Latin 1 Final – Flashcards
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Latin is a ___________ ____________.
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Inflected language
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What is a inflected language?
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has word endings which determine the use of the word in a sentence
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Latin (does/does) not depend on its word order for its meaning, unlike English.
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does not
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What are the three names for Roman citizens?
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nomen, praenomen and cognomen
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Why were Roman houses designed with only a few windows placed high up on the walls?
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to provide privacy and light yet keep out the heat
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The ___________ case is used to indicate the subject of a sentence.
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nominative
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The __________ case is used to indicate the direct object of a sentence.
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accusative
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Men wore an article of clothing called a _________.
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tunic
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On formal occasions men wore a ________ over their cloths.
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toga
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Women wore a dress called a _______.
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sola
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Women topped their clothing with a _______.
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palla
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Nouns in Latin are grouped into ____________ according to their ________.
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declensions (categories), endings
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The Nominative endings of the first 3 declensions are?
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-a, -us or er, varies
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The Accusative endings of the first three endings are?
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-am, -um, -em
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___________ is about 5 miles south of ___________ near the modern day city of _________
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Pompeii, Vesuvius, Naples
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Pompeii was a _________ where many nationalists were seen, including Greeks, Syrians, Africans, Jews and Spaniards.
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seaport
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The first person singular pronoun in Latin is "_____"
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"ego" (I)
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The second person singular pronoun in Latin is "______"
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"tu" (you)
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What are personal endings?
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Latin verbs have endings that represent the person who is doing the actions
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The Latin verb endings which represents the first person singular is?
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(I) -o, -m
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The Latin verb endings which represent the second person singular is?
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(you) -s
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The Latin verb ending which represents the third person singular is?
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(she, he, it) -t
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The Latin word for "____" does not conjugate like most verbs, making it _________.
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"be", irregular
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The ______ of each Roman town was the heart of commercial, administrative, and religious life.
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forum
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Romans got there news from town criers called ________ and from notice boards posted in the forum.
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nuntii
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The nominative plural endings pf the first three declensions are?
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-ae, -i, -es
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The Latin Verb ending which represents the first person plural is?
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(we) -mus
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The Latin Verb ending which represents the second person plural is?
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(you- plural) -tis
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The Latin Verb ending which represents the third personal plural is?
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(they) -nt
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Plays were sponsored by ___________ _________ and preformed during festivals.
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wealthy citizens
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Admission to a Roman play was ________ but the wealthy could what?
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free, have tokens which reserved them a place (the rest of the seating was first come, first serve)
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Latin verbs have __________ __________ ___________, which are listed in most dictionaries.
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four principle parts
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The first principal part of a Latin verb is the _________ __________ ___________ __________.
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first person present active
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The second principal part of a Latin verb is the (______ _______) __________.
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(present active) infinitive.
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The third principal part of a Latin verb is the first __________ ___________ _________.
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person perfect active.
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The ________ tense indicates action taking place now.
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present EX: "You are reading this."
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The _________ tense indicates incomplete or continuous past action.
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imperfect EX: "You were reading this."
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The _________ stem is found by removing the -___ from the infinitive form of the verb.
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present, "re" EX: laborō - I work, laborāre - to work ; laborā is the present stem
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The _________ tense is formed with the __________ stem and the "personal endings".
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present, present (see facts 15-18 and 23-25.)
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The ___________ tense is formed by placing "-___" between the present stem and the personal ending.
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imperfect, -ba,
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The _______ tense indicates completed past action.
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perfect EX: "You have read this."
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The perfect stem is found by removing the -___ from the ______ principal part.
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-i, third
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The perfect ________ is formed with the perfect _____ and the perfect ___________.
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tense, stem, endings
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The perfect endings are?
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-ī (I), -isti (you) , -it (she, he it), -imus (we), -istis (you, pl.), and -ērunt (they).
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Romans considered slavery a...
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necessary and normal part of life
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People became slaves by ____________, by _______________, or by __________________.
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being born of slaves, becoming prisoners of war, being captured and sold by pirates.
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The act of freeing a slave was called ____________.
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manumissio.
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A freedman could not ___________ or _______________.
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hold public offices, high ranks in the military
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Latin often drops the _________ __________ as a subject because the person is indicated in the ____ ending.
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personal pronoun, verb
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Romans __________- their dead and placed the ashes in _______ that looked like small houses.
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cremated, tombs
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Romans believed that unless the dead were properly treated, ___________________________
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their ghosts would haunt the living and possibly do them harm.
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___________ do not believe in life after death.
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Epicurians
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The accusative plural endings of the first three declensions are:
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-ās, -ōs, -ēs
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Like English, Latin adjectives have ______ degrees.
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three
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Latin superlative adjectives have endings like -___________ and -____________
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-issimus, -errimus.
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Gladiators were ______, ___________________, __________ _____________ , and ______________________
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slaves, condemned criminals, prisoners of war and volunteers who gave up their freedom.
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The sponsor of the games made the decision of _________ or ______ at the end of a fight by turning his _________-.
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execution, mercy, thumb
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The __________ case is used in Latin to indicate an indirect object.
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dative
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The dative case is often translated "____" or "_____".
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"to" or "for"
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The dative singular endings of the first three declensions are?
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-ae, -ō, and -ī.
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The dative plural endings of the first three declensions are?
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-īs, -īs, and -ibus.
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The personal pronouns ego and tu have a datve form of ______ and _________.
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mihi, tibi
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Roman baths were like ______________ complete with ____________ from a ________________.
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modern health clubs, central heating, hypocaust system
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Latin adjectives have comparative endings -___
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-ior
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Parents paid to have their children _________.
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educated
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The ______ taught methods for making different kinds of speeches and arguing for and against a point of view.
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rhetor
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Verbs that take the ________ imply some sense of giving and therefore their objects are in the _______- case instead of the ________.
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dative, dative, accusative
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The Roman tradition of unpaid public service required successful candidates to contribute from their own personal wealth to the ___________________, for which they would be recognized with __________, __________, _________, ________ etc.
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construction or repair of public buildings, special services, seats, statues, (etc.)
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Roman towns ____________ themselves.
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governed
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____________ erupted and destroyed _________ and _________ on __th __________ ____ A.D.
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Vesuvius, Pompeii, Herculaneum, 24th August 79 A.D
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We know so much about the eruption of Vesuvius from the writing of ___________ ___ ___________.
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Pliny the Younger
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________ ________ of people and other organic items were made in the ___th century .
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Plaster casts, 19th
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____________ was much more difficult to excavate because volcanic mud had turned to rock.
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Herculaneum
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Modern archaeological methods of ___________ ____________ were first used at Pompeii at the beginning of the ______________ century.
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systematic excavation, nineteenth
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Like English, Latin infinitive cannot stand alone; they are dependent on main _____ for their complete meaning. The infinitive is used to determine a verb's conjugation:
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verbs, 1st-are, 2nd-ēre, 3rd-ere, 4th-ire.
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Some Latin verbs require an___________ to complete their meanings, like _________ - I am able (to...) or _____ - I want (to...).
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infinitive, possum, volo
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_________ are words that are added to the end of another word -_____ is a particle meaning "and".
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Particles, -que
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The first Roman to invade Britannia was ______________ __________.
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Julius Caesar
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Latin _________ must agree (have the same) in case, number (singular or plural) and _________ as the ______ which it is describing so that you can tell they go together regardless of where they fall in the sentence. Due to the differences between declensions, this does not mean the endings will look identical.
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adjective, gender, noun
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The ______ or _______ natives lived in _______ houses until they were Romanized and adopted the ____________ design of the Roman villa.
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British, Celtic, round, rectangular
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___________ clauses describe a noun in more detail. They begin with a form of the relative pronoun "_____, ______, _____" or "_____" and are separated from the rest of the sentence with commas.
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Relative, "qui, quae, quod" or "ubi"
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The ____________ _________ must "agree" with the noun it is describing.
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relative pronoun
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__________, a queen of the _______ tribe, led a revolt against the Romans in _______ __.__
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Boudica, Iceni, 60 A.D
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The ___________ tense refers to the first of two _____ actions. You had read (first past action) this before you took (second past action) the test.
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pluperfect, past
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The pluperfect tense is formed by placing "_____" between the ___________ and _____________
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"era", perfect stem + era + regular personal endings
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The palace of King ___________ was a very large structure modified from a Roman military camp into a fashionable residence featuring elegant _________, complicated _________ and even ___________ for the gardens.
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Cogidubnus, murals, mosaics, fountains
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Latin shows possession by using what is called the __________ case.
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genitive
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The genitive singular endings for the first three declensions are:
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"-ae", "-ī" and "-is".
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The genitive plural endings for the first three declensions are:
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"-ārum", "-ōrum", and "-um".
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The genitive case is translated "___" "___" "_______"
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" 's," " s' " or "of _____".
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The _________ was the lighthouse at the harbor of ____________ in Egypt and one of the ________ ___________ of the ancient world.
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Pharos, Alexandria, seven wonders
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The ___________ ___________ of a neuter noun is the same as its nominative.
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accusative singular
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The nominative and accusative plural of neuter nouns all in "____"
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"-a".
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________ and _______ declensions are less commonly seen and share some similarities to the _______ declensions.
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Fourth, fifth, thrid
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Without the _____ imported form _____________ and ________ ___________, the huge population of Rome would have starved and rioted, therefore the emperors made sure that Egypt was under their personal control.
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grain, Egypt, North Africa
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The Latin word for "this/these" is...
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hic, haec, hoc / hi, hae, haec
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The Latin word for "that/those" is...
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ille, illa, illud / illi, illae, illa
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The pronouns _______ and ______ decline and must agree with the noun they are referring to in case, number and gender, just like adjectives do.
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hic, ille
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The ___________ mood is used as an immediate second person command in Latin.
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imperative
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The ___________ ___________ is formed by dropping the "-re" ending from the infinitive (in other words, the imperative is simply the present stem alone.)
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singular imperative EX: laborare >labora!
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The _________ ___________ is formed by replacing the "-re" ending of the infinitive with...
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plural imperative, EX: "-te" laborāre > laborāte!
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The ____________ __________ in Latin uses the imperative forms of the verb _______ along with the infinitive of what is not wanted.
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negative imperative, nolo EX: nolite laborare!
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The _____ ________ is used when speaking to a person or group.
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vocative case
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The vocative case has the same form as the nominative except for the ________ in ___________ declension, which ends in "_____" or "_____"
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singular, second, -us or -ius EX: Marcus → Marce; Lucius → Luci
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______ was one of Egypt's oldest and most important goddesses; her worship having spread as far as ______ and to the ________ ______
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Isis, London, Black Sea
