Latin – Grammar – Flashcards
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Regular Latin verbs have how many Principal Parts?
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4
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What is the First Principal Part of a verb?
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Present Tense First person, Singular (ex: voco = I call)
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What is the Second Principal Part of a verb?
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Present Tense Active Infinitive, contains the Present Stem *In regular verbs, always ends in "-re" (ex: vocare = to call)
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What can you tell by looking at the ending of the Second Principal Part?
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Which Conjugation the verb is.
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How do you identify a verbs CONJUGATION?
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"-?re" = 1st "-?re" = 2nd (present 1st per sin -eo) "-ere" = 3rd (present 1st per sin -o) "-ere" = 3rd IO (present 1st per sin -io) "-?re"= 4th
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What is the Third Principal Part?
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Perfect Tense, First person, Singular ex: vocavi = I called
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What is the Fourth Principal Part?
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Perfect Passive Participle ex: vocatus = having been called or called
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What are cases?
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Endings of Nouns
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What do cases do?
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Reveal the grammatical function of nouns
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What is the subject case?
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nominative
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What is the possessive case?
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genitive
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What is the indirect object case?
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dative
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What is the direct object case?
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accusative
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What is declension?
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Type of Noun (1-5)
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How many declensions are there?
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5
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How do you identify a noun's declension?
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Genitive Singular Form (second listing in dictionary)
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What is the genitive singular ending of the 1st declension?
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-ae
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What is the genitive singular ending of the 2nd declension?
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-i
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What is the genitive singular ending of the 3rd declension?
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-is
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What is the genitive singular ending of the 4th declension?
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-us
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What is the genitive singular ending of the 5th declension?
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-ei
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What does the ending of a noun reveal?
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Case and Number
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How do you know a noun's gender?
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The dictionary entry
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Why is gender important in Latin?
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Different genders use different endings
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Where do you find the stem of a noun?
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Remove the ending from the genitive singular form
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What are the singular endings for the 1st declension?
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-a,-ae, -ae, -am, ?,
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What are the plural endings for the 1st declension?
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-ae, -?rum, -?s, -?s, -?s
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What are the singular endings for the 2nd declension masculine?
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-us, -?, -?, um, -?
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What are the plural endings for the 2nd declension masculine?
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-?, -?rum, ?s, ?s, -?s
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What are the singular endings for the 2nd declension neuter?
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-um, -?, -?, -um, -?
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What are the plural endings for the 2nd declension neuter?
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-a, -?rum, -?s, -?, ?s
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What is the "neuter rule"?
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Nominative and Accusative endings are the same
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What are the singular endings for the 3rd declension masculine and feminine?
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-(varies), -is, -?, em, -e
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What are the plural endings for the 3rd declension masculine and feminine?
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-?s, -um, -ibus, -?s, ibus
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What are the singular endings for the 3rd declension neuter?
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-(varies), -is, -?,-(varies), -e
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What are the plural endings for the 3rd declension neuter?
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-a, -um, -ibus, -a, ibus
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What are the singular endings for the 3rd declension I-STEM masculine and feminine?
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-(varies), -is, -?, em, -e
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What are the plural endings for the 3rd declension I-STEM masculine and feminine?
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-?s, -ium, -ibus, -?s/-?s, ibus
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What are the singular endings for the 3rd declension I-STEM neuter?
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-(varies), -is, -?,-(varies), -?
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What are the plural endings for the 3rd declension I-STEM neuter?
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-ia, -ium, -ibus, -ia, -ibus
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What are the singular endings for the 4th declension masculine?
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-us, -?s, -u?, um, -?
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What are the plural endings for the 4th declension masculine?
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-?s, -uum, -ibus, -?s, -ibus
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What are the singular endings for the 4th declension neuter?
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-?, -?s, -?, -?, -?
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What are the plural endings for the 4th declension neuter?
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-ua, -uum, -ibus, -ua, ibus
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What are the singular endings for the 5th declension?
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-?s, -e?, -e?, -em, -?
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What are the plural endings for the 5th declension?
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-?s, -?rum, -?bus, ?s, -?bus
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A group of Latin nouns is called a
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Declension
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The two steps to decline a noun are:
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Find the stem. Add the proper ending.
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What information does the ending of a noun give us?
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Its sentence function and number
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What tells us the declension of a noun?
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Genitive Singular Ending
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Nouns whose genitive singluar end in -ae belong to which declension?
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1st
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Decline terra
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terra, terrae, terrae, terram, terr?, terrae, terr?rum, terr?s, terr?s, terr?s
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1st declension nouns are mostly what gender?
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Feminine
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What are the exceptions to the 1st declension gender rule?
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poeta, pirata, agricola, athleta, auriga, incola, nauta, scriba
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Nouns have what 4 properties?
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Gender, Number, Case, Declension
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What are the 7 Latin cases?
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nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, ablative, vocative, locative
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What 2 forms of a Noun should we memorize?
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Nominative Singular, Genitive Singular
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What are the functions of the nominative case?
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Subject and Predicate Noun
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A predicate noun is in what case?
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Nominative
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All verbs whose present infinitive active ends in -?re belong to:
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The Second Conjugation.
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The declension of Latin nouns include:
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Gender, Number, Case, Declension
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Define dative case:
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the case of the Indirect Object; the 'to' or 'for' case.
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Define ablative case:
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the 'by-with-from' case [used frequently with prepositions]
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Define vocative case:
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the case of the person addressed
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What is a Declension?
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Declension consists in adding the proper ENDINGS to the STEM to show the different genders, numbers and cases.
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What is a STEM?
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The STEM is found by dropping the ENDING of the GENITIVE SINGULAR.
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Vocative Feminine 1st Declension Singular
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-a
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Vocative Feminine 1st Declension Plural
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-ae
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Vocative Masculine 2nd Declension Singular
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-e/-r *use ending "-e" when it's usually "-us", use "-r" when it was already "-r")
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Vocative Masculine 2nd Declension Plural
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-i
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Vocative 3rd Declension Plural (Both Genders)
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-es
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Definition of Vocative
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Use when addressing someone
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How to spot the Vocative case
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Direct quote, Set off commas
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Dative
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"to" or "for"
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Accusative
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direct object or object of some prepositions
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ad
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towards (w acc)
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ante
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before (w acc)
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circum
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around (w acc)
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in (plus acc)
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into; onto
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inter
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between, among (w acc)
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per
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through (w acc)
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post
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after (w acc)
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prope
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near (w acc)
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trans
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across (w acc)
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ab
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from (w abl)
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cum
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with (w abl),
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de
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from; about (w abl)
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ex
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out of (w abl)
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in (plus abl)
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in; on
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sine
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without (w abl)
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sub
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under (w abl)
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ego
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I (nom)
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mihi
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to/for me (dat)
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me
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me (acc),
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tu
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you (nom)
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tibi
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to/for you (dat)
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te
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you (acc),
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nos
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we/us (nom or acc)
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nobis
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to/for us (dat)
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vos
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y'all (nom or acc)
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vobis
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to/for y'all (dat)
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quis
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who?
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quid
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what?
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quot
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how many?
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bene
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well
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male
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badly
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hodie
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today
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semper
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always
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cur
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why
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ubi
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where; when
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aut
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or
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et
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and
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quod
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because
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sed
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but
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-ne
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(attaches to the end of a word to show that a question is coming
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es
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I am
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est
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h/s/i is
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sumus
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we are
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estis
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y'all are
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sunt
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they are
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eram
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I was
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eras
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you were
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erat
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h/s/i was
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eramus
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we were
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eratis
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y'all were
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erant
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they were
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esse
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to be
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et cetera
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and others
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What tenses use the perfect stem?
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Perfect, Pluperfect, Future Perfect
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What are the personal endings for the perfect tense, active voice?
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-i, -isti, -it, -imus, -istis, -erunt
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What are the personal endings for the pluperfect tense, active voice?
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-eram, -eras, -erat, -eramus, -eratis, -erant
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Where do you find the perfect stem?
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3rd principal part
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Where do you find the present stem?
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2nd principal part
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What is the conjugation for "-are" verbs?
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1st
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What is the conjugation for "-ire" verbs?
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4th
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What are the conjugations for "-ere" verbs?
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2nd, 3rd and 3rd-io
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What is "voice"?
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whether the subject is acting or being acted upon
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What are examples of "voice"?
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active and passive
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What are examples of "mood"?
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indicative, infinitive and imperative
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What is "conjugation"?
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verb type
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What is "stem"?
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basic foundation of verb
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What does the dictionary entry of a verb reveal?
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verb conjugation and stems
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What are the personal endings for the present tense, active voice?
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-o/m, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt
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What are the personal endings for the imperfect tense, active voice?
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-bam, -bas, -bat, -bamus, -batis, -bant
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What are the personal endings for the future perfect tense, active voice?
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-ero, -eris, -erit, -erimus, -eritis, erint
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What is the nmemonic device used to remember the two sets of future tense, active voice endings?
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-bo, -bi, -bu in 1 and 2, -a and -e in 4 and 3
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For what is the 1st principal part used?
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to distinquish between the 3rd and 3rd-io verbs
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For what is the 2nd principal part used?
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to identify the conjugation and as the basis of the present, imperfect and future active and passive forms
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For what is the 3rd principal part used?
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as the basis of the perfect, pluperfect and future perfect ACTIVE forms
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For what is the 4th principal part used?
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as the basis of the perfect , pluperfect and future perfect PASSIVE forms
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What are the components of the dictionary entry of verbs?
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principal parts and definition
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What is the term for commanded action?
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imperative
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What is the term for factual action with a specific subject?
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indicative
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What is the term for generalized action without a specific subject?
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infinitive
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What are some English tense signs for the pluperfect tense?
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"had" + -ed
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What are some English tense signs for the future perfect tense?
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"will have" + -ed
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What are the stem vowels for all the conjugations?
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1st: -a 2nd: -? 3rd: -e 3rd-io: -e 4th: -i
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How do you help to determine the subject of a verb?
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look at the verb ending
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active personal endings
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-o/-m, -s,-t, -mus, -tis, -nt
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What does the subject of an active verb do?
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performs some action
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What happens to the subject of a passive verb?
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receives some action
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passive personal endings
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-r,-ris,-tur,-mur -mini,-ntur
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What are stem vowels?
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vowels attached to the end of the stem before adding endings
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present active
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I walk, am walking, do walk,
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imperfect active
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I was walking, kept walking, used to walk
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future active
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I will walk
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perfect active
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I walked, have walked, did walk
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pluperfect active
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I had walked
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future perfect active
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I will have walked
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present passive
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I am walked, am being walked
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imperfect passive
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I was being walked, kept being walked, used to be walked
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future passive
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I will be walked
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perfect passive
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I was walked, I have been walked
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pluperfect passive
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I had been walked
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future perfect passive
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I will have been walked
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present stem
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use 2nd principal part and cut off the -re
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Building present passive indicative
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present stem + present passive endings
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Building imperfect active indicative
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present stem + imperfect active endings
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imperfect active indicative endings
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-bam, -bas, -bat, -bamus, -batis, -bant
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Building imperfect passive indicative
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present stem + imperfect passive endings
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Mnemonic device for the future tense
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"-bo", "-bi", "-bu" in 1 and 2, "-a" and "-e" in 4 and 3
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Building the future active indicative
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present stem + future active endings
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1st and 2nd conj. future active endings
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-bo, -bis, bit, -bimus, bitis, -bunt
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3rd, 3rd-IO and 4th conj. future active endings
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-am, -es, -et, -emus, -etis, -ent
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Building the future passive indicative
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present stem + future passive endings
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1st and 2nd conj. future passive endings
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-bor, -beris, -bitur, -bimur, -bimini, -buntur
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3rd, 3rd-IO and 4th conj. future passive endings
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-ar, -eris, -etur, -emur, -emini, -entur
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synopsis
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To convert an English verb into Latin in a specific person and number in all 6 tenses and active and passive voices
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To find the stem of a noun...?
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drop the genitive singular endings (In a dictionary definition, the genitive singular is always listed second)
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The nominative case is used for... (golden rule)
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subjects, predicate nominatives, predicate adjectives
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The genitive case is used for ...
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Possession
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The dative case is used for...
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Indirect object
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The accusative case is used for...
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Direct object and objects of certain prepositions (ad, ante, circum, contro, inter, ob, per, post, super, trans)
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The ablative case is used for...
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Object of the preposition
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A subject... (golden rule)
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performs the action
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A predicate nominative... (golden rule)
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renames the subject
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A predicate adjective... (golden rule)
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describes the subject
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The dative is always a... (golden rule)
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person
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The ablative of means...
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1. Shows the means or instrument by which something is done. 2. Is always a thing, never a person.
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The ablative of manner...
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With the preposition cum, the ablative shows the manner in which something is done
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The ablative of agent...
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1. In a passive voice sentence, the doer of the action is the ablative of agent. 2. ab is the preposition that means by
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The ablative of accompaniment...
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shows "with whom" after the preposition cum.
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place from which... (ablative)
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with prepositions e/ex, a/ab, de
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place where... (ablative)
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with preposition in meaning "in" or "on"
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Absolute ablative
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1. Grammatically separate from the rest of the sentence 2. Usually has a noun and a perfect passive participle in the ablative. 3. Can be just a noun or pronoun in the ablative.
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A genitive must... (golden rule)
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follow its noun
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A genitive is translated... (golden rule)
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"of"
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a dative is translated... (golden rule)
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"to" or "for"
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a dative is used with verbs... (golden rule)
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give, show, tell, entrust
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for neuters, the nominative equals (golden rule)
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accusative
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for neuters remember (golden rule)
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-um and -a
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Give the present tense endings for the present system active of the 3rd conjugation.
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o, is, it, imus, itis, unt
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Give the imperfect tense endings for the present system active of the 3rd conjugation.
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ebam, ebas, ebat, ebamus, ebatis, ebant
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Give the futuret tense endings for the present system active of the 3rd conjugation.
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am, es, et, emus, etis, ent
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Give the present tense endings for the present system active of the 4th and 3rd io conjugation.
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o, s, t, mus, tis, unt
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Give the imperfect tense endings for the present system active of the 4th and 3rd io conjugation.
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ebam, ebas, ebat, ebamus, ebatis, ebant
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Give the future tense endings for the present system active of the 4th and 3rd io conjugation.
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am, es, et, emus, etis, ent
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Give the present tense endings for the present system passive of the 4th and 3rd io conjugation
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or, ris, tur, mur, mini, ntur
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Give the imperfect tense endings for the present system passive of the 4th and 3rd io conjugation.
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ebar, ebaris, ebatur, ebamur, ebamini, ebantur
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Give the future tense endings for the present system passive of the 4th and 3rd io conjugation.
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ar, eris, etur, emur, emini, entur
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who? what? which?
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interrogative pronouns used to ask a question
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who, which, that
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relative pronouns used to join an antecedent to a dependent clause
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this, that, these, those
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demonstrative pronouns which point out specific persons or things
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predicate
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the part of a sentence which says something about the subject
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parts of speech
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nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, interjections
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adjectives
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words used to describe or to limit a noun or a pronoun
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descriptive adjectives
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these indicate some distinguishing quality or feature of a noun
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limiting adjectives
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these can be definite or indefinite articles (the/a, an), numbers, or possessives (my, your etc.)
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interrogative pronouns
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What are you doing? Who do you think you are?
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demonstrative pronouns
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That car is too expensive. I will eat this cookie.
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descriptive adjective
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The old man cannot walk.
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predicate
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Marshmallows ARE YUMMY IN HOT CHOCOLATE..
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relative pronouns
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The girl, whom I love, does not love me. The man, who sells cotton candy, is very busy.
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Attributive
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noun + adjective ( "the tall trees" )
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Predicate
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noun + linking verb + Adjective ( "The trees are tall")
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ADJECTIVE Dictionary Entry
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ex: bonus, bona, bonum ( good ) (masculine) (feminine) (neuter)
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Forms of adjectives
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LIKE nouns, adjectives have singular and plural forms. UNLIKE nouns, adjectives can take on any gender
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Adjective stems...
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are generally obtained by removing the feminine nominative singular ending and in some cases, the genitive singular ending
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Agreement of adjectives
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Adjectives must "agree" ( have the same in number, gender and case ) with the nouns they modify
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Adjective endings...
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do NOT have to look the same as the noun endings as long as they have the right number, gender and case. ex.- "bonus nauta"
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2-1-2 Adjectives in -us, -a, -um...
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called 2-1-2 because they use 2nd declension forms when they are masculine, 1st declension forms when they are feminine and 2nd declension forms when they are neuter. ex.- bonus, bona, bonum
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2-1-2 Adjectives in -r, -a, -um
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ex.- pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum (beautiful) drops "e" from stem ex.- liber, libera, liberum (free) keeps "e" in stem
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3rd Declension Adjectives ( -r, -ris, -re ) (-is,-e) (---, -is)
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Use 3rd declension endings. Dictionary Entry is different than 2-1-2.
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Verb "to be" is irregular in Latin and English. Therefore it must be...
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...memorized because there is no regular pattern.
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What are three examples of feminine words of the First Declension that have masculine counterparts in the Second Declension?
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dea (deus), serva (servus) ; domina (dominus)
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What are the dative and ablative plural endings of the "dea", "serva" and "domina"?
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-abus
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Where do NEUTER Second Declension nouns differ from MASCULINE Second declension nouns?
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Only in the nominative singular and nominative and accusative plural
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THIRD DECLENSION - Rule of Gender for MASCULINE ; FEMININE
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Nouns of of the Third declension can be ANY gender, so genders MUST be memorized
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THIRD DECLENSION - Rule of Gender for NEUTER
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Third Declension nouns that end in "-men" in the nominative singular are ALWAYS neuter ; Third Declension nouns that end in "-us" ALMOST always are neuter.
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What are Third Declension I-Stem Nouns?
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Nouns that add "-ium" to the stem in the genitive plural
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What are the Case Endings for the Third Declension I-Stem MASCULINE ; FEMNINE Third Declension?
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-varies, -?s, -?, -em, -e
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Fourth Declension- Rule of gender
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Most Fourth Declension nouns are MASCULINE.
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What is special about "domus,-?s, f.-"home"?
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It is a HETEROCLITE ( having endings in more than one declension). It has endings from the FOURTH & SECOND Declension.
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How do you decline "domus"?
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domus, dom?s, domu?, domum, dom?
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How do you form the IMPERFECT Tense in the FIRST CONJUGATION?
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Present Stem + "ba" + Present Personal Endings
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How do you form the IMPERFECT Tense in the SECOND CONJUGATION?
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Present Stem + "ba" + Present Personal Endings
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How do you form the IMPERFECT Tense in the THIRD CONJUGATION?
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Present Stem + "ba" + Present Personal Endings
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How do you form the IMPERFECT Tense in the THIRD -io CONJUGATION?
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Present Stem + insert "-i" before stem vowel "e" + "ba" + Present Personal Endings
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How do you form the PRESENT Tense in the FOURTH CONJUGATION?
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Present Stem + insert "-e" to the end of the stem + "ba" + Present Personal Endings
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How do you form the PERFECT Tense in Latin?
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The PERFECT Tense is formed the same way in ALL conjugations, for EVERY LATIN VERB: Perfect Stem + Perfect Tense, Active Personal Endings
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How do you find the Perfect Stem?
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Third Principal Part and remove the -"i"
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What three tenses are part of the PRESENT system?
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PRESENT, IMPERFECT and FUTURE
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How do you form the PRESENT PASSIVE Tense?
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*Add the PASSIVE endings to the PRESENT STEM *For the first person singular, add the ending to the first principal part
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What vowel never goes before the second person singular passive ending "-ris"?
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The vowel "i'. In the third conjugation, the "i" in the second person singular changes to "e". ex: capior, caperis, capitur, etc.
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How do you form the IMPERFECT PASSIVE Tense?
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* PRESENT STEM + "ba" + PASSIVE endings
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How do you form the FUTURE PASSIVE Tense?
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*Add the PASSIVE endings to the PRESENT STEM after adding the signs of the FUTURE tense *in Latin, "i" before "-ris" is awkward, so in the second person singular the ending is "-beris"
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What three tenses are part of the PERFECT system?
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PERFECT, PLUPERFECT and FUTURE PERFECT
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What PRINCIPAL PART and a form of which VERB are used in the PERFECT PASSIVE SYSTEM?
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The FOURTH Principal Part and a form the VERB "to be"
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With what must the ENDING of the Fourth Principal Part agree?
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It must agree with the SUBJECT
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How do you form the PERFECT PASSIVE?
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* Put the correct gender and number ending on the Fourth Principal Part * Use the PRESENT tense of "to be" ex: amatus, -a, -um sum
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For what is the IMPERATIVE MOOD used ?
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DIRECT COMMANDS
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How do you form the SINGULAR IMPERATIVE?
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Remove the "-re" from the SECOND Principal Part
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How do you form the PLURAL IMPERATIVE?
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Add "-te" to the SINGULAR IMPERATIVE *However, in the THIRD conjugation the short "-e" is replaced by an "i" before the ending
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How do you form NEGATIVE COMMANDS?
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Use the imperatives of the IRREGULAR verb "nolo", "nolle" ( SINGULAR
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For what does "2-1-2" stand?
answer
Adjectives of the FIRST & SECOND Declension *This group of adjectives use FIRST Declension endings for FEMININE and SECOND Declension endings for MASCULINE & NEUTER *They are listed in vocabulary lists w/ the NOMINATIVE SINGULAR endings "-us"(or sometimes "-er"), " -a","- um"
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What does the term "AGREEMENT" mean regarding ADJECTIVES?
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Adjectives must "AGREE" with the nouns they modify in CASE, NUMBER & GENDER
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What are the three DEGREES of Latin ADJECTIVES called?
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POSITIVE, COMPARATIVE & SUPERLATIVE
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How do you form the SUPERLATIVE of a Latin ADJECTIVE?
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Add -issimus, -issima, -issimum to the stem for most adjectives. ALL SUPERLATIVE adjectives decline in the FIRST & SECOND Declension
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Although adjectives must "agree", they do NOT have to be...
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...the same declension or have the same ending.
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What do THIRD Declension ADJECTIVES resemble?
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THIRD Declension NEUTER I-STEMs
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What can the DATIVE case tell us?
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The DATIVE case can tell "to" or "for" something is DONE, SHOWN, TOLD, etc.
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Is a preposition used in Latin with the DATIVE case?
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NO, a preposition is NOT used in Latin with the DATIVE case and often there is no preposition used in English.
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Verbs of GIVING that use the DATIVE of Indirect Object
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do, dare (give)
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ABLATIVE of ACCOMPANIMENT
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* Uses preposition "cum" *Answers question " With whom?"
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ABLATIVE of MEANS
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*Uses ABLATIVE case with NO preposition *Usually a thing (not a person) Translated "with" or " by" or "by means of"
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What are the FIRST Person PERSONAL PRONOUNS in Latin?
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"I" ego, mei, mihi, me, me "WE" nos, nostrum/nostri*, nobis, nos, nobis
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What are the SECOND Person PERSONAL PRONOUNS in Latin?
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"YOU"(s.) tu, tui, tibi, te, te "YOU" (pl.) vos, vestrum/vestri*, vobis, vos, vobis
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In the GENITIVE PLURALS of PERSONAL PRONOUNS in Latin (nostrum/nostri & vestrum/vestri) ...
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...the "-i" forms are used for OBJECTIVE GENITIVE
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For what are the GENITIVE of PERSONAL PRONOUNS in Latin NOT used?
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To show POSSESSION
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How do you form the PERSONAL PRONOUNS with the ABLATIVE OF ACCOMPANIMENT in Latin?
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The preposition "cum" attaches to the ends of the FIRST & SECONF PERSONAL PRONOUN
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What are the THIRD Person PERSONAL PRONOUNS in Latin?
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"HE", "SHE", "IT" is, ea, id eius, eius, eius ei, ei, ei eum, eam, id "THEY" (M., F., N.) ei, eae, ea eis, eis, eis eos, eas, ea
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What is the function of the RELATIVE PRONOUN?
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The RELATIVE PRONOUN relates (refers back) to a noun (antecedent) in the main sentence. It AGREES with its antecedent in GENDER & NUMBER , but its CASE is determined by its function in the RELATIVE CLAUSE.
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How is the RELATIVE PRONOUN expressed in ENGLISH?
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Nominative: who, which Genitive: whose, of whom, of which Dative: to whom, to which Accusative: whom, which Ablative: preposition + whom or which
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What is the function of an INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN?
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The INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN is used to ask a question.
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How is the INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN translated?
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Who?, What?, Whose? & Whom?
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The INTERROGATIVE ADJECTIVE ( Which?, What?) followed by a noun is declined...
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...exactly like the RELATIVE PRONOUN
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What are the endings (8) for First Declension Nouns (in order)
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a, ae, ae, am, ?, ae, ?rum, ?s, ?s, and ?s
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What are the 10 Second Declension case endings for Masculine Nouns?
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eus, e?, e?, eum, e?, e?, e?rum, e?s, e?s, and e?s
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What are the 10 Second Declension case endings for Neuter Nouns?
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um, ?, ?, um, ?, a, ?rum, ?s, a, ?s
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What should you be able to answer about any noun you encounter in Latin?
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to what declension it belongs (1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, or 5th), what case is it (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative or ablative), what number is it (singular or plural), and what gender (masculine, feminine, or neuter [masculine-feminine])
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What are 4 adverbs in Latin?
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saepe, n?n, semper, c?r
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What does saepe mean?
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often
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What does n?n mean?
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not
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What does semper mean?
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always
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What does c?r mean?
answer
why
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What are 2 conjunctions in Latin?
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et and sed
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What does et mean?
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and
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What does sed mean?
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but
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How can you remember the variable vowels in the 3rd conjugation present stem?
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AE in future IOU in present
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Why is the 3rd conjugation an old maid?
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it has no bo's in its future
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Many 1st/2nd declension adjectives can be changed into adverbs by adding ____ to the adjective form
answer
?
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Many 3rd declension adjectives can be changed into adverbs by adding ______ to the adjective stem.
answer
iter
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Some adjectives use their __________________________ forms as adverbs. These forms end in either _____ or _____. Two examples are _________ and ________.
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neuter singular accusative; um, e; multum, facile
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The perfect system is _________ regular in all four conjugations.
answer
perfectly
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How do you find the perfect stem for all four conjugations?
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Drop the i from the 3rd principal part.
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Although 3rd conjugation verbs do not have regular principal parts, they do have _________ that will help you remember them. What is the pattern for verbs like ?
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patterns; o, ere, xi, ctus
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What are the two types of direct questions?
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1) questions introduced by question words 2) questions answered with a yes or no
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Give the six common question words in English.
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who, what, when, where, why, how
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To form the passive forms of the present system, substitute __________ person endings for ____________ personal endings.
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passive, active
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When the action of the passive verb is performed by a NON-LIVING THING, the construction is called _____________________ and the preposition is _________.
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ablative of means, omitted
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When the action of the passive verb is performed by a LIVING THING, the construction is called ____________________ and requires the preposition _____.
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ablative of agent, a/ab
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To translate a verb, ________ it first.
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To translate a verb, parse it first. (Then look up the meaning of the STEM word.)
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Subject nouns can only be used with _____ person verbs.
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Subject nouns can only be used with 3rd person verbs.
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Decline
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To organize the form of a noun, pronoun or adjective in a chart.
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The linking verb can connect a _____ and a ______ ______.
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The linking verb can connect a subject and a predicate nominative.
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Accusative objects of prepositions show motion (towards/away or no motion)?
answer
towards
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What are 3 things we can DO to a verb?
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conjugate, translate, parse
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What are 3 things that we can DO to a noun?
answer
decline, parse, translate
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Which declension words do not have any standard ending in the nominative singular?
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THIRD declension words do not have any standard ending in the nominative singular?
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Which declension has assorted genders?
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The THIRD declension has assorted genders.
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What is the Neuter Rule?
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The Neuter Rule: Any neuter noun when declined will have the same endings in the nominative and acc.
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What can change the way you decline a word?
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The gender of a word can change the way you decline a word.
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What is a modifier?
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A modifier is a word or phrase that "modifies" or limits the meaning of another word.
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A modifier can be a single word or a _______.
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A modifier can be a single word or a __phrase___.
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True or False: In Latin, an adjective usually proceeds the word it modifies.
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False - In Latin, an adjective usually FOLLOWS the word it modifies.
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Give the three nominative singular endings for 2nd declension masculine nouns.
answer
us, er, ir
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Some nouns have only plural forms. An example is _____________________.
answer
liberi, liberorum
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Name the four verb complements you have learned.
answer
predicate nominative, predicate adjective, direct object, indirect object
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Third declension nouns that have a genitive plural in -ium are called what?
answer
i-stems
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Give two indications a noun may be an i-stem and an example of each.
answer
(1) same number of syllables in a nominative and genitive -collis, collis or (2) stem ends in two consonants - pons, pontis
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What are the two types of adjectives in Latin?
answer
1st/2nd declension and 3rd declension
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Third declension adjectives are related to what?
answer
i-stem nouns
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How many kinds of pronouns are there? Name them in pairs.
answer
8: personal, possessive; reflexive, intensive; interrogative, relative; demonstrative, indefinite
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What is an antecedent?
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An antecedent is the noun the pronoun takes the place of.
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Give the Latin word for *we*: ______ for *us*: _______
answer
nos, nos
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How do you write cum with the 1st/2nd person pronouns?
answer
mecum, tecum, nobiscum, vobiscum
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The genitive of 1st and 2nd person pronouns is used for _________ expressions that do not show _____________.
answer
of, possession
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To show possession in the 1st and 2nd person, use the possessive pronoun adjectives:
answer
meus, tuus, noster, vester
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Do the possessive pronoun adjectives function like adjective or pronouns?
answer
adjectives
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Give the Adjective Agreement Rule.
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An adjective agrees with its noun in gender, number, and case, but not declension.
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Give the Pronoun Agreement Rule.
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A pronoun agrees with its antecedent in gender and number, but its case is determined by its own clause.
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Define preposition.
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A preposition shows the relationship between its object and another word in the sentence.
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A prepositional phrase consists of the preposition and its _________________.
answer
object and modifiers
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Latin prepositions *govern* either the _________ or ___________ cases.
answer
ablative, accusative
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Prepositions that express motion forward generally take what case?
answer
accusative
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Prepositions that express location, no motion, or motion from, take what case?
answer
ablative
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Give two prepositions that can take either the ablative or the accusative case.
answer
in, sub
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What is a preposition? Give an example in English and in Latin.
answer
Shows relationships related to time or space (under, sub)
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What is a conjunction? Give an example in English and in Latin.
answer
Joins two clauses together (and, et)
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List two prepositions that use the Accusative Case.
answer
ad, contra, in, per, prope, super
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List two prepositions that use the Ablative Case.
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a/ab, cum, de, e/ex, in, sub
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In verb dictionary forms (example: ambulo, ambulare), the SECOND form represents...
answer
the infinitive
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The Ablative of Manner describes...
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how the action was completed (ex: with fear, with
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In a noun's dictionary form (ex: puella, puellae, f), which part is used to determine the stem?
answer
second form minus the ending (puellae - puell)
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How is 3rd IO similar to both 3rd and 4th conjugation?
answer
3rd IO + 3rd conjugation have the same infinitive form; 3rd IO and 4th conjugation have the same vowels when conjugated
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How do you find the stem of a verb?
answer
Look at the infinitive and take off the -ere/-ire/-are ending
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How do you determine the conjugation of a verb?
answer
Look at the first and second dictionary form endings - then match them to the appropriate pattern (-are = 1st, -eo/-ere = 2nd, o/-ere = 3rd, -io/ere = 3rd IO, -ire = 4th)
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Uses of the Dative Case
answer
Indirect object, Dative of Reference, Dative of Possession Handy tip: If a word does not have a preposition and could be either a dative or an ablative, it is a dative if it is a person, an ablative if it is a thing.
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Dative of Reference
answer
indicates a person/thing to whom some statement refers or from whose perspective it is true ex. the teacher is wise to many people *advantage/disadvantage ex. work is good for students
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Dative of Possession
answer
dative shows who/what possesses something; used with a form of esse ex. the book is to me=the book is mine
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Dative of Interest
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dative indicates the person interested in or affected by the verb in the rest of the sentence (NOT RESTRICTED TO SUM)
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Uses of the Genitive Case
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Genitive of Possession, Partitive Genitive
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Genitive of Possession
answer
indicates who possesses an object. There are, however, many relationships that are merely analogous to possession that can be loosely fit under this category: "my child", "my god", perhaps even "my man."
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Partitive Genitive
answer
specifies the whole of which something a part is discussed. The simplest example is pars civitatis = "part of the state."
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Ablative of Agent
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marks the agent by whom the action of a passive verb is performed. The agent is always preceded by ab/?/abs.
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Ablative of Means
answer
explains the means by which an action was done
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What is the Perfect Stem of "Esse?"
answer
"Fui" *remove final 'i' and add perfect endings
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Predicate Nominative
answer
caused by LINKING VERBS (seems, is) when is SUBJECT of the sentence is NOMINATIVE, not Accusative ex "Caesar is king"
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Possessive Adjective
answer
used to indicate who possesses a noun in a sentence (very pronoun-ish) ex. Caesar suam urbem superavit. Caesar defeated his own city.
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Substantives
answer
an adjective that doesn't modify a noun, but replaces the noun ex "THE MEEK shall inherit the earth"
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Complementary Infinitive
answer
the use of an infinitive verb to complement the main verb of a sentence or phrase, e.g. "I want to ride a horse." The complementary infinitive is usually used with posse, velle, and n?lle.
question
Subordinate Clause
answer
provides more information about the main clause
question
Types of Subordinate Clauses
answer
Noun clauses, Adjective clauses, and Adverb clauses
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Noun Clauses
answer
entire clauses used as nouns *typically either subjects of the main clause or direct objects
question
Adjective Clauses
answer
modify some aspect of the main clause in the same way that adjectives modify nouns
question
Adverb clauses
answer
generally modify verbs, but may also modify adjectives and other adverbs *indicate how or when something happens, as well as the circumstances or the reason
question
Reflexive Pronouns
answer
"reflect" the action of the verb back onto the subject ex. "you praise yourself" *reflexive pronouns manifest no nominative forms *uses the same forms of the reflexive pronoun in the singular and plural of the third person (sui, sibi, se, se), because it's obvious from context whether the subject is singular or plural
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Demonstrative
answer
a word that points out an object, as "this, that, these, those." Sometimes these words are pronouns: ex, "Do you hear these?" Sometimes they are adjectives: as, "Do you hear these men?"
question
Demonstrative Pronoun
answer
agree in gender and number with the nouns to which they refer, but their case is determined by the way they are used *frequently used for the personal pronouns of the third person, he, she, it, or they
question
Demonstrative Adjective
answer
agree with their nouns in gender, number, and case *normally precede the noun
question
What is a preposition?
answer
a word working with a noun (in a prep. phrase) to give more information regarding when, why, how, etc.
question
Common Adverbs
answer
ita, satis, enough, primum, celeriter, plus, tum
question
What is the difference between relative and interrogative pronouns?
answer
Relative pronouns refer to an antecedent, and they begin adjective clauses *ex "This the toy WHICH I bought from my friend, Nick." Interrogative pronouns are clearly involved in a question
question
How to construct Present Passive Infinitive
answer
drop the "e" from the active infinitive and then add "?" *note the third conjugation drops the entire "ere" ending before adding "?"
question
What info does the Genitive Singular give?
answer
What declension a noun belongs to: First - ae Second - ? Third - is Fourth - us
question
Verb Parsing Requires:
answer
Person (first, second, third) Number (singular, plural) Tense (present, imperfect, future, perfect, pluperfect, future perfect,) Mood (indicative, subjunctive, imperative, infinitive,) Voice (active, passive)
question
Noun Parsing Requires:
answer
Case (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, ablative, vocative, [locative]) Number (singular, plural) Gender (masculine, feminine, neuter) Function or Use
question
Present (I go, you go)
answer
eo, is, it, imus, it is, erunt
question
Future (I will go, you will go)
answer
ibo, ibis, ibit, ibimus, ibitis, ibunt
question
Imperfect (I went, you went)
answer
ibam, ibas, ibat, ibamus, ibatis, ibant
question
Perfect (I have gone, you have gone)
answer
ii, isti, iit, iimus, istis, ierunt
question
Past Perfect (I had gone, you had gone)
answer
ieram, ieras, ierat, ieramus, ieratis, ierant
question
Future Perfect (I will have gone, you will have gone)
answer
iero, ieris, ierit, ierimus, ieritis, ierunt
question
When is future perfect most frequently used?
answer
in combination with the future tense, or other marking of future time
question
What are the sections of the exam?
answer
VOCAB dictionary entries for the words MORPHOLOGY nouns w/ adjectives VERB SYNOPSIS changing tense w/given number and person FABULA translate LATIN-ENGLISH translate, identify gender/number/case of noun, identify part of speech ENGLISH-LATIN just translation
question
FIRST DECLENSION SONG
answer
Twinkle Twinkle Little Star
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SECOND DECLENSION SONG
answer
Skip to My Lou
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THIRD DECLENSION SONG
answer
Row Row Row Your Boat
