question

scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to each other

answer

social psychology

question

core principles of social psychology

answer

1) we construct our own social reality 2) social intuition is very powerful and also dangerous (of being wrong)

question

are most people influenced by advertisement?

answer

yes

question

are we bad or good at predicting our feelings and actions?

answer

bad

question

we are too ____ at being optimistic about planning our future

answer

good

question

the best predictor of future behavior

answer

past behavior

question

do social influences shape our behavior?

answer

yes

question

how much of our waking time is spent in conversation?

answer

30%

question

T or F: social influences are not behind cruel (9/11) and nice (9/11 heroes) actions

answer

false

question

does social influence affect the standards of beauty and personality?

answer

yes

question

these 2 things shape our behavior

answer

personalities and attitudes

question

how is social behavior rooted?

answer

biologically

question

study of inherited behavior patterns

answer

ethology

question

who studied ethology

answer

Conrad Lorenz

question

T/F: the principles of social psychology is NOT applicable to the real world

answer

false

question

does social psychology help shape our values?

answer

yes

question

what are somethings social psychology help shape our values in?

answer

segregation, women, and inequality

question

def: our shared values and beliefs

answer

social representation

question

how we label things is another example of how social psychology shapes our values; true or false?

answer

true

question

2 beliefs/myths of social psychology

answer

1) social psychology documents the obvious 2) maybe social psychology is dangerous REALITY: it is neither

question

is social psychology common sense?

answer

no because we evoke common sense once we know about the topic at hand

question

"i knew it all along"// once we see the outcome, we know what happened

answer

heinsight bias

question

correlation is OR is not about prediction?

answer

is

question

does correlation mean one thing causes another?

answer

no

question

when are polls accurate?

answer

if they follow all the instructions

question

taking initiative to say you will do something // ex: organ donor

answer

opt-in

question

taking initiative to say you won't do something // ex: in some countries you have to say you won't be an organ donor

answer

opt-out

question

do people react based on the way certain things are phrased?

answer

yes

question

in social psychology, how much of studies deal with deception?

answer

1/3

question

these are important in social psychology experiments

answer

expectations

question

signs that tell the instructor what to expect from the experiment

answer

man characteristic

question

subtle cue that makes participants aware of what the experimenter expects to find or how participants are expected to behave

answer

demand characteristic

question

thinking that people are paying more attention to us than they actually are

answer

spotlight effect

question

belief that our emotions are easily sensed by others // not a true belief

answer

illusion of transparency

question

do we over or underestimate the impact of our social blunders we make?

answer

overestimate

question

what we know and believe about ourselves

answer

self-concept

question

beliefs about ourselves that organize and guide our perception and information processing that relates to us // ex: "bad things always happen to me" or "I always look good"

answer

self-schema

question

images of our future selves

answer

possible selves

question

when we compare ourselves to others

answer

social comparison

question

are we more comfortable when we think about associating with people who are "lesser" than we are?

answer

yes

question

when do we enjoy when others fail?

answer

when the outcome doesn't apply to us

question

does self-esteem feed success or does success feed self-esteem?

answer

success feeds self-esteem

question

labels do not go into self-concept; true or false?

answer

false

question

what is an example of labeling going into self-concept?

answer

children believe what we tell them // be careful what you say

question

not how others actually see us, but how we think others see us

answer

looking glass-self

question

which is used more? praise or criticism

answer

praise

question

we tend to think that others think more highly of us than they actually do; true or false?

answer

true

question

our culture gives more or less compliments than other cultures such as Japan?

answer

more

question

most people in this care about their own goals than group goals

answer

individualistic society

question

what is one of the most individualistic societies?

answer

United States

question

most people in this identify with a group

answer

collectivism society

question

we do or do not have a desire for uniqueness?

answer

do

question

uniqueness is another characteristic of what?

answer

individualism

question

we are often really good at predicting what influences our moods; true or false?

answer

false

question

we are really bad at predicting our own moods; true or false?

answer

true

question

our inability to predict how long it will take us to do something // we are too optimistic about this

answer

planning fallacy

question

are we good or bad at predicting our feelings?

answer

bad

question

we are good at predicting the success/failure of our own romantic relationships; true or false?

answer

fasle

question

who can perceive your relationships better than you can?

answer

your friends

question

general self-esteem does or doesn't affect your grades

answer

doesnt

question

how well you feel about taking a specific test

answer

academic self-esteem

question

when do children's self esteem build?

answer

when they achieve good things

question

do we want self-esteem to be specific or general?

answer

specific

question

overestimating the impact of an effect

answer

impact bias

question

T/F: comparison to others doesn't affect our self esteem

answer

false

question

are we more aware of the results of our thinking or the process of our thinking?

answer

results of our thinking

question

some attitudes are conscious and we control them (explicit) but some are unconscious and they control us (implicit)

answer

dual attitudes

question

sometimes friends and family can threaten self esteem; true or false?

answer

true

question

sometimes, does the success of our friends or strangers make us most uncomfortable?

answer

friends

question

should married couples have shared or identical goals?

answer

shared goals

question

do people with low or high self-esteem have more problems such as low income or abuse?

answer

low self-esteem

question

people who are promiscuous at a young have a low or high self esteem?

answer

high self-esteem

question

does the leader of the pack have a high or low self esteem?

answer

high self-esteem

question

consists of 3 things: machiavellianism, anti-social personality, and narcissism

answer

Dark Triad

question

when your only goal is gaining and keeping your own power

answer

machiavellianism

question

inflated ego and your purpose is to maintain it

answer

narcissism

question

what happens when you insult a narcissist?

answer

they wildly overreact and become aggressive

question

do narcissists have a high or low self esteem?

answer

high self-esteem because they believe everything good about themselves

question

if the self esteem of a narcissist is high are the more or less aggressive?

answer

more aggressive

question

what do narcissists lack?

answer

empathy (caring for others)

question

is narcissism increasing or decreasing in our society?

answer

increasing

question

do people with low self-esteem search for a good or bad partner?

answer

good partner

question

people with low self-esteem will often overestimate when their partner is falling short and this will often sabotage their own relationship

answer

true

question

you know what the right choice is but it takes effort to follow through // can be a good thing but it works like a muscle and must be exercised to make better but too much can be bad

answer

effortful self-control

question

your sense of confidence or how well you can handle something // important to instill in children

answer

self-efficacy

question

person who is given credit for coming up with Locus of Control

answer

Julian Rotter

question

some people have an external locus of control and an internal locus of control (external- not in our control // internal- in our control)

answer

Locus of Control

question

is success higher with internal or external locus of control?

answer

internal

question

T/F: the more choices someone is given the more satisfied they are

answer

false because too many choices makes us feel like were missing out

question

are people more or less satisfied with choices that can't be reversed?

answer

more satisfied

question

tendency to distort things and see ourselves more favorably

answer

self-serving bias

question

if something goes good we'll take credit for it but if it goes bad we blame it on someone else

answer

self-serving attributions

question

when do we own up to our problems?

answer

when they're in the distant past

question

we think that we see people the way they really are // we think others are bias

answer

bias blindspot

question

what percentage of people thought they were below average in getting along with others?

answer

0%

question

what percentage of people rated themselves in the top 10 when asked about getting along with others?

answer

60%

question

we don't really believe our self serving perceptions; true or false?

answer

false

question

unrealistically optimistic

answer

illusory optimism

question

the myth that says "nothing will happen"

answer

the adolescent invulnerability myth

question

we believe others have the same beliefs and attitudes as us // most likely to show up doing matters of opinion // "everyone does it"

answer

false consensus effect

question

pertains to more positive achievements // we think we are unique // not true

answer

false uniqueness effect

question

1) higher self-esteem 2) protects against depression

answer

positive effects of self serving bias

question

1) blame others for difficulty

answer

negative effects of self serving bias

question

what percentage of college faculty considered themselves superior to their colleagues?

answer

90%

question

"them vs. us" // downplaying the positives in the "other" group and exaggerating the importance of the negatives // present in racial bias

answer

group serving bias

question

when you do something that will be an excuse for future failure // makes future failure more likely to happen

answer

self-handicapping

question

trying to present a particular image of ourselves // usually positive // ex: Ronald Regan presented himself as a family man but in reality he wasn't

answer

impression management

question

want to create a favorable impression

answer

self-presentation

question

always adjusting the way we present ourselves to others // the self you know may not be the self you show

answer

self-monitoring

question

which are happier, low or high self monitors?

answer

low self monitors

question

what reality do we respond to?

answer

reality we construct

question

how do we respond to the reality we construct?

answer

1) how we perceive something 2) how we remember something 3)how we explain something 4) how we judge something 5) how we expect something

question

activating certain associations in memory // affects what will happen next

answer

priming

question

a lot of processing is automatic; true or false?

answer

true

question

what we think is going to happen // very influential

answer

preconceptions

question

when are preconceptions most important?

answer

when there are the most interpretations

question

is science objective or subjective?

answer

subjective

question

during regan's presidency, what percentage of Republicans believed that things got better?

answer

47%

question

during regan's presidency, what percentage of Democrats believed that things got worse?

answer

8%

question

what we say about other people has no correlation about how others think about us; true or false?

answer

false // what we say about others is what other people start to believe about us

question

we should always trust our intuition; true or false?

answer

false

question

once people have a certain belief it is almost impossible to get them to change it // reason why rumors happen

answer

belief perseverance

question

if we're going to try and change someone's mind, when should we do it?

answer

before they come to a conclusion

question

how do we counteract belief perseverance?

answer

make it a task to explain the opposite

question

memories are reconstructed; true or false?

answer

true

question

occurs when misleading information is incorporated into one's memory after an event

answer

misinformation effect

question

new inputs have no effect on existing memories; true or false?

answer

false

question

memories of our own attitudes change; true or false?

answer

true

question

what 3 things can we reconstruct our memories with?

answer

speed, magnitude, and certainty

question

tendency to remember events much more positive than they actually were

answer

rosy retrospection

question

something we trust more than we should // unconscious info

answer

intuition

question

why is intuitive management good?

answer

it helps us save time

question

mental concepts that guide our thinking // cognitive filter

answer

schemas

question

which reactions are instant? cognitive or emotional?

answer

emotional

question

which reactions are slower? cognitive or emotional?

answer

cognitive

question

when is our intuition most likely to be right? (ex: carskadon would get big words correct)

answer

when we know alot of info on the subject

question

info processing is neither explicit or implicit; true or false?

answer

false // it is both

question

is intuition automatic?

answer

yes

question

information coming into your brain that you don't know is there

answer

subliminal perception

question

most people are more unaware of our shortcomings than we should be

answer

overconfidence

question

being more confident than correct

answer

overconfidence phenomenon

question

where do we fall short of the overconfidence phenomenon?

answer

judging character and trusting people

question

shows up in our judgment of past events // overestimating our abilities

answer

intellectual conceit

question

the more competent you are the more correct you are

answer

false // more competent less correct

question

most people overestimate their skill level

answer

true

question

how many times as likely its someone to guess your intelligence just by watching you?

answer

3x

question

what percent of the time are students confident in their behavior?

answer

84%

question

are we more confident in short term things or things further in the future?

answer

further in the future

question

we shouldn't worry about a cooling period when making a commitment

answer

fasle

question

the other person thinks theyre getting the best deal getting the better deal but in reality, someone will lose

answer

stockbroker overconfidence

question

people in this position don't learn from experience // "we were almost right last time"

answer

political overconfidence

question

people only test what they have in mind

answer

conformation bias

question

people will look for partners who share the view of themselves // if you think negatively about yourself you'll find someone else who does too

answer

true

question

how to reduce overconfidence

answer

1) prompt feedback 2) unpacking tasks (breaking down tasks) 3) explain the opposite

question

thinking strategies that enable quick and efficient judgements

answer

heuristics

question

presume that something or someone belongs to a group just because they resemble a member of that group

answer

representativeness heuristics

question

judging the likelihood of something based on your memory // vivid mental images

answer

availability heuristic

question

an example of availability heuristic

answer

aircraft travel vs. car travel

question

when we worry about big unlikely problems and forget about the everyday mundane worries

answer

probability neglect

question

imagining alternative scenarios and outcomes that might have happen but didn't // we put too much thinking into what might have been // "if only..."

answer

counterfactual thinking

question

when we perceive a relationship when there isn't one or when we think a relationship is stronger than it really is // we get into this because we remember the goof times and don't think about the bad

answer

illusory correlation

question

when we have this fantasy that we can control a situation, more than we actually can realize

answer

illusion of control

question

will people bet more or less money if they get to roll the dice themselves?

answer

more

question

the tendency for extreme events to be followed by less extreme events // extravagant followed by normal

answer

regression towards the mean

question

best illustration of regression towards the mean // if an athlete is on the cover of Sports Illustrated, their performance will drop // partially true

answer

sports illustrated curse

question

trying to explain others behavior

answer

attribution

question

came up with the attribution theory

answer

Fritz Heider

question

what you did based on personality

answer

dispositional attributions

question

what you did based on your situation

answer

situational attributions

question

rapidly making a judgment about someone's character // we think we know someone very fast // happens often and repeatedly // takes place in 1/10 of 1 second

answer

spontaneous trait inference

question

we hardly spend any time trying to figure out others behavior; true or false?

answer

false

question

when we think we have a reason or explanation why someone is doing something, what do we not realize?

answer

the alternatives

question

when do we look at alternatives for explaining someone's behavior?

answer

when there is no explanation

question

an example of this is when celebrities advertise a product and you believe it works because of them selling it

answer

fundamental attribution error

question

which is more likely to display the fundamental attrition error, dumb or smart people?

answer

smart people

question

when we look at our own actions we think we did them because of the situation but when we see others actions we assume they're stupid

answer

actor/observer bias

question

when giving a testimony, the jury is more likely to believe the confession/testimony if the camera is on the person giving the testimony face

answer

camera perspective bias

question

the fundamental attribution error stays the same over time; true or false?

answer

false // it diminishes over time

question

which culture is most likely to display the fundamental attribution error?

answer

western cultures because they're si individualistic

question

people who commit the fundamental attribution error are most judgmental; true or false?

answer

true

question

these people need to be careful about not letting their expectations of what they want to happen slip into the experiment

answer

experimenter bias

question

the phenomenon whereby higher expectations lead to an increase in performance

answer

Rosenthal Effect

question

controversial study because it was only found once in most cases // 40% success rate, 60% fail rate

answer

Rosenthal Study

question

by predicting something you make it more likely to come true

answer

self-fulfilling prophecy

question

expectations are especially powerful with who?

answer

teacher who teach young children

question

if we expect someone to be hostile, they will prove us wrong and be nice; true or false?

answer

false

question

people who idealize their relationships get better results; true or false?

answer

true

question

when you question if your significant other loved you, it can lead to what?

answer

hostility

question

form of self-fulfilling prophecy // your expectations of others and your own behavior towards them will lead them to act the way you expected them to

answer

behavioral conformation

Dr. Carskadon Social Psychology Exam 1 – Flashcards

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