Aspects of the Korean Language (Exam 1) – Flashcards
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The 5 Systems of Korean Romanization
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1. ISO TR 2. National System of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea 3. National System of the Republic of Korea 4. McCune-Reischauer System 5. Yale System of Romanization
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McCune-Reischauer System
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Apostrophes for breaths Markings for short vowels /r/ in place of /l/
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Yale System of Romanization
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/l/ in place of /r/ "u" in place of "eu"
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English Korean Ministry of Tourism
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Most recent/contemporary /r/ in place of /l/ "eu" in place of "u"
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Korean Alphabet (S. Korean)
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νκΈ
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Korean Alphabet (N. Korean)
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μ‘°μ κΈ
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Inventor of the Korean Alphabet
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King Sejong the Great (μΈμ’
λμ)
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Controversies of the Korean Language
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1. μ§νμ scholars invented νκΈ? 2. Inspired by lattice patterns? 3. Chinese character based? 4. H'Pagspa script based?
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Original Name of the Korean Alphabet
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νλ―Όμ μ, "correct sounds for the instruction of the people"
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Vulgar Letters
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μΈλ¬Έ
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National Letters
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κ΅λ¬Έ
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Big Letters
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νκΈ
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νλ―Όμ μν΄λ‘
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Explanations and examples of "νλ―Όμ μ"
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Proclamation Date of Alphabet
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1446 (though made in 1443)
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Characteristics lost from the Original Alphabet
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1. 4 letters 2. Tone (indicated by dots except w/ obstruent ending) 3. Pitch 4. Accent markers
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Regarding Shapes in the Alphabet
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The letters, consonants in particular, are designed to represent various characteristics of the sound system. Speech organs (place of articulations): tongue, teeth, mouth
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The 5 Categories of Korean Consonants
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1. Labial/Bilabial 2. Lingual/Alveolar 3. Dental 4. Molar/Velar 5. Glottal/Laryngeal
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Labial/Bilabial
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(lips) γ
γ
γ
(γ
)
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Lingual/Alveolar
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(tongue) γ΄γ·γΉ(γΈ)
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Dental
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(teeth) γ
γ
γ
(γ
γ
)
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Molar/Velar
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(soft palate) γ±γ
(γ²)
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Glottal/Laryngeal
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(throat) γ
γ
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Effect of "Adding Strokes" to Consonants
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Aspiration or tension is added to obstruents with the addition of strokes
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Consonant NEVER in Syllable-Initial Position
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γ
/ng/
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Original Form of a Short Stroke
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A dot
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Shape of Dark/Yin Vowels
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Has dots below a horizontal line or on the left side of a vertical line. γ
γ
γ
γ
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Shape of Bright/Yang Vowels
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Has dots above a horizontal line or on the right side of a vertical line γ
γ
γ
γ
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Two reasons for why the "dot" disappeared
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1. Ease of calligraphy by brush 2. Sound of "dot" disappeared
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All complex vowels satisfy _____ _______.
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Vowel Harmony
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The 3 Principles of Writing Syllables
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1. consonant + vowel + consonant 2. positions for initial consonant and vowel must be filled 3. top to bottom, left to right
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Morpheme
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A phonetic form that does not change, stays the same Example: κ°
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Changes in writing direction, spacing and punctuation
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Sentences were once* written vertically from the top right corner. Since λ
립μ λ¬Έ, spaces were adopted. Since νκΈλ§μΆ€λ²ν΅μΌμ, punctuation marks were used. *Sentences are now written horizontally from left to right.
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Paleolithic Period
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30,000 BC
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Neolithic Period
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6000 BC
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Bronze Age
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1200 BC
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κ³ μ‘°μ (Ancient Cosen)
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2333 BC
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κ³ κ΅¬λ €
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37 BC ~ 668 AD
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λ°±μ
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18 BC ~ 660 AD
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μ λΌ
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57 BC ~ 935 AD
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κ³ λ €
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918~1392 AD
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μ‘°μ
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1392 ~ 1920 AD
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Prehistoric Korean: Old Korean
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1st BC~9th Century
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Prehistoric Korean: Early Middle Korean
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10th ~14th Century
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Prehistoric Korean: Late Middle Korean
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15th ~16th Century
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Modern Korean
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17th~19th Century
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Contemporary Korean
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20th Century
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Prehistoric Korean
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Voiced stop consonants Loss of word-final vowels
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Old Korean: 1st BC ~ 9th C
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μ λΌ language -aspirated sounds -no tense sounds yet - syllable-final consonants were released - two liquids: /r/ and /l/ used to distinguish meanings - word-final Chinese sounds /t/ changed to /l/ - case markers existed - relative/modifying clause markers existed - honorific system existed - influx of Chinese character, or Sino-, words
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Early Middle Korean: 10th ~ 14th C
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- appearance of voiced obstruents - development of tensed consonants - maintenance of seven vowel system - not too much difference from Old Korean
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Late Middle Korean: 15th ~ 16th C
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β’ three way (lax, aspirated, tensed) obstruent contrast β’ three way (bright, dark, neutral) vowel system β’ strict vowel harmony β’ consonants clusters were pronounced as written β’ loss of voiced obstruents β’ unrelease of syllable-final consonants β’ no palatalization yet β’ tones β’ appearance of subject marker -κ° β’ more complex grammar
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Modern Korean: 17th ~ 19th C
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β’ After the seven year Japanese invasion, or Imjin War β’ word-initial consonant clusters changed to tensed consonants β’ vowel ' β’ ' disappeared β’ diphthongs/triphthongs reduced to monophthongs/diphthongs β’ vowel harmony started to break down β’ umlaut started: non-front vowels became fronted β’ palatalization started β’ word-initial /n/ was deleted before i/j β’ minor changed in syntax/grammar
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Contemporary Korean: 20th C
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β’ Japanese occupation Japan annexed Korea in 1910. After 1931 Korean language was not allowed in Korea β’ foreign, English language, influence β’ influence of mass media and mass communication
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Reasons for lack of genetic affiliation evidence
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1. little authentic documentation 2. irretrievably lost earlier vocab 3. replacement of native words by Chinese loan words
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Altaic/Altaic languages
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Turkic, Mongolian, Manchu-Tungus
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Features shared b/w Korean and Altaic
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1. Word Order (SOV) 2. Agglutinative language 3. Vowel harmony 4. Lack of word-initial liquid sounds (no /r/ or /l/) 5. Sound symbolic expressions
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Dravidian language
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Languages used in India
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Features shared b/w Korean and Dravidian
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408 putative cognates, 60 phonological correspondence pairs
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Agglutinative Language
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A language in which words are created by 'gluing' to the word stem
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Similarities b/w Korean and Japanese
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Words/Morpheme/Sounds Syntax Semantics (meanings)
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Contrasts b/w Korean and Japanese
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Lack/incompleteness of available evidence Some comparisons are not systematically correspondent Not realistic ancient forms of the 2 languages Based on modern/late premodern forms Some compared pairs are Chinese borrowings
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Phoneme
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Smallest abstract sound unit that distinguishes meanings of words (often represented in / /)
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Consonants
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Sounds made with complete closure or constriction in the vocal tract /γ±, γ΄, γ·, γΉ, γ
, γ
, γ
, γ
, γ
, γ
, γ
, γ
, γ
, γ
, γ², γΈ, γ
, γ
, γ
/
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Obstruent
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Consonant made by obstruction of the airstream, such as fricatives or stops /γ±, γ·, γ
, γ
, γ
, γ
, γ
, γ
, γ
, γ
, γ², γΈ, γ
, γ
, γ
/ /b, p, d, t, s, v, f, z...../
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Stop
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Obstruent made by complete closure of the vocal tract /γ±, γ·, γ
, γ
, γ
, γ
, γ², γΈ, γ
, (γ
, γ
, γ
)/ /b, p, d, t, g, k, (Κ§, Κ€)/
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Affricate
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Stop + Fricative /γ
, γ
, γ
/
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Fricative
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Obstruent made by narrowing vocal tract /γ
, γ
, γ
/ /f, v, h, s, z, ΞΈ, Γ°, Κ, Κ/
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Sonorant
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Sound made by no or almost no obstruction through the mouth or nose /γ΄, γΉ, γ
, γ
/ /n, m, l, Ε, r, j, w/
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Nasal
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Sound made by air flow through the nose /γ΄, γ
, γ
/ /n, m, Ε/
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Liquid
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Sonorants that include laterals /l/ and rhotics /r/ /γΉ/ /l, r/
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Voice Sound
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Sound made by closing of vocal cords, which causes vocal cords' vibrations Includes Korean sonorants and vowels and English voiced obstruents, sonorants, and vowels
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Voiceless Sound
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Sound made by opening the vocal cords, which does not cause vibration of vocal chords Korean: obstruents English: voiceless obstruents
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Lax (plain) Consonants (obstruents)
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Obstruents that are gently articulated (considered voiceless still) with the vocal chords slightly open /γ
, γ·, γ±, γ
, γ
, γ
/ English n/a
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Tense Consonants
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Obstruents that are produced by tightly constricting the vocal chords /γ², γΈ, γ
, γ
, γ
, / English n/a
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Aspirated Consonant
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Obstruents that are produced by widely opening the vocal chords and with a strong puff of air /γ
, γ
, γ
, γ
/ /p, t, k, f, s, ΞΈ, Κ, Κ§/
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Vowel
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Resonant and syllabic sound produced with less obstruction in the vocal tract /γ
, γ
, γ
, γ
, γ
‘, γ
£.... / / a,e,i,o,u...y /
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Glide (semi-glide)
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Vowel like sound that cannot form a syllable nucleus by itself, usually forms a diphthong with a vowel γ
, γ
, γ
, γ
, γ
, γ
... /w,j/
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On-glide
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Glide that comes before a vowel γ
, γ
, γ
, γ
, γ
, γ
/w,j/
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Off-glide
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Glide that comes after a vowel /γ
’/ /w, j/
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Onset
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Part of a syllable that precedes the nucleus (vowel), or a consonant that starts a syllable /γ
/ and /γΉ/ from 'λ°λ½' /b/ and /r/ from 'Barack'
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Coda
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Part of a syllable that follows the nucleus (vowel), or a consonant that ends a syllable /γ±/ from 'λ°λ½' /k/ from 'Barack'
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Resyllabification
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Phonological phenomenon that a coda of a preceding syllable is pronounced as an onset of the following syllable
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Prosody (supra-segmental feature)
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Rhythmic and intonational aspects that determine the meaning of a unit (larger than a word) Pitch (tone, accent), loudness, length, pause etc.
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Tone
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Pitch movement within a word (high, low)
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Accent/Stress
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Prominence (strong, weak) Intonation: sentence level
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Standard Korean
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Contemporary Seoul dialects that are used by educated people νμ€λ§, νμ€μ΄
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North Korea Culture Language
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λ¬Ένμ΄
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Sound Symbolism
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beyond sound-imitation smell, taste, color, size, mood, movement, shape, vividness, expressiveness, vitality
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Sonority scale/hierarchy
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Least sonorant/ strongest Most sonorant/ weakest Voiceless stops Voiced stops Voiceless fricatives Voiced fricatives Nasals Liquid Glides High vowels Low vowels
