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Psychodynamic, Psychoanalysis, the unconcious mind, early childhood experiences, hypnosis, development of sexuality and dream analysis
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Humanism
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Freedom to choose own destiny. Saw people as inherently good and motivated to learn and improve.
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Carl Rogers
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Humanist, client-centered therapy
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Abraham Maslow
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Humanist, believed the pinnacle of motivation is the goal of "self-actualization" Motivational speaking
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Biological Perspective
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Investigates the connections between the mind, behavior, and the biological processes
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Evolutionary Perspective
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Asks how our evolutionary past continues to shape our behavior
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Cognitive Perspective
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Investigates mental processes including thinking, problem solving, and information processing.
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Social Perspective
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Asks how our behavior is affected by the presence of others.
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Developmental Perspective
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Investigates the normal changes in behavior that occur across the life span
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Clinical Perspective
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Explains defines and treats psychological disorders and promotes general well-being
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Individual Differences Perspective
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Recognizes that behavior varies around averages and that individual differences often interact with environments
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Psychological degrees-MD
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Psychiatrist
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Psychological degrees-PhD
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Psychologist, Research, Testing, University Teacher, Therapis, Business, Government, Education
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Psychological degrees-Master's Degree
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Social worker, Community College Teacher, Marriage and Family Counseling, Health and Education
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Five Steps of the Scientific Method-Step 1
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Perceive-ask a question
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Five Steps of the Scientific Method-Step 2
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Hypothesize-educated guess, prediction based on observations
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Five Steps of the Scientific Method-Step 3
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Test-test instrument
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Five Steps of the Scientific Method-Step 4
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Draw Conclutions-test results, data conclusion
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Five Steps of the Scientific Method-Step 5
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Report, Revise, Replicate
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Naturalistic Observation
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EX. Jane Goodall and living with the chimps. An in-depth study of a phenomenon in its natural setting
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Advantages to Naturalistic Observation
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first hand real life experience, realistic picture of behavior
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Disadvantage to Naturalistic Observation
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Each naturalistic setting is unique and observations may not hold
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Observer Effect
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tendency of people or animals to behave differently from normal when they know they are being observed
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Participant Observation
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A naturalistic observation in which the observer becomes a participant in the group being observed
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Observer Bias
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Tendency of observer to see what they expect to see
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Blind Observers
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People who do not know what the research question is
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Laboratory Observation
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Watching animals or humans behave in a laboratory setting. EX. sleep study
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Advantages to Laboratory Observation
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Observer has control over the environment. Allows use of specialized equipment.
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Disadvantages to Laboratory Observation
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Artificial situation that may reult in artificial behavior
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Case Study
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In-depth analysis of the behavior of one person or a small number of people
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Advantage to Case Study
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Tremendous amount of detail
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Disadvantage to Case Study
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limited generalizations, cannot apply to others, no group results
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Surveys
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A descriptive method in which participants are asked the same question
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Advantage to surveys
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provides large amounts of data quickly and in expensively
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Disadvantage to surveys
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requires a large representative sample. People wish to appear socially appropriate and may lie.
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Correlational Studies
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A measure of the direction and strength of the relationship between two variables. *DOES NOT PROVE CAUSATION!*
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Positive Correlation
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High levels of one variable are associated with the levels of another.
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Negative Correlation
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High levels of one vairable are associated with the low levels of the other
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Operational Definitions
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Narrowing down research. Can be directly measured.
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Independent Variable (IV)
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An experimental variable controlled and manipulated by the experimenter, the "if A happens" part of a hypothesis
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Dependent Variable (DV)
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Variable in an experiment that represents the measurable response or behavior of the subjects in the experiment.
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Experimental Group
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A group of participants that is exposed to the independent variable.
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Control Group
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A group that experiences all experimental procedures with the exception of exposure to the independent variable.
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Random Assignment
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The procedure in which each participant has an equal chance of being assiged to any group in an experiment
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Placebo Effect
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The phenomenon in which the expectations in the study can influence their behavior
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Single-blind study
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subjects do not know they are in the experimental or the control group.
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Experiment Effects
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Experimentor's expectations may unintentionally influence the results of the study.
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Double-blind Study
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Neither the experimenter nor the subject know if the subject is in the experimental or control group.
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Quasi-Experimental Design
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Not randomly assigned or put in groups.
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Ethical guidelines in research
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informed consent, rights as a participant, justification of deception (you got the placebo), participation, withdrawal, protection form and/or explanation of risks, participant debriefing, confidentiality
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Nervous System
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Carries information to and from the body
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Dendrite
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receives input from other neurons
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Axon
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responsible for carrying information to other neurons
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Soma (Cell Body)
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large central mass that contains the nucleus
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Myelin
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the insulating material covering some axons and protects them
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All or None
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neuron either fires completely or not at all. Can send messages up to 270 mph
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The Synapse
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A point of communication between two neurons.
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Electrical Impulse
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Communication within itself
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Chemical Impulse
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Communication between neurons
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Excitatory Neurotransmitter
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Causes receiving cell to fire
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Inhibitory Neurotransmitter
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Causes cell to stop firing
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Acetylcholine
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function: Movement, memory and autoomic nervouse system function
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Epinephrine
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Arousal
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Norepinephrine
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arousal, vigilence
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dopamine
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movement, planning, reward
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serotonin
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mood, appetite, sleep
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glutamate
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excitation of brain activity
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GABA
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inhibition of brain activity
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Endorphins
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pain
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Central Nervous System
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brain and spinal cord
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Sensory Neurons
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carry mesage from the senses to the CNS
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Motor Neurons
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cause movement from the CNS to the muscles
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Interneurons
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relay message to both sensory and motor neurons
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Peripheral Nervous System
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the nerves exiting the central nervous system that carry sensory and motor information to and from the rest of the body.
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Autonomic Nervous System
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the division of the peripheral nervous system that directs the activity of glands, organs and smooth muscles
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Parasympathetic
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associated with rest, repair and energy storage (Rest and Reset)
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Sympathetic
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Coordinates arousal (Fight or Flight)
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Pons
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brain structure responsibel for sleep, dreaming, and left- right body coordination and arousal
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Cerebellum
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brain structure that controls and coordinated involuntary, rapid, fine motor movement
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Medulla
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brain structure that is reponsible for life-sustaining functions such as breathing, swallowing and heart rate
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Reticular Formation
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brain structure for selective attention
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Limbic System
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brain structure for learning, emotion, memory and motivation
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Hypothalamus
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brain structure for motivational behavior such as sleep, hunger, thirst and sex
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Amygdala
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brain structure responsible for fear and anger responses and memory of long term fear
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Hippocampus
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brain structure responsible for formation of long-term memory, storage of memory for location of objects
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Thalamus
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brain structure responsible for relaying sensory information from the lower part of the brain to the proper areas of the cortex and processes some sensory information before sending it to its proper area
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Cortex
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brain structure responsible for higher thought processes and interpretation of sensory input
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Right Hemisphere
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controls emotional expression, spatial perception, recognition of faces, patterns, melodies, emotions, processes, information, globally, cannot speak
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Left Hemisphere
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controls language, writing, logical thought, analysis and mathematical abilities, processes information sequentially, can speak
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Corpus Callusom
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Bundle of fibers that connects the hemispheres
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Frontal Lobe
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Responsible for higher mental processes and decision making as well as the production of fluent speech
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Parietal Lobe
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Contains the centers for touch, taste and temperature
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Temporal Lobe
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Responsible for the sense of hearing and meaningful speech
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Occipital Lobe
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Contains the visual centers of the brain
