AP Psych Chapter 13 Social Psychology Vocab – Flashcards
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Attribution theory
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the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition
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Fundamental attribution error
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the tendency for observers, when analyzing others behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition
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Attitude
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feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events
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Peripheral route persuasion
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occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness
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Central route persuasion
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occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts
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Foot-in-the-door phenomenon
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the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request
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Role
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a set of expectations about a social position, defining how those in the position not to behave
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Cognitive dissonance theory
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the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent. For example, when we become aware that our attitudes and our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes
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Conformity
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adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard
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Normative social influence
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influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval
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Informational social influences
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influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others opinions about reality
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Social facilitation
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improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others
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Social loafing
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the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pulling their efforts towards attaining a common goal that when individually accountable
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Deindividuation
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the loss of self awareness and self restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
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Group polarization
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the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group
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Groupthink
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the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony and decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives
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Prejudice
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is an injustice viable attitude toward a group and its members. It generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and predisposition to discriminatory action
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Stereotype
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a generalized belief about a group of people
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Discrimination
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unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members
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Just-world phenomenon
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the tendency for people to believe the world is just that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get
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Ingroup
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"us" - people with whom we share a common identity
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Outgroup
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"them" - those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup
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Ingroup bias
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the tendency to favor our own group
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Scapegoat theory
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the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame
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Other-race effect
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the tendency to recall faces of one owns race more accurately than faces of another race. Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias
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Aggression
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any act intended to harm someone physically or emotionally
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Frustration-aggression principle
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the principle that frustration - the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal - creates anger, which can generate aggression
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Social script
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a culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations
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Passionate love
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an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship
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Compassionate love
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the deep affection attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
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Equity
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a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it
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Self-disclosure
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the act of revealing intimate aspects of oneself to another
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Altruism
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the unselfish regard for the welfare of others
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Bystander effect
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the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
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Social exchange theory
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the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs
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Reciprocity norm
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an expectation that people will help, not hurt those who have helped them
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Social-responsibility norm
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an expectation that people will help those needing their help
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Conflict
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a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas
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Social trap
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a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each pursuing their self-interest rather than good of the other group, become caught in mutually destructive behavior
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Mirror-image perceptions
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mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side season self as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive
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Self-fulfilling prophecy
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a belief that leads to his own fulfillment
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Superordinate goals
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shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation
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GRIT
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Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Eduction - a strategy designed to decrease international tensions
