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K-W-L Chart

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Can be used to document what students know, what they want to know, and what they learned (an effective way of collecting data on students' prior knowledge in order to effectively plan instruction that meets curricular objectives.

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Concentric Circles

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Is a highly effective exercise in agendas where building relationships is important. An effective way to encourage one-on-one communication between students

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Book Pass

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An instructional method for introducing students to a variety of works in a short period of time in order to encourage interest.

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Reciprocal Teaching

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Occurs when dialogue takes place between the students and the teacher, and participants take turns assuming the role of the teacher,

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Discipline-based Inquiry

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The practice of learning about a writing form by dissecting it and investigating its parts. It involves analyzing, questioning and forming conclusions from examples of the writing mode.

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Conferencing

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Is the process of discussing a piece of writing, assessing its strengths and weaknesses, and setting goals based on the evaluation of the writing piece.

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Self-Regulated Strategy Development (SRSD)

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An instructional method that includes building background knowledge, discussing and modeling a strategy, memorizing the strategy, and supporting the practice of the strategy until students can use it independently.

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Introduction-Body-Conclusion strategy (IBC)

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An organizational method of ensuring that students have sufficient supporting details in their essays and paragraphs.

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Chronological Order

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in this pattern, ideas are presented in the order in which they occurred in time. Words and phrases such as "Weeks before," "When," "Then," and "In the months that followed" relate events sequentially.

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Spatial Order

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relating to, occupying, or having the character of space. The words "next to" and "adjacent" are typical of the kinds of words used in descriptions of spatial relationships.

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Cause and Effect

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usually (but not always) happen in time order: The cause comes first, creating an effect. This pattern describes or discusses an event or action that is caused by another event or action. On occasion, this pattern is also referred to as result.

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Order of importance

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In this pattern the information is given either from the least important feature to the most important, or from the most important to the least important. This pattern is also known as hierarchical or chain of command.

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Grammar guide

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Helps with the proper construction of sentences and proper use of words

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Dictionary

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Provides the meaning of words

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Thesaurus

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Helps avoid repetition of words when writing by listing suitable synonyms for particular words

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Glossary

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Is a list of words and definitions related to a specific subject.

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Pidgin Language

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Is a simplified language that develops as a means of communication between two or more groups that do not have a language in common.

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Dialect

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Refers to a variation of a language that is a characteristic of a particular group of the language's speakers.

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Creole

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A stable natural language developed (with grammatical rules) from the mixing of parent languages.

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Regionalism

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A word or phrase used by a population in a particular region.

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Subordinate Clause

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Cannot stand alone and begins with a subordinating conjunction, which are: after, although, as, as soon as, because, before, by the time, even if, even though, every time, if, in case, in the event that, just in case, now that, once, only if, since, since, the first time, though, unless, until, when, whenever, whereas, whether or not, while

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Adjective Clause

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also called an adjectival or relative clause—will meet three requirements: First, it will contain a subject and verb. Next, it will begin with a relative pronoun [who, whom, whose, that, or which] or a relative adverb [when, where, or why]. Finally, it will function as an adjective, answering the questions What kind? How many? or Which one? (Ex. Students who are intelligent understand adjectives.)

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Relative Pronoun

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Must have a relative pronoun (such as "who" or "which")

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Independent Clause

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Can stand alone and function as a sentence

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Infinitive

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Is the most basic form of the verb and is usually preceded by the preposition "to." A split infinitive occurs when an adverb is placed between "to" and the verb.

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Simple sentence

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Contains only one independent clause.

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Complex Sentence

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Contains one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.

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Compound-complex sentence

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Contains two or more independent clauses and at least one dependent clause.

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Traditional Phonics Instruction

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Students are taught individual letter sounds first, followed by letter combination sounds and the rules of putting these combinations together to make words.

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Whole Language Instruction

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Students are immersed in written language, and encouraged to decode entire words using context clues.

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Potential Strategies for Increasing Reading Comprehension

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Students study lists of high-frequency words in order to increase reading speed and comprehension. Students analyze patterns of organization and syntax as a way of learning to recognize common structures.

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False Dilemma Argument

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A limited number of options (usually two) is given, while in reality there are more options. A false dilemma is an illegitimate use of the "or" operator. (Ex: America: love it or leave it)

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Slippery Slope Argument

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In order to show that a proposition is unacceptable, a sequence of increasingly unacceptable events is shown to follow. A slippery slope is an illegitimate us of the "if - then" operator. (Ex. You should never gamble. Once you start gambling you find it hard to stop. Soon you are spending all your money on gambling, and eventually you will turn to crime to support your earning.)

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Red Herring Argument

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A Red Herring is a fallacy in which an irrelevant topic is presented in order to divert attention from the original issue. The basic idea is to "win" an argument by leading attention away from the argument and to another topic. This sort of "reasoning" has the following form: Topic A is under discussion. Topic B is introduced under the guise of being relevant to topic A (when topic B is actually not relevant to topic A). Topic A is abandoned. (Ex. Injecting the argument of mental illness as a factor in a shooting when the topic is gun control.)

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Appeals to Motives in Place of Support

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The fallacies in this section have in common the practice of appealing to emotions or other psychological factors. In this way, they do not provide reasons for belief.

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Hasty Generalization

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The size of the sample is too small to support the conclusion. (Ex. Fred, the Australian, stole my wallet. Thus, all Australians are thieves)

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Straw Man

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The author attacks an argument which is different from and usually weaker than, the opposition's best argument. (Ex. Person A: I think we should go to Joe's Fast Food because their burgers are delicious.Person B: No way! Cholesterol is not delicious! It tastes horrible! This is a straw man fallacy. Person A's position is "their burgers are delicious". Person B misrepresents the original position and creates a straw man (in this example, the straw man is cholesterol) and attacks the straw man.)

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Pre-Writing Stage

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Stage where you brainstorm to make topic lists. You can use other graphic organizers like webbing and concept mapping. You can use R.A.F.T. to role play. For example, you are writing a paper about the Pilgrims. . . pretend you are a pilgrim and think of what you would spend your time doing, etc.

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Writing Stage

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Stage where you use all the ideas and questions generated in the pre-writing stage and organize them into a rough draft or first draft.

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Revising Stage

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Stage where you add or omit information to make your paper more clear.

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Editing Stage

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Stage where you make sure you have corrected all of the details regarding capitalization, punctuation, grammar, sentence and paragraph structure, subject and verb agreement, word usage. Clean up all format and the specifics.

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Publishing Stage

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The finished, polished product. Your paper is neat, clean, and presentable; ready to turn in to the teacher.

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Evaluating Stage

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Stage where author self-evaluates his/her work and the audience evaluates the effectiveness of the piece.

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Improve student writing

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Clarity, grammar weaknesses, developing supports, and supplemental lessons.

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Phonetics

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The study of sounds of language and their physical properties.

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Linguistics

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The formal study of the structures and processes of a language.

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Phonology

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The analysis of how sounds function in a language or dialect.

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Morphology

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The study of the structure of words.

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Semantics

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The study of the meaning in language.

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Orthography

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The relationship between spelling and pronunciation. (Ex. Why doesn't "enough" rhyme with "dough?")

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Cognate

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Words that are related and have the same origin or root word. (Ex. Like armor is Spanish for "love"/and we use the word armorous in English)

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Formative Assessments

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The goal of formative assessment is to monitor student learning to provide ongoing feedback that can be used by instructors to improve their teaching and by students to improve their learning. More specifically, formative assessments: help students identify their strengths and weaknesses and target areas that need work help faculty recognize where students are struggling and address problems immediately Formative assessments are generally low stakes, which means that they have low or no point value. Examples of formative assessments include asking students to: draw a concept map in class to represent their understanding of a topic submit one or two sentences identifying the main point of a lecture turn in a research proposal for early feedback

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summative Assessments

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The goal of summative assessment is to evaluate student learning at the end of an instructional unit by comparing it against some standard or benchmark. Summative assessments are often high stakes, which means that they have a high point value. Examples of summative assessments include: a midterm exam a final project a paper a senior recital Information from summative assessments can be used formatively when students or faculty use it to guide their efforts and activities in subsequent courses.

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Graphic Organizers

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Graphic organizers guide learners' thinking as they fill in and build upon a visual map or diagram. Graphic organizers are some of the most effective visual learning strategies for students and are applied across the curriculum to enhance learning and understanding of subject matter content. In a variety of formats dependant upon the task, graphic organizers facilitate students' learning by helping them identify areas of focus within a broad topic, such as a novel or article. Because they help the learner make connections and structure thinking, students often turn to graphic organizers for writing projects. In addition to helping students organize their thinking and writing process, graphic organizers can act as instructional tools. Teachers can use graphic organizers to illustrate a student's knowledge about a topic or section of text showing areas for improvement.

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Concept Mapping

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Used as a learning and teaching technique, concept mapping visually illustrates the relationships between concepts and ideas. Often represented in circles or boxes, concepts are linked by words and phrases that explain the connection between the ideas, helping students organize and structure their thoughts to further understand information and discover new relationships. Most concept maps represent a hierarchical structure, with the overall, broad concept first with connected sub-topics, more specific concepts, following.

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Mind Mapping

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Mind mapping is a visual form of note taking that offers an overview of a topic and its complex information, allowing students to comprehend, create new ideas and build connections. Through the use of colors, images and words, mind mapping encourages students to begin with a central idea and expand outward to more in-depth sub-topics.

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Webbing

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Commonly used as a tool to help begin the writing process or a research assignment, webbing is a brainstorming method that provides structure for ideas and facts. Brainstorming webs provide students with a flexible framework for idea development, organizing and prioritizing information. Typically, major topics or central concepts are at the center of a brainstorming web. Links from the center connect supporting details or ideas with the core concept or topic.

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Prepositional Phrase as an Adverb

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answers the question how? when? or where?

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Avi

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The True Confessions of Charlotte Doyle Nothing But the Truth Crispin

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The Pigman

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Written by Paul Zindel, first published in 1968 The novel begins with Lorraine's delinquent friend named John. signed by John Conlan and Lorraine Jensen, two high school sophomores, which pledge that they will report only the facts about their experiences with the principal

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Plath

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The Bell Jar; born during the great depression

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Watership Down

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is a classic heroic fantasy novel, written by English author Richard Adams, in 1972 about a small group of British rabbits; Fiver, a young runt rabbit who is a seer, receives a frightening vision of his warren's imminent destruction

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Washington Irving

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was an American author, essayist, biographer and historian of the early 19th century. He is best known for his short stories "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" and "Rip Van Winkle",

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Karen Hesse

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is an American author of children's literature and literature for young adults, often with historical settings. She wrote Out of the Dust. Set in Oklahoma during the years 1934-1935, this book tells the story of a family of farmers during the Dust Bowl years. With Billie Jo being the main character, the book goes into her own life and struggles. The structure of the novel is unusual in that the plot is advanced entirely through a series of free verse poems. She recieved an 1998 Newbery Medal for Out of the Dust and Scott O'Dell Award for Historical Fiction

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Kate Dicamillo

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is an American female author of children's fiction. Her 2003 novel The Tale of Despereaux won the annual Newbery Medal as the "most distinguished contribution to American literature for children", three years after Because of Winn-Dixie was a runner up (Newbery Honor Book). She is also known for the Mercy Watson series of picture books, illustrated by Chris Van Dusen

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Sharon Creech

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is an American writer of children's novels. She was the first American winner of the Carnegie Medal for British children's books and the first person to win both the American Newbery Medal and the British Carnegie. She wrote Walk Two Moons

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Jerry Spinelli

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is an American author of children's novels on adolescence and early adulthood. He is best known for the novels Maniac Magee and Wringer. Maniac Magee is a young adult fiction novel and published in 1990. Exploring themes of racism and homelessness, it follows the story of an orphaned boy looking for a home in the fictional Pennsylvania town of Two Mills. He becomes a local legend for feats of athleticism and fearlessness, and his ignorance of sharp racial boundaries in the town. Recieved Boston Globe/Horn Book Award ·1991: Carolyn Field Award, Newbery Medal (American Library Association)·1992: Charlotte Award, Dorothy Canfield Fisher Award,Flicker Tale Award, Indian Paintbrush Book Award, Rhode Island Children's Book Award·1993: Buckeye Children's Book Award, Land of Enchantment Award, Mark Twain Award, Massachusetts Children's Book Award, Nevada Young Readers' Award, Pacific Northwest Library Association Young Reader's Choice Award,Rebecca Caudill Young Reader's Book Award

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Ben Mikaelson

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An American author who wrote Touching Spirit Bear. Touching Spirit Bear is a 2001 young adult novel. The book is about a troubled Minneapolis teen named Cole who completely changes after spending a year on a isolated southwestern Alaska island.

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E.B . White

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an American writer who wrote Charlotte's Web

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Wendy Towle

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wrote The Real McCoy: The Life of an Aftican American Inventor. Elijah McCoy (1844-1929), the child of escaped slaves, was born in Canada and educated in Scotland as an engineer during the Civil War. Settling in Michigan, he was able to find work only as a fireman, stoking the engines of a locomotive and oiling its parts. But his training was not wasted: he invented an automatic lubricator--possibly the original "real McCoy"--and went on to patent other devices, including the portable ironing board and the lawn sprinkler. He eventually founded the Elijah McCoy Manufacturing Company but never received his due for his work and died alone in a nursing home.

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Nancy Farmer

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is a female American author of children's and young adult books and science fiction stories. She has written three Newbery Honor Books and she won the 2002 National Book Award for Young People's. She wrote The Eye, the Ear, and the Arm - a story for children about Africa and is a Newbery Honor book. The story takes place in Zimbabwe in the year 2194. The book combines elements of science-fiction, Afrofuturism and African culture, and depicts the struggle of a notorious general's three children to escape from their kidnappers in a crime-infested area of Zimbabwe.

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Mary Downing Hahn

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is an award-winning female American author of young adult. She wrote Time for Andrew: A Ghost Story-. When eleven-year-old Drew goes to spend the summer with his great-aunt in the family's old house, he is drawn eighty years into the past to trade places with his great-great-uncle who is dying of diphtheria.

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Edgar Rice Burroughs

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was an American author, best known for his creation of the jungle hero Tarzan and the heroic Mars adventurer John Carter, although he produced works in many genres

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Jules Gabriel Verne

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was a French author who pioneered the science fiction genre. He is best known for his novels Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea, Journey to the Center of the Earth, and Around the World in Eighty Days

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Medieval

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500-1500 Beowulf Canterbury Tales (Chaucer)

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Enlightenment Period

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1700-1800 Poor Richard's Almanac (Ben Franklin) Candide (Voltaire)

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Renaissance

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1500-1670 Shakespeare Paradise Lost (John Milton) Fairie Queene (Edmund Spencer)

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Romantic Period

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1798-1870 Wordsworth Samuel Coleridge Mary Shelley James Fennimore Cooper Lord Byron Hawthorne Melville Whitman

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Victorian Period

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1837-1901 Charlotte Bronte (Jane Eyre) Emily Bronte Alfred Tennyson (In Memoriam)

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Realism

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1820-1920 Mark Twain Gustave Flaubert (Madame Bovary)

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Naturalism

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1870-1920

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Transcendentalism

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1830-1860 Emerson Thoreau Margaret Fuller

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Modernism

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1910-1965 T.S. Eliot F. Scott Fitzgerald William Butler Yeats Hemingway Faulkner Ezra Pound

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Romanticism Characteristics

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* direct response to the use of rational thought in the Age of Reason/Enlightenment. * fewer instructional texts, more stories, novels and poems. *influenced by the industrial revolution (positive and negative) 1. imagination and escapism 2. individuality 3. nature as a source of spirituality 4. looking to the past for wisdom 5. seeing the common man as a hero

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James Fenimore Cooper

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First novel 1820 - famous series - Leatherstocking Tales (5) incl. The Pioneers (1823), The Last of the Mohicans (1826), The Prairie (1827), The Pathfinder (1840), The Deerslayer (1841). First book was Precaution, which attempted to Satirize Jane Austen's novels.

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Animal Farm

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a novel written by George Orwell about a group of animals who mount a successful rebellion against the farmer who rules them, but their dreams of equality for all are ruined when one pig seizes power; novella, dystopian animal fable

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The Bell Jar

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Sylvia Plath- was an American poet, novelist and short story writer who wrote this novel. It is about a young woman (Esther Greenwood) whose talent and intelligence have brought her close to achieving her dreams must overcome suicidal tendencies

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Beowulf

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is the conventional title of an Old English heroic epic poem consisting of 3182 alliterative long lines, set in Scandinavia, commonly cited as one of the most important works of Anglo-Saxon literaturea. great warrior, goes to Denmark on a successful mission to kill Grendel; he returns home to Geatland, where he becomes king and slays a dragon before dying; poem; alliterative verse, elegy, small scale heroic epic; author unknown; setting around 500 AD

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The Call of the Wild

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Jack London wrote this novel about a pampered dog (Buck) and how he adjusts to the harsh realities of life in the North as he struggles with his recovered wild instincts and finds a master (John Thorton) who treats him right; novel, adventure story, setting late 1890s

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Self-Reliance

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is an essay written by American Transcendentalist philosopher and essayist, Ralph Waldo Emerson. It contains the most thorough statement of one of Emerson's recurrent themes, the need for each individual to avoid conformity and false consistency, and follow his or her own instincts and ideas. It is the source of one of Emerson's most famous quotations: "A foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds.

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Elizabeth Barrett Browning

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was one of the most prominent poets of the Victorian era. Her poetry was widely popular in both England and the United States during her lifetime. A collection of her last poems was published by her husband, another famous poet, shortly after her death. She wrote "Aurora Leigh," --encompasses nine books, written in 1856

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Oscar Wilde

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Irish playwright, poet, and author of numerous short stories and one novel. He wrote The Picture of Dorian Gray;

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Robinson Crusoe

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is a novel by Daniel Defoe that was first published in 1719. It is about a man is shipwrecked on an island, where he lives for more than 20 years, fending off cannibals and creating a pleasant life for himself. Epistolary, confessional, and didactic

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William Shakespeare

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was an English poet and playwright, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon". He was the greatest playwright who ever lived, prolific poet. His surviving works, including some collaborations, consist of about 38 plays,154 sonnets, two long narrative poems, and several other poems. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright. His work includes: Hamlet-follows the young prince Hamlet home to Denmark to attend his father's funeral. Hamlet is shocked to find his mother already remarried to his Uncle Claudius, the dead king's brother. And Hamlet is even more surprised when his father's ghost appears and declares that he was murdered. Exact dates are unknown, but scholars agree that Shakespeare published Hamlet between 1601 and 1603. Many believe that Hamlet is the best of Shakespeare's work, and the perfect play. Macbeth- the Three Witches foretell Macbeth's rise to King of Scotland but also prophesy that future kings will descend from Banquo, a fellow army captain. Prodded by his ambitious wife, Lady Macbeth, he murders King Duncan, becomes king, and sends mercenaries to kill Banquo and his sons. His attempts to defy the prophesy fail, however; Macduff kills Macbeth, and Duncan's son Malcolm becomes king. Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy written early in the career of William Shakespeare about two young star-crossed lovers whose deaths ultimately unite their feuding families. It was among Shakespeare's most popular plays during his lifetime. The first recorded works of Shakespeare are Richard III and the three parts of Henry VI, written in the early 1590s during a vogue for historical drama.

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Harper Lee

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a female American author who wrote To Kill a Mockingbird

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Zora Neale Hurston

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Female African-American writer in the wrote 20th century. She wrote Their Eyes Were Watching God; Her work is folklorist during the Harlem Renaissance Themes found in the book Their Eyes Were Watching God include- the illusion of power, non-necessity of relationships, folkloric quality of religion

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Maya Angelou

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Female Africica-American. She is a celebrated poet, memoirist, novelist, educator, dramatist, producer, actress, historian, filmmaker, and civil rights activist. She wrote I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. In the course of Caged Bird, she transforms from a victim of racism with an inferiority complex into a self-possessed, dignified young woman capable of responding to prejudice. The author uses her autobiography to explore subjects such as identity, rape, racism, and literacy.

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Amy Tan

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(born in China) But an American writer. She is widely hailed for its depiction of the Chinese-American experience of the late 20th century. Her works explore mother-daughter relationships. Her most well-known work is The Joy Luck Club, which has been translated into 35 languages. In 1993, the book was adapted into a commercially successful film.

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James Joyce

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was an Irish novelist and poet, considered to be one of the most influential writers in the modernist avant-garde of the early 20th century. He wrote Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man:

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William Golding

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British novelist,and poet that wrote Lord of the Flies, & To the Ends of the Earth

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Lord of the Flies

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A novel written by William Golding about a group of English boys (Jack, Piggy, Ralph, Roger, Sam, Eric, and Simon), marooned on an island, rapidly turn lawless and bloodthirsty

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Jane Austen

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was an English novelist whose works of romantic fiction, set among the landed gentry, earned her a place as one of the most widely read writers in English literature. Her realism and biting social commentary have gained her historical importance among scholars and critics. She wrote Emma; Pride and Prejudice; Persuasion; Mansfield Park,

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Robert Louis Stevenson

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Author of Treasure Island, creator of the character Long John Silver, and children's poet (Child's Garden of Verses, which features poems such as "The Swing"

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Maya Angelou

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When the Caged Bird Sings

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Jane Austen

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Pride and Prejudice

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Ray Bradbury

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Fahrenheit 451

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Willa Cather

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One of Ours

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Stephen Crane

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The Red Badge of Courage

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Emily Dickinson

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Poet (e.g., Because I Could Not Stop For Death)

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Ralph Waldo Emerson

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Self-Reliance, Works and Days

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F. Scott Fitgerald

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The Great Gatsby

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Anne Frank

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The Diary of Anne Frank

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Robert Frost

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Poet Laureate of Vermont (e.g., The Road Not Taken)

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Zora Neale Hurston

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Their Eyes Were Watching God, How It Feels to Be Colored Me

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John Keats

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Poet (e.g. Ode on a Grecian Urn)

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Harper Lee

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Author of To Kill a Mockingbird

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C.S. Lewis

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Author and Poet (e.g., Chronicles of Narnia,

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Harlem Renaissance

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1920-1930s: Cultural, social and artistic explosion in Harlem, a cultural center for black writers, poets, musicians, artists, and scholars (e.g., Countee Cullen, Zora Neale Hurston, Langston Hughes)

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British Romantics

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William Wordsworth, Samuel Coleridge, John Keats, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Lord Byron

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Metaphysical Poets

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Poetry approached in a philosophical manner and reason, concluding with a paradox (e.g., John Donne, Andrew Marvell, George Herbert)

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Transcendentalism

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Beliefs not religious, but a way of understanding life relationships, people are their own authority in making decisions (e.g., Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Margaret Fuller)

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Old English Period

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Ending around 1066 (William the Conquerer to blame), consisted of a West Germanic language (e.g., Beowulf, Dream of the Rood)

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Middle English Period

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1066-1450 CE: French romances (e.g., Marie de France), and in Late or "High" Period, turmoil and medieval ages (e.g., Chaucer)

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British Renaissance

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1485-1660 CE: Creation of the printing press helps promote literature (e.g., Edmund Spenser's Faerie Queene), Elizabethan period promotes the arts (e.g., William Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe). Jacobean Period (e.g., Ben Jonson, John Donne, Aemelia Lanyer). Caroline Age (e.g., John Milton's Paradise Lost). Philosophy (e.g., Thomas More, Francis Bacon). Commonwealth Period (e.g., Andrew Marvell and Sir Thomas Browne)

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British Neoclassical Period/Enlightenment

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1660-1790 CE: Reverence for logic and disdain for superstition. Restoration Period (e.g., John Dryden, John Lock, Aphra Behn, Samuel Pepys). Augustan Age (e.g., Steele, Swift, Alexander Pope). Age of Johnson (e.g., Dr. Samuel Johnson, Boswell, Edward Gibbon).

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British Romantic Period

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1790-1830 CE: Focus on nature, imagination, and individuality in England (e.g., Coleridge, Blake, Keats, Shelley)

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American Colonial Period

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1750-1790 CE: Move away from Neoclassical ideal, colonial and revolutionary writers (e.g., Ben Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, Thomas Paine)

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American Renaissance

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1830s-1860s: Broad sense of the word, lasted until the beginning/through the Civil War; white men polarized, other authors from different backgrounds added later, closely associated with Transcendentalism (e.g., Whitman, Hawthorne, Poe, Melville, Emerson, Thoreau, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Frederick Douglass).

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British Victorian Period

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1832-1901 CE: During Victoria's reign, sentimental novels and Pre-Ralphaelites (e.g., Elizabeth Browning, Alfred Lord Tennyson, Robert Browning, Charles Dickens, Brontë sisters, PR: Rossettis and William Morris).

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American Naturalistic Period

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1880s-1930s: Used detailed realism to suggest social conditions, heredity, and environment are inescapable forces that shape the human character (e.g., Stephen Crane, Jack London, Edith Wharton, John Steinbeck).

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British Modernist Period

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1914-1945: Rejection of realistic representation and traditional forms. Free verse, stream of consciousness, disconnected images. Realism and disillusionment with World Wars (e.g., W.B. Yeats, Seamus Heaney, Dylan Thomas, W.H. Auden, Virginia Woolf, T.E. Hulme, James Joyce).

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American Modernist Period

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1914-1945: Power human beings have to create and reshape their environment with the aid of scientific technology and experimentation, progressive and optimistic (e.g., Robert Frost, Flannery O'Connor, lost generation authors such as Fitzgerald, Stein, Hemingway, Faulkner, Harlem Renaissance and Jazz, Ezra Pound).

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British Postmodernist Period

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1945-onward: Metafiction and fragmented poetry, the unreliable narrator, reaction against Modernism, the world impossible to understand/define (e.g., Morrison, Shaw, Beckett, Fowles)

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American Postmodernist Period

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1945-onward: Absurdity and coincidence, people observe life as the media presents it, popular culture saturates people's lives (e.g., Vonnegut, Ellis, Heller, Pynchon, Wake).

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Story

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An account of imaginary or real people and/or events that is told for "entertainment"

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Drama

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A play for theatre, radio, or television

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Poetry

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A literary work in which special intensity is given to the expression of feelings and ideas by the use of distinctive style and rhythm

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Literary Nonfiction

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Accurate narrative of someone's life

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Ballads

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A poem or song in short stanzas, usually passed orally from generation to generation

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Biography

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An account of someone's life written by someone else

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Essay

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A short piece of writing on a particular subject

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Fable

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A short story, usually portrayed with animals, telling a moral

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Fairytale

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A story using magical elements in imaginary lands

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Folk Tale

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A story in popular culture, usually passed by word of mouth

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Haiku

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A Japanese poem consisting of seven syllables, then five, then seven, evoking an image of the natural world

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Historical Fiction

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A story made up in the past but borrows true characteristics of the time period which it is set

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Legend

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A traditional story of a person (usually) held as true or historical but unauthenticated

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Mystery

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A story holding crimes and detectives, usually within a novel

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Myth

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A traditional story, especially one concerning the early history of a people or explaining some natural or social phenomenon, and typically involving supernatural beings or events.

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Satire

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Vices, follies, abuses, and shortcomings are held up to ridicule, ideally with the intent of shaming individuals, corporations, government or society itself, into improvement

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Science Fiction

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A fiction based on imagined future scientific or technological advances and major social or environmental changes, frequently portraying space or time travel and life on other planets.

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Sonnet

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A poem of fourteen lines typically with ten syllables per line and a set rhyme scheme

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alliteration

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The occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words.

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allusion

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When a person or author makes an indirect reference in speech, text, or song to an event or figure.

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analogy

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A literary device that creates a relationship based on parallels or connections between two ideas.

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characterization

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Act of creating or describing characters to people

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cliché

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An overused, worn-out word or phrase, one that has been used so many times that it has lost its distinct meaning. A cliche can also be an idiom, a phrase that is figurative, not literal.

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dialect/slang

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A regional or social variety of a language distinguished by pronunciation, grammar, or vocabulary, especially a variety of speech differing from the standard literary language or speech pattern of the culture in which it exists

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diction

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The word choice, or the style of speaking that a writer, speaker, or character uses. The diction that you use when you speak or write should be matched to purpose or audience.

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foreshadowing

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Authors use as hints for future events in the story

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hyperbole

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An extreme exaggeration to make a point

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imagery

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When a writer attempts to describe something so that it appeals to our sense of smell, sight, taste, touch, or hearing

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irony

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When the outcome of a situation is completely different than what was expected, a contradiction/contrast

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metaphor

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Describing something by equating it to something else

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mood

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The emotional quality in the tone of the piece

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personification

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Giving human characteristics to an object

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1st person point of view

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Personal (e.g., I, me, myself, us, etc.)

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setting

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An environment or place where the story takes place

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simile

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Comparing something else (e.g., using the words "like" or "as")

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symbolism

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It is the practice or art of using an object or a word to represent an abstract idea.

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3rd person limited point of view

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Narrator can only relay the thoughts of one character

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3rd person omniscient point of view

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Narrator relays all the thoughts of the characters

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Rhetoric

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The art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing, especially the use of figures of speech and other compositional techniques.

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Persuasion: Generalization

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This is a conclusion based on insufficient or biased evidence. In other words, you are rushing to a conclusion before you have all the relevant facts.

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Fallacious Reasoning: Slippery Slope

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This is a conclusion based on the premise that if A happens, then eventually through a series of small steps, through B, C,..., X, Y, Z will happen, too, basically equating A and Z. So, if we don't want Z to occur A must not be allowed to occur either.

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Red Herring

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This is a diversionary tactic that avoids the key issues, often by avoiding opposing arguments rather than addressing them.

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Strawman

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Based on giving the impression of refuting an opponent's argument, while actually refuting an argument which was not advanced by that opponent

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Post Hoc Ergo Propter

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This is a conclusion that assumes that if 'A' occurred after 'B' then 'B' must have caused 'A.

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Holistic Scoring

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A single, overall assessment score for the paper as a whole

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Peer Review

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Evaluation of a work by one or more people of similar competence

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Scoring Rubric

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Represents the performance expectations for an assignment

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Portfolios

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An evaluation tool used to document student learning through a series of student-developed artifacts

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Conferencing

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Those concerned with the child's learning share their knowledge and understanding of the child's work

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Self-Assessments

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The process of evaluating one's own work and discovering what is good and what needs work

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Formative Assessments

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A range of formal and informal assessment procedures conducted by teachers during the learning process in order to modify teaching and learning activities to improve student attainment

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Summative Assessments

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The assessment of participants where the focus is on the outcome of a program.

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Syntax

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The structure of the stucture of sentences.

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Pragmatics

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The role of context in interpreting meaning.

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Sociolinguistics

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The study of language as it relates to society, including race, class, gender, and age.

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Ethnolinguistics

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The study of language as it relates to culture; frequently associated with minority linguistic groups within the larger culture.

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Psycholinguistics

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The study of language as it relates to the psychological and neurobiological factors that enable humans to learn language.

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Pidgins

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Contact languages. They are co-created and change between people who speak different languages but need some way to communicate to engage in trade or work.

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Creoles

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A pidgin becomes a creole when it is learned as a first language of a new generation of people.

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Etymology

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The study of the history and the origin of words.

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Portmanteau

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Words that have been melded together, such as Ebonics (ebony + phonics).

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Declarative sentence

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A sentence that makes a statement and tells about a person, place, thing, or idea.

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Interrogative sentence

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Asks a question.

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Imperative sentence

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Issues a command.

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Exclamatory sentence

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Communicates strong ideas or feelings.

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Conditional sentence

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Expresses wishes or conditions contrary to fact.

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Compound sentence

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2 independent clauses. They must be joined by a semicolon or by a comma and a coordinating conjunction.

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Complex sentence

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1 independent clause and 1 or more dependent clauses.

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Compound/complex sentence

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2 or more independent clauses and 1 or more dependent clauses.

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Dangling modifier

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Word or phrase that modifies a word not clearly stated in the sentence. Example: Stuffed with dressing and surrounded by veggies, Grandma served the Thanksgiving turkey.

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Passive voice

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The grammatical subject of the verb is the recipient of the action denoted by the verb. Example: The basketball was shot by the player.

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Split infinitive

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Adverb sits between two parts of the infinitive form of a verb. Example: to meekly say

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Nominative case noun

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Can be the subject of a clause or the predicate noun when it follows the verb "to be."

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Possessive case noun

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Shows possession or ownership

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Objective case noun

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Can be a direct object, an indirect object, or an object of a preposition.

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Transitive verb

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Requires a direct object. Ex: The secondary English student (subject) LEARNS the methods of the master teacher (DI).

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Intransitive verb

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Requires no object or compliment. Ex: The airplane FLEW overhead.

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Linking or connecting verb

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Connects the subject and the subject compliment. Ex: It WAS rainy.

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Auxiliary or helping verb

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Comes before another verb. Ex: She MUST HAVE passed the Praxis test.

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Stages of the writing process

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Pre writing Drafting Revising Editing Publishing Evaluating PDREPE

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Writing Workshop structure

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Mini-lesson Status of the class Time for writing Sharing MTWS

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Denouement

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The outcome or resolution of plot in a story.

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Reciprocal teaching

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A method in which two students take turns reading aloud, asking one another questions, clarifying understanding, and making predictions.

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ReQuest

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Reciprocal questioning--very similar to reciprocal teaching, but the teacher works with the whole class taking turns reading aloud, asking questions, clarifying understanding, and making predictions.

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Active reading

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Involves determining purpose for pre-reading, reading for understanding during reading, and then evaluating success post-reading. Example: high-lighting, writing connections in margins, pausing to check for understanding, paragraph shrinking, summarizing key points, etc.

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Anticipation guide

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Like a pre-test, although there are no right or wrong answers. Provides students with an opportunity to respond to and discuss a series of open-ended questions or opinions related to the reading.

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SQ3R

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Survey, Question, Read, Recite, Review

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Participle

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Verb form that usually ends in -ing, or -ed. These operate as adjectives but also maintain some characteristics of verbs. Ex: barking dog, painted fence

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Gerund phrase

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Made up of a present participle and always functions as a noun. Ex: Gardening is a great hobby.

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Doublespeak

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Language that is meant to be evasive or to conceal. Ex: The company DOWNSIZED, so I lost my job.

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Local color

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The use of language and details that are common in specific regions of a country. Mark Twain and Henry James use this in their work to capture dialect, expressions, and routines of certain people in geographic locations.

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Idioms

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Expressions that are not easily understood through the literal meaning of the words. Ex: its raining cats and dogs.

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Exposition discourse

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Explains/describes Ex: definitions and comparative analysis of of ideas

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Narration discourse

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Drama, stories, folklore

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Description discourse

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Uses the senses to describe something.

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Argument discourse

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Debates/argues a topic in a logical way.

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Components of an argument

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Well-defined thesis and explanation for why the topic is important (exigence). Body paragraphs that include well-researched evidence to support thesis (warrants) and counterpoints and why these views are wrong Clear transitions Thoughtful inclusion of ethos, logos, and pathos Conclusion that advances the thesis based on the evidence provided

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Ad hominem

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Attacking the person in an argument, not the person's position.

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Positive interdependence

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Students encourage teammates to complete tasks well.

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Qualitative vs. Quantitative assessment

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Qualitative assesses the purpose of the text , structure and language conventions Quantitative assesses word length, sentence length, word frequency. Common measures are Lexile and Flesch-Kincaid

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Appositive Phrase

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a noun or noun phrase that renames another noun right beside it.

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Infinitive phrase

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will begin with an infinitive [to + simple form of the verb]. It will include objects and/or modifiers.

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Participle phrase

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will begin with a present or past participle. If the participle is present, it will dependably end in ing. Always function as adjectives, adding description to the sentence.

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Traditional Literature

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Ancient stories; has a set form.

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Modern Literature

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Recent; categories can overlap some of the categories of traditional literature and can include additional forms of literature

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fable

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nonrealistic story with a moral

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Aesop

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a Greek slave supposedly born around 600 BCE who is often associated with the fable

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beast tales

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fables in which animals behave as humans

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fairy tales

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key characteristic is the element of magic. usually follow a pattern and often present an "ideal" to the listener or the reader.

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Brothers Grimm

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recorded German fairy tales in the 1800s

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magic three

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frequent feature of a fairy tale, there are often three attempts at achieving a goal, three wishes, or three siblings

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wonder tales

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writers like Nathaniel Hawthorne refer to the magical elements in the fairy tale with this term, often appear in the characters of witches, wizards, magical animals, and talking beasts.

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stereotyping

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another characteristic of a fairy tale, as soon as the storyteller or reader says the word stepmother, the listener knows the woman is wicked. woods-fear, impending doom, prince-young, handsome, princess-beautiful

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folktales

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told in the native language of the people. do not necessarily have a moral. entertainment as their main purpose. 1600/1700s Appalachian mountains.

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noodlehead stories

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another type of humorous folktale, have characters that the listener can outsmart.

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Richard Chase

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collected many of the Appalachian folktales- "Jack Tales" and "Grandfather Tales"

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Pourquoi tales

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Native American myths

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Realism

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This literary school is the nineteenth century reaction to Romanticism, the novel was popular during this time period. embraced true-to-life approach to subject matter. Rejecting the classical themes common in literature such as mythology and ballads, realists preferred to focus on everyday life. George Eliot and Leo Tolstoy.

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Symbolism

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Reached its peak in the last two decades of the nineteenth century. Denotes an early modernist literary movement initiated in France during the nineteenth century that reacted against the prevailing standards of realism. Writers in this movement aimed to evoke, indirectly and symbolically, an order of being beyond the material world of the five senses. William Butler Yeats and T.S. Eliot

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Modernism

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associated with the first decades of the twentieth century. The term modernist can describe the content and the form of a work, or either aspect alone. Knowledge is not absolute. Albert Einstein and Sigmund Freud's theories.

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Surrealism

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another literary movement of the twentieth century, Works from this time period feature the element of surprise, unexpected juxtaposition, and non-sequitur. Andre Breton is considered the leader of this movement, which began in Paris in the early 1920s and soon spread across the world. "long live the social revolution and it alone!" -communism and anarchism.

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realistic

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a classification in deciding if a book is modern fiction or not.

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romance

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This genre presents an idealized view of life in which the characters, setting, and action are better than what one would experience in real life.

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confession

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one character reveals thoughts and ideas.

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round character

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a type of character that the reader knows about in detail

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Menippean satire

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a form of satire, usually in prose, which has a length and structure similar to a novel and is characterized by attacking mental attitudes rather than specific individuals or entities. Charlie and the Chocolate Factory by Roald Dahl.

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Tone

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a literary compound of composition, which shows the attitudes toward the subject and toward the audience implied in a literary work.

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condescension

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occurs when the writer talks down to the reader. the writer addresses the reader as if they are below him in age, knowledge, or class.

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didacticism

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embodies a teaching tone, the writer addresses the readers as if they must learn something.

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irony

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the incongruity between what one expects and what actually happens.

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verbal irony

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there is a contrast between what is said and what is meant.

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situational irony

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there is a discrepancy between what happens and what the reader expects to happen.

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humor

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conveys fun

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sentimentality

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the excessive use of feeling or emotion

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simile

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a description that uses like, than or as, to draw a comparison between two dissimilar things.

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cliches

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phrases that have become meaningless because of their frequent use.

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allusion

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a reference to a historical, literary, or otherwise generally familiar character or event that helps make an idea understandable.

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diction

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the author's choice of words

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voice

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describes a writer's individual writing style and combines an author's use of dialogue, diction, alliteration, and other devices within the body of the text

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omniscient point of view

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a narrator who knows all about the characters and the actions and shares this information with the audience

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limited omniscient point of view

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a narrator who does not share all the information about all the characters or all the vents with the readers

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objective point of view

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simply tell the happenings without voicing an opinion

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first-person singular point of view

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unfolds through the eyes of one central character

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second-person point of view

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employs the word "you"

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third-person point of view

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the narrator does not participate in the action of the story.

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denotation

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a precise meaning of a word

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connotation

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the word's impression or feeling a word gives beyond its exact meaning

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alliteration

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the repetition of initial sounds in two or more words in a sentence or phrase.

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consonance

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The repetition of consonant sounds, especially at the end of stressed syllables.

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assonance

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the repetition of vowel sounds.

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rhythm

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flow or cadence.

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imagery

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descriptive language designed to create a mental image for the reader of smells, feelings, sounds, or sights of a person, place, thing, or event.

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hyperbole

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an exaggeration

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understatement

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underplays something and presents it to be less significant than is actually true

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wordplay

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stylistic device that many writers employ essentially as it sounds, the playful and creative use of words for a witty effect.

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Robinson Crusoe

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Daniel Defoe

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Gulliver's Travels

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Johnathan Smith

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The Chocolate War

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Robert Cormier

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sensationalism

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the use of emotionally charged words, expressions, or events in order to provoke a strong reaction to the reader.

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climax

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the highest point of interest in the story.

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false climax

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the reader mistakenly believes that all the story's questions have been answered only to find the story or book has new twists and turns. Dazai's No Longer Human.

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denouement

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ending of a book

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open denouement

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leaves some of the reader's questions unanswered.

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closed denouement

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answers all the reader's questions

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progressive plot

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requires one to read the entire book or story to find the answers to the questions

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episodic plot

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features individual chapters or episodes that are related to each other but which is a story unto itself.

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structure

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the plot and setting together

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backdrop setting

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a setting one that is not essential to the plot

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figurative setting

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a setting that simply serves as an illustration

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integral setting

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a setting that is essential to the plot

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flat character

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a character that is not fully developed, described, or revealed.

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dynamic

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developing or changing; adjective describing character

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static

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unchanging; adjective describing character

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speech

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dialect or diction

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Out of the Dust

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Karen Hesse

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Clover

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Dori Sanders

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Durango Street

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Frank Bonham

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protagonist

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The primary, positive character or force in the book.

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antagonist

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The primary, negative character or force in the book.

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theme

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main idea or central meaning of the book

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nonfiction prose

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referred to as expository writing. biographies, autobiographies, and essays, meant to inform reader.

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stanza

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a group of lines to which there is often a metrical order and a repeated rhyme.

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internal rhyme

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rhymes within the line of the poem

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open-form poems

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developed from vers libre meaning free verse which suggests that little skill or craft went into the poem.

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closed-form poems

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recognizable because the poet adheres to the form, number of lines, rhyme scheme, meter, and/or shape.

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Petrarchan sonnet

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two groups: octave of eight lines and a sestet of six lines. usually rhyme scheme is abbaabba-cdecde.

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Shakespearean sonnet

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organizes the lines into three groups of four lines (quatrains) and to rhyming lines (a couplet) ALWAYS abab cdcd efef and gg.

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couplet

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A two-line stanza, usually with end rhymes.

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heroic couplet

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two-line stanza that is end-stopped and written in iambic pentameter.

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epic

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a story that is vast in length, written with dignified language, and that celebrates the achievement of a hero. The Odyssey, Paradise Lost, The Illiad

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Homer

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The Illiad and The Odyssey

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ballads

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are stories in a song, four lines in a rhyme scheme of ab cb.

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literary ballad

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the compositions of later poets, rather than the result of the oral tradition.

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elegy

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a poem of serious reflection, typically a lament for the dead. The Greek term elegeia originally referred to any verse written in elegiac couplets and covering a wide range of subject matter (death, love, war). The term also included epitaphs, sad and mournful songs, and commemorative verses.

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villanelle

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a courtly love poem from medieval times; a nineteen-line poetic form consisting of five tercets followed by a quatrain. There are two refrains and two repeating rhymes, with the first and third line of the first tercet repeated alternately until the last stanza, which includes both repeated lines.

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sestina

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a fixed verse form consisting of six stanzas of six lines each, normally followed by a three-line envoi. The words that end each line of the first stanza are used as line endings in each of the following stanzas, rotated in a set pattern.

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epigram

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a short poem with a clever twist at the end, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Benjamin Franklin

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limericks

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a usually humorous fixed-form poem with five lines and the rhyme scheme of aabba

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slant rhyme

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a type of rhyme formed by words with similar but not identical sounds. In most instances, either the vowel segments are different while the consonants are identical, or vice versa. Emily Dickinson.

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masculine rhyme

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a rhyme that matches only one syllable, usually at the end of respective lines. Often the final syllable is stressed. In English prosody, a masculine rhyme is a rhyme on a single stressed syllable at the end of a line of poetry.

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feminine rhyme

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a rhyme that matches two or more syllables, usually at the end of respective lines, in which the final syllable or syllables are unstressed. It is also commonly known as double rhyme.

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blank verse

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unrhymed but has a strict rhythm- written in iambic pentameter

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iambic pentameter

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a poetry meter in which each one contains five measures of one unstressed and one stressed syllable.

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foot

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basic measuring unit of a line of poetry

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iambic foot

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each one of these unstressed-stressed syllable pairs

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anapest

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a foot consisting of three syllables in which the first two are short or unstressed and the final one is long or stressed.

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haiku

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specific type of Japanese poetry that expresses one thought written in 17 syllables with three lines of five, seven, and five syllables respectively.

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Homeric or Heroic Period

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What is the name of the period during which (1200-800 B.C.E.) Greek legends are passed along orally, including Homer's The Illiad and The Odyssey? this is a chaotic period of warrior princes, wandering sea traders, and fierce pirates.

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Classical Greek Period

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What is the name of the period during which (800-200 B.C.E) Greek writers, playwrights, and philosophers such as Gorgias, Aesop, Plato, Socrates, Aristotle, and Sophocles all make their mark? Sophisticated age of the polis, or individual city-state, early democracy.

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Classical Roman Period

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What is the name of the period during which (200 B.C.E.-455 C.E.) Greece's culture gives way to Roman power when Rome conquers Greece in 146 C.E.? Ovid, Horace, Virgil, Roman- Marcus Aurelius and Lucretius

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Patristic Period

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What is the name of the period during which (ca. 70 C.E.- 455 C.E.) Early Christian writings appear such as those by Saint Augustine, Tertullian, Saint Cyprian, Saint Ambrose, and Saint Jerome? first compiles the Bible.

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Old English (Anglo-Saxon period)

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What is the name of the period during which (428-1066) The so-called dark ages (455-799) occur when Rome falls and barbarian tribes move to Europe? Franks, Ostrogoths, Lombards, and Goths settle in the ruins of Europe. The Angles, Saxons, and Jutes migrate to Britian. Beowulf

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Carolingian Renaissance

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What is the name of the period during which (800-850) emerges in Europe encyclopedias, Viking sagas?

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Middle English Period

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What is the name of the period during which (1066-1450) In 1066, Norman French armies invade and conquer England under William I? Twelfth-Century Renaissance (1100-1200) French fables great scholastic and theological works

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Late or "High" Medieval Period

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What is the name of the period during which (1200-1485) Chaucer wrote?

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Renaissance and the Reformation

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What is the name of the period which (1485-1660) takes place in Britain but somewhat earlier in Italy and southern Europe?

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Early Tudor Period

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What is the name of the period during which (1485-1558) Martin Luther split with the Roman Catholic church? - Protestantism Edmund Spenser- poet of this period

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Elizabethan Period

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What is the name of the period during which (1558-1603) Queen Elizabeth I saves England from both the Spanish invasion and squabbles at home? William Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Kyd.

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Jacobean Period

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What is the name of the period during which (1603-1625) Shakespeare writes his later works, and Ben Jonson is prominent?

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Caroline Age

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What is the name of the period during which (1625-1649) John Milton, George Herbert, "Sons of Ben" write during the reign of Charles I and his Cavaliers?

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Commonwealth Period or Puritan Interregnum

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What is the name of the period during which (1649-1660) under Oliver Cromwell's Puritan dictatorship, John Milton continues to write?

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The Enlightenment (Neoclassical) Period

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What's the name of this period? (1660-1790) Neoclassical refers to the increased influence of classical literature upon these centuries. intellectual backlash against Puritanism and America's revolution against England.

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Restoration Period

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What's the name of this period? (1660-1700) This period marks the British king's restoration to the throne after a long period of Puritan domination in England. John Lock.

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Augustan Age

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What's the name of this period? (1700-1750) This period is marked by the imitation of Virgil and Horace's literature in English letters. Johnathan Swift. Alexander Pope, Francois-Marie Arouet Voltaire.

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Age of Johnson

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What's the name of this period? (1750-1790) This period marks the transition toward the upcoming Romanticism through the period is still largely neoclassical. Samuel Johnson. Colonial period in America- Ben Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, and Thomas Paine.

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Victorian Period and the Nineteenth Century

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What's the name of this period? (1832-1901) Sentimental novels typify this period. Elizabeth Browning. Matthew Arnold. Robert Browning. Charles Dickens and the Bronte sisters.

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Modern Period

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What's the name of this period? (1914-1945) W.B. Yeats, Virginia Woolf, Robert Frost, Flannery O'Connor

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naturalist writers

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Stephen Crane, Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson

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Lost Generation

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What's the name of this period? (1914-1929) writers of the jazz age- Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, William Faulkner.

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Harlem Renaissance

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What's the name of this period? Langston Hughes, Claude McKay, James Weldon Johnson and Countee Cullen.

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Postmodern Period

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What's the name of this period? (ca. 1945-onward) T.S. Eliot, Sandra Cisneros, Langston Hughes

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Historical Criticism

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This type of criticism uses history to understand a literary work more clearly.

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recension

answer

A critical revision of a text incorporating the most plausible elements found in varying sources.

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emendation

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the act of emending; correction or change made in a text, as in an attempt to restore the original reading

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feminist criticism

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This type of criticism seeks to correct or to supplement what is regarded as a predominantly male-dominated critical perspective with female consciousness.

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biographical criticism

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This type of criticism uses the knowledge of the author's life experiences to gain a better understanding of the writer's work

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cultural criticsm

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This type of criticism focuses on the historical, social, and economic contexts of a work

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formal criticism

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This type of criticism pays particular attention to formal elements of the work such as structure, language, and tone.

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Adventure Novel

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Exciting events are more important than character development and are sometimes described as "fiction" rather than "literature" in order to distinguish books designed for mere entertainment rather than thematic importance. Examples: - H. Rider Haggard, King Solomon's Mines - Baroness Orczy, The Scarlet Pimpernel - Alexandre Dumas, The Three Musketeers - Alexandre Dumas, The Count of Monte Cristo

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Allegory

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A figurative work in which a surface narrative carries a secondary, symbolic or metaphorical meaning. Examples: * Edmund Spenser, The Faerie Queene * John Bunyan, The Pilgrim's Progress c* Dante, The Divine Comedy * William Golding, Lord of the Flies * Herman Melville, Moby Dick * George Orwell, Animal Farm

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Alliteration

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The repetition of similar sounds, usually consonants, at the beginning of words. For example, Robert Frost's poem "Out, out—" contains the alliterative phrase "sweet scented stuff."

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Analogy

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A comparison of two different things that are similar in some way

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Anastrophe

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The inversion of the usual order of words or clauses. A figure of speech, think Yoda...potatoes I like vs. I like potatoes.

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Anecdote

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The brief narration of a single event or incident.

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Anticlimax

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A disappointing end to an exciting or impressive series of events. (Letdown, disappointment, comedown, bathos)

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Antithesis

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A person or thing that is the direct opposite of someone or something else. Example, "Love is the antithesis of selfishness."

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Aphorism

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A pithy observation that contains a general truth, such as, "if it ain't broke, don't fix it."

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Apostrophe

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A direct address to an absent or dead person, or to an object, quality, or idea. Walt Whitman's poem "O Captain, My Captain," written upon the death of Abraham Lincoln, is an example of this.

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Apologue

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A moral fable, usually featuring personified animals or inanimate objects which act like people to allow the author to comment on the human condition. Examples - Aesop's Fables - George Orwell, Animal Farm - Rudyard Kipling, The Jungle Book

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Appeal to Ethics

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A rhetorical strategy based on making the morally correct decision

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Appeal to Logic

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uses facts, statistics, etc. that appeal to listeners' minds

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Appositive

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A word or group of words that concisely identifies or renames another word in a sentence. For example: "Og, the King of Bashan, was saved from the flood by climbing onto the roof of the ark."

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Archtype

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A character, action, or situation that is a prototype, or pattern, of human life generally; a situation that occurs over and over again in literature, such as a quest, an initiation, or an attempt to overcome evil.

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Argument with Logical Fallacies

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Arguments that look rational, fair, and valid but aren't

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Argument

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A statement of the meaning or main point of a literary work.

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Burlesque

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ludicrous parody or grotesque caricature; humorous and provocative stage show. Example: Alexander Pope's The Rape of the Lock

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Caesura

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A natural pause or break in a line of poetry, usually near the middle of the line.

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Catasrophe

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The final action that completes the unraveling of the plot in a play, especially in a tragedy. Synonym of denouement (conclusion after the climax of a narrative in which the complexities of the plot are unraveled and the conflict is finally resolved).

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Closet drama

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A play that is not intended to be performed onstage, but read by a solitary reader or, sometimes, out loud in a small group.

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Caricature

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A description or characterization that exaggerates or distorts a character's prominent features, usually to elicit mockery. For example, in Candide, Voltaire portrays the character of Pangloss as a mocking caricature of the optimistic rationalism of philosophers like Leibniz.

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Catharsis

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An emotional discharge through which one can achieve a state of moral or spiritual renewal or achieve a state of liberation from anxiety or stress. Greek for cleansing - used for the cleansing of emotions of the characters.

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Colloquialism

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An informal expression or slang, especially in the context of formal writing, as in Philip Larkin's "Send No Money": "All the other lads there / Were itching to have a bash."

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Comedy

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A play that ends happily.

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Conceit

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A fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects. The metaphysical poets are especially known for their conceits, as in John Donne's "The Flea."

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Dactyl

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A stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables: "diff i cult" Dactyllic words: fantasy, alchemy, penetrate

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Deus ex machina

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Greek for "God from a machine." The phrase originally referred to a technique in ancient tragedy in which a mechanical god was lowered onto the stage to intervene and solve the play's problems or bring the play to a satisfactory conclusion. Now, the term describes more generally a sudden or improbable plot twist that brings about the plot's resolution.

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Discourse

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Written or spoken compunction or debate

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Dramatic Irony

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A technique in which the author lets the audience or reader in on a character's situation while the character himself remains in the dark. Example: Sophocles' Oedipus Rex, when Oedipus vows to discover his father's murderer, not knowing, as the audience does, that he himself is the murderer.

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Dramatic monologue

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A type of poem in which a speaker addresses a silent listener. As readers, we overhear the speaker.

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Dystopian/ic

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An anti-utopian novel where, instead of a paradise, everything has gone wrong in the attempt to create a perfect society. Examples: - George Orwell, Nineteen Eighty-Four - Aldous Huxley, Brave New World

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Epiphany

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A sudden, powerful, and often spiritual or life changing realization that a character reaches in an otherwise ordinary or everyday moment.

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Epilogue

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A section or speech at the end that serves as a conclusion

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Epistle

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A novel consisting of letters written by a character or several characters. The form allows for the use of multiple points of view toward the story and the ability to dispense with an omniscient narrator. Examples: - Samuel Richardson, Pamela - Fanny Burney, Evelina - C. S. Lewis, The Screwtape Letters - Hannah W. Foster, The Coquette

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Essay

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A brief examination of a subject in prose, usually expressing a personal or limited view of the topic.

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Euphemism

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The substitution of a mild or less negative word or phrase for a harsh or blunt one, as in the use of "pass away" instead of "die."

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Existentialist Novel

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A novel pointing out the absurdity and meaninglessness of existence. Example: - Albert Camus, The Stranger

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Exposition

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the part of a book that sets the stage for the drama to follow: it introduces the theme, setting, characters, and circumstances at the story's beginnings. Usually found in the first few chapters (or pages) where the author gives a description of the setting and the mood before the action takes place.

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Fantasy

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Any novel that is disengaged from reality. Example: - J. R. R. Tolkien, The Hobbit

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Figure of Speech

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A form of expression (as a simile or metaphor) used to convey meaning or heighten effect often by comparing or identifying one thing with another that has a meaning or connotation familiar to the reader or listener. For example, "falling in love," or "hitting a salestarget."

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Flashback

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A method of narration in which present action is temporarily interrupted so that the reader can witness past events

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Foot

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The basic unit of meter consisting of a group of two or three syllables.

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Foreshadowing

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An author's deliberate use of hints or suggestions to give a preview of events or themes that do not develop until later in the narrative

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Frame

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A narrative structure that provides a setting and exposition for the main narrative in a novel. Examples of novels with frames: - Mary Shelley Frankenstein - Nathaniel Hawthorne The Scarlet Letter

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Free Verse

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Verse that has neither regular rhyme nor regular meter. Free verse often uses cadences rather than uniform metrical feet. I cannot strive to drink dry the ocean's fill since you replenish my gulps with your tears

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Gothic Novel

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Supernatural horrors and an atmosphere of unknown terror pervades the action. The setting is often a dark, mysterious castle, where ghosts and sinister humans roam menacingly. Examples: - Horace Walpole, The Castle of Otranto - William Beckford, Vathek - Anne Radcliffe, The Mysteries of Udolpho - Mary Shelley, Frankenstein - Daphne du Maurier, Rebecca

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Grotesque

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primarily concerned about the distortion and transgression of boundaries, be they physical boundaries between two objects, or psychological boundaries, or anything in-between. Examples: - "The Metamorphosis" by Franz Kafka - Nikolai Gogol's "The Nose"

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Historic Novel

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A novel where fictional characters take part in actual historical events and interact with real people from the past. Examples: - Sir Walter Scott, Ivanhoe, & Waverly - James Fenimore Cooper, Last of the Mohicans - Lloyd C. Douglas, The Robe

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Horatian Satire

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A gentler, more good humored and sympathetic kind of satire, somewhat tolerant of human folly even while laughing at it. Horatian satire tends to ridicule human folly in general or by type rather than attack specific persons.

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Hubris

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Excessive pride or arrogance that results in the downfall of the protagonist of a tragedy

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Humanism

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A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements

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Hyperbole

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An excessive overstatement or conscious exaggeration of fact: "I've told you about it a million times already."

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Idiom

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A common expression that has acquired a meaning that differs from its literal meaning, such as "it's raining cats and dogs" or "a bolt from the blue"

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Inversion

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(Anastrophe), is a literary technique in which the normal order of words is reversed in order to achieve a particular effect of emphasis or meter. Think Yoda

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Irony

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A contrast between expectation and reality

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Legend

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A narrative handed down from the past, containing historical elements and usually supernatural elements.

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Lyric

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A short poetic composition that describes the thoughts of a single speaker. Most modern poetry is lyrical (as opposed to dramatic or narrative), employing forms, such as the ode or sonnet.

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Malapropism

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A blunder in speech caused by the substitution of a word for another that is similar in sound but different in meaning. "She will indite (for invite) him to supper."

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Memoir

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An autobiographical work. Rather than focus exclusively on the author's life, it pays significant attention to the author's involvement in historical events and the characterization of individuals other than the author. A famous example is Winston Churchill's Memoirs of the Second World War.

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Metaphysical Poetry

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Refers to the work of poets like 17th century John Donne who explore highly complex, philosophical ideas through extended metaphors and paradox.

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Metaphor

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The comparison of one thing to another that does not use the terms "like" or "as." Shakespeare is famous for his metaphors, as in Macbeth: "Life is but a walking shadow, a poor player / That struts and frets his hour upon the stage."

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Meter

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The rhythmic pattern produced when words are arranged so that their stressed and unstressed syllables fall into regular sequence, resulting in repeated patterns of accent (called feet).Types - Monometer: One foot - Dimeter: Two feet - Trimeter: Three feet - Tetrameter: Four feet - Pentameter: Five feet - Hexameter: Six feet - Heptameter: Seven feet - Octameter: Eight feet

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Metonymy

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A figure of speech in which a thing or concept is called not by its own name but rather by the name of something associated in meaning with that thing or concept. For example, "suits" instead of "businessmen." OR

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Mixed Metaphor

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A combination of metaphors that produces a confused or contradictory image, such as "The company's collapse left mountains of debt in its wake."

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Motif

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A recurring structure, contrast, or other device that develops or informs a work's major themes. A motif may relate to concrete objects, like Eastern vs. Western architecture in E. M. Forster's A Passage to India, or may be a recurrent idea, phrase, or emotion, like Lily Bart's constant desire to move up in the world in Edith Wharton's The House of Mirth.

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Multicultural Novel

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A novel written by a member of or about a cultural minority group, giving insight into non-Western or non-dominant cultural experiences and values, either in the United States or abroad. - Chinua Achebe, Things Fall Apart - Amy Tan, The Kitchen God's Wife - Forrest Carter, The Education of Little Tree - James Baldwin, Go Tell It on the Mountain - Alice Walker, The Color Purple

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Myth

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A traditional story about gods, ancestors, or heroes, told to explain the natural world or the customs and beliefs of a society.

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Noir

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A fiction genre, popularized in the 1940s, with a cynical, disillusioned, loner protagonist. Noir often involves crime or the criminal underworld. Examples: - Raymond Chandler's The Big Sleep - Dashiell Hammett's The Maltese Falcon.

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Novel

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A long fictional narrative written in prose, usually having many characters and a strong plot.

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Novella

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A prose fiction longer than a short story but shorter than a novel. Examples: - Henry James, Daisy Miller - Robert Louis Stevenson, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde - Joseph Conrad, Heart of Darkness

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Ode

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A serious lyric poem, often of significant length, that usually conforms to an elaborate metrical structure. Example: - William Wordsworth's "Ode: Intimations of Immortality."

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Onomatopoeia

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The use of words, such as "pop," "hiss," and "boing," that sound like the thing they refer to.

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Oxymoron

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The association of two contrary terms, as in the expressions "same difference" or "wise fool"

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Parable

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A short narrative that illustrates a moral by means of allegory.

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Paradox

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A contradictory statement that makes sense. Examples: - Man learns from history that man learns nothing from history Oscar Wilde's The Ballad of Reading Gaol, "All men kill the thing they love."

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Parallelism

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The use of similar grammatical structures or word order in two sentences or phrases to suggest a comparison or contrast between them. Similarities between elements in a narrative (such as two characters or two plot lines). Example in Shakespeare's King Lear, both Lear and Gloucester suffer at the hands of their own children because they are blind to which of their children are goodhearted and which are, evil.

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Parody

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A satiric imitation of a work or of an author with the idea of ridiculing the author, his ideas, or work.

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Pastoral

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A type of literature dealing with rural life.

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Persona

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The person created by the author to tell a story (a personality different from his real one).

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Personification

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A figure of speech in which an object or animal is given human feelings, thoughts, or attitudes

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Picaresque Novel

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An episodic, often autobiographical novel about a rogue or picaro (a person of low social status) wandering around and living off his wits. The wandering hero provides the author with the opportunity to connect widely different pieces of plot, since the hero can wander into any situation. Picaresque novels tend to be satiric and filled with petty detail. Examples: - Daniel Defoe, Moll Flanders - Miguel de Cervantes, Don Quixote - Henry Fielding, Jonathan Wild

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Prose

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Any composition not written in verse. Example: - Amy Tan, The Joy Luck Club

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Prosody

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The patterns of rhythm and sound used in poetry

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Pun

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A play on words that exploits the similarity in sound between two words with distinctly different meanings.

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Rhetorical Question

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A question that is asked not to elicit a response but to make an impact or call attention to something. "Isn't she great?" expresses regard for another person, but does not call for discussion.

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Rhyme Royal

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A seven-line stanza of iambic pentameter rhymed ababbcc, used by Chaucer and other medieval poets.

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Romantic Irony

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An author's persistent presence in his or her work, meant to ensure that the audience will maintain critical detachment and not simply accept the writing at face value.

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Sarcasm

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A simple form of verbal irony in which it is obvious from context and tone that the speaker means the opposite of what he or she says. Sarcasm usually, but not always, expresses scorn. Commenting "That was graceful" when someone trips and falls is an example.

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Satire

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A literary mode based on criticism of people and society through ridicule. Ridicule, irony, exaggeration, and several other techniques are almost always present. The satirist's goal is to point out the hypocrisy of his target in the hope that either the target or the audience will return to a real following of the code.

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Scansion

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The process of marking lines of poetry to show the type of feet and the number of feet they contain

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Sestet

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6 line stanza

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Short Story

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A fictional narrative written in prose, which is shorter than a novel. Should be read in one sitting

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Spenserian Stanza

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A nine-line stanza, with the first eight lines in iambic pentameter and the last line in iambic hexameter (called an Alexandrine). The rhyme scheme is A-B-A-B B-C-B-C C. Edmund Spenser's Faerie Queene is written in Spenserian stanzas.

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Sprung Rhythm

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A poetic rhythm designed to imitate the rhythm of natural speech. It is constructed from feet in which the first syllable is stressed and may be followed by a variable number of unstressed syllables. Popularized by Gerard Manley Hopkins.

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Sonnet

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a lyric poem of fourteen lines, usually in iambic pentameter, with rhymes arranged according to certain definite patterns. It usually expresses a single, complete idea or thought with a reversal, twist, or change of direction in the concluding lines.

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Spondee Foot

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Two successive syllables with strong stresses: "STOP, THIEF"

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Stock Character

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A stereotypical person whom audiences readily recognize from frequent recurrences in a particular literary tradition. Stock characters are archetypal characters distinguished by their flatness; as a result, they tend to be easy targets for parody and to be criticized as clichés.

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Strophe

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A group of verses that form a distinct unit within a poem

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Superego

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The part of a person's brain that tells them how to behave based on learned morals and values.

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Synecdoche

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A form of metonymy in which a part of an entity is used to refer to the whole, for example, "my wheels" for "my car."

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Terza Rima

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A three-line stanza rhymed aba, bcb, cdc.

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Tragedy

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A serious play that ends unhappily for the protagonist. Example: Antigone.

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Tragicomedy

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A play such as Shakespeare's A Winter's Tale that mixes elements of tragedy and comedy.

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Trochee Foot

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A stressed syllable followed by an unstressed syllable: "CARry" Trochaic words: woman, daisy, golden, and patchwork

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Trope

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A category of figures of speech that extend the literal meanings of words by inviting a comparison to other words, things, or ideas. Metaphor, metonymy, and simile are three common tropes.

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Zeugma

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The use of one word in a sentence to modify two other words in the sentence. Example - Charles Dickens's The Pickwick Papers, the sentence "Mr. Pickwick took his hat and his leave" uses the word "took" to mean two different things.

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The Last of the Mohicans

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James Fenimore Cooper - 1826 Main character- Natty Bumppo -nickname: Hawkeye - brave and resourceful woodsman armed with unerringly long rifle. Setting: 1757, Upstate NY, Seven Yrs. War. Romantic Allegory- symbolizes Native American removal from the land. Heightened formal rhetoric

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Harriet Beecher Stowe

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Born in CT 1811- Wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin in outraged response to Fugitive Slave Law of 1850.

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Uncle Tom's Cabin

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Story of a slave sold from Kentucky into a life of danger and uncertainty. Embolden by his abiding faith - allows him to forgive his final slave master's torture. Rescues Eva, white girl, whose father buys him and intends to emancipate him after Eva's death, but is killed before he can. Sold to evil Simon Legree eventually dies a martyrs death.

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Huckleberry Finn

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Mark Twain. 1884. First time American vernacular, dialect in a book. Mock-epic tale of American Democracy. Intended to be sequel to Tom Sawyer. Plot is more connected set of adventures. Main Character, Huck, whose worst experience is having drunken father return. Runs away, faking his own death, goes to Jackson's Island, meets Jim, a runaway slave.

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Emily Bronte

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Wuthering Heights, now considered a classic of English literature. Wuthering Heights is the only published novel by this aurthor. The narrative centres on the all-encompassing, passionate, but ultimately doomed love between Catherine Earnshaw and Heathcliff, and how this unresolved passion eventually destroys them and the people around them. Jane Eyre is this author's sister. Today Wuthering Heights is considered a classic of English literature

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Charlotte Bronte

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Wrote Jane Eyre under the pen name Currer Bell.

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Virgil

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was an ancient Roman poet of the Augustan period. He is known for three major works of Latin literature, the Eclogues (or Bucolics), the Georgics, and the epic Aeneid. A number of minor poems, collected in the Appendix Vergiliana, are sometimes attributed to him. This poet is traditionally ranked as one of Rome's greatest poets. His Aeneid has been considered the national epic of ancient Rome from the time of its composition to the present day.

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The Aeneid

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is a Latin epic poem, written by Virgil between 29 and 19 BC, that tells the legendary story of Aeneas, a Trojan who travelled to Italy, where he became the ancestor of the Romans. *A Trojan destined to found Rome, undergoes many trials on land and sea during his journey to Italy, finally defeating the Latin Turnus and avenging the murder of Pallas

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David Copperfield

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after surviving a poverty-stricken childhood, the death of his mother, a cruel stepfather, and an unfortunate first marriage, this young man finds success as a writer; themes: plight of the weak, importance of equality in marriage, dangers of wealth and class; by Charles Dickens.

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Anne Frank

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wrote The Diary of a Young Girl (autobiographical literature set between 1942-1944) 1st published in 1952, chronicles her life in Nazi Germany

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John Keats

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English poet in Romantic movement during early 19th century. He wrote: "On First Looking Into Chapman's Homer. Written in October 1816, this is the first entirely successful (surviving) poem he wrote. John Middleton Murry called it "one of the finest sonnets in the English language," One of the most anthologised English lyric poems, "To Autumn" has been regarded by critics as one of the most perfect short poems in the English language.

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Louisa May Alcott

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Little Women and its sequels Little Men and Jo's Boyswrote Little Women; American novelist

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Little Women

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is a novel by American female author Louisa May Alcott (1832-1888). This story is about four March sisters (Amy, Jo, Beth, Meg) in 19th century New England struggle with poverty, juggle their duties, and their desire to find love

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The Outsiders

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Written by SE Hinton this novel is about a group of poor kids (greasers) hold their own against a group of rich kids (socials aka socs), losing two of their own in the process; protagonist: This story is a bildungsroman novel (bildungsroman means - coming-of-age story is a literary genre that focuses on the psychological and moral growth of the protagonist from youth to adulthood (coming of age), and in which character change is thus extremely important.

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Moby Dick

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a novel by Herman Melville, first published in 1851. It is considered to be one of the Great American Novels and a treasure of world literature. The story tells the adventures of wandering sailor Ishmael, and his voyage on the whaleship Pequod, commanded by Captain Ahab. Ishmael soon learns that Ahab has one purpose on this voyage: to seek out a ferocious, enigmatic white sperm whale. In a previous encounter, the whale destroyed Ahab's boat and bit off his leg, which now drives Ahab to take revenge. In this novel Melville employs stylized language, symbolism, and the metaphor to explore numerous complex themes. Allegorical - Whale = Nature/God/Universe; Ahab=Man's Conflicted Identity/Civilization/Human Will; Ishmael=Poet/Philosopher (Debate between Ahab and Ishmael)

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Frankenstein

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or, The Modern Prometheus is a novel written by Mary Shelley about a creature produced by an unorthodox scientific experiment. This is a Gothic novel.

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Emily Dickinson

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19th century female poet; major themes: flowers/gardens, the master poems, morbidity, gospel poems, the undiscovered continent; slant rhyme, irregular capitalization, use of dashes & enjambment, took liberty with meter wrote "Wild Nights--Wild Nights!;" "I Heard A Fly Buzz When I Died," and "Because I Could Not Stop For Death--;"

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Frederick Douglass

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Self-educated slave who wrote a book named after himself...Narrative of the Life of________, editor of 'The North Star,' abolitionist. Without his approval, this man became the first African American nominated for Vice President of the United States

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Ralph Waldo Emerson

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was an American essayist, lecturer, and poet, and Unitarian minister who led the poet movement of the mid-19th century. Most important figure in Transcendentalist movement & friend of Thoreau. A champion of individualism and a prescient critic of the countervailing pressures of society, he disseminated his thoughts through dozens of published essays and more than 1,500 public lectures across the United States. Nature - 1836 - individualism Self-Reliance - 1841 - optimistic

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Amy Tan

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(born in China) But an American writer. She is widely hailed for its depiction of the Chinese-American experience of the late 20th century. Her works explore mother-daughter relationships. Her most well-known work is The Joy Luck Club, which has been translated into 35 languages. In 1993, the book was adapted into a commercially successful film.

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H.G. Wells

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"The Father of Science Fiction". He wrote The Invisible Man, The War of the Worlds, The Time Machine

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Fahrenheit 451

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is a 1953 dystopian novel by Ray Bradbury. The novel presents a future American society where books are outlawed and firemen burn any house that contains them. The plot that takes place in a futuristic America, a firefighter (Guy Montag) decides to buck society, stop burning books, and start seeking knowledge; themes: censorship, knowledge vs. ignorance, religion as a knowledge giver

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Thoreau

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was an American author, poet, philosopher, abolitionist, naturalist, tax resister, development critic, surveyor, historian, and leading transcendentalist.. He wrote "Civil Disobedience;"

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Civil Disobedience

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is an essay by American transcendentalist Henry David Thoreau that was first published in 1849. In it, Thoreau argues that individuals should not permit governments to overrule or atrophy their consciences, and that they have a duty to avoid allowing such acquiescence to enable the government to make them the agents of injustice. Thoreau was motivated in part by his disgust with slavery and the Mexican-American War.

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The Red Badge of Courage

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is a war novel by American author Stephen Crane (1871-1900). Taking place during the American Civil War, the story is about a young private of the Union Army, Henry Fleming, who flees from the field of battle. Overcome with shame, he longs for a wound—to counteract his cowardice. When his regiment once again faces the enemy, Henry acts as standard-bearer.

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Aurora Leigh

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is an eponymous epic novel/poem by Elizabeth Barrett Browning. The poem is written in blank verse and encompasses nine books. (1856)

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Virginia Woolf

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was an English writer, regarded as one of the foremost modernist literary figures of the twentieth century. She wrote Mrs. Dalloway, Night and Day, The Voyage Out, and Jacob's Room; English novelist and essayist.

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Jane Eyre

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a Gothic novel written by the English writer Charlotte Brontë. The story is about who an impoverished young woman as she struggles to maintain her autonomy in the face of oppression, prejudice, and love; novel, bildungsroman (coming of age), social portest novel

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The Picture of Dorian Gray

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is an English Gothic novel written by Oscar Wilde, about the portrait of a sinful young man ages while the young man depicted in the portrait remains youthful

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Wordsworth

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English Romantic poet. He wrote "We Are Seven," "The Prelude," "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud," and "The World is Too Much With Us;" joint publication of 'Lyrical Ballads' with Samuel Taylor. Coleridge; motifs: wanders vs wandering, memory, vision/sight, light, leech gatherer; believed that childhood was a "magical" and magnificent time of innocence; devotion to nature; use of everyday speech and country characters

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Holes

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is a novel for children or young adults written by Louis Sachar. It won the 1998 U.S. National Book Award for Young People's Literature and the 1999 Newbery Medal for the year's "most distinguished contribution to American literature for children". Set in modern times and focuses on the current circumstances of Stanley Yelnats, an unfortunate, unlucky young man who is sent to Camp Green Lake for a crime he didn't commitcommit

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Katherine Patterson

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an American author best known for children's novels. For four different books published 1975 to 1980, she won two Newbery Medals and two National Book Awards. She is one of three people to win the two major international awards: for "lasting contribution to children's literature" she won the biennial Hans Christian Andersen Award A Bridge to Terabithia Jacob Have I Loved The Great Gilly Hopkins

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Christopher Paul Curtis

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is an Africican American children's author and a Newbery Medal winner who wrote The Watsons Go to Birmingham, Elijah, & Bud, Not Buddy. Bud, Not Buddy is the first novel to receive both the Coretta Scott King Award and the Newbery Medal. His book Elijah of Buxton (winner of the Scott O'Dell Historical Fiction Award, the Coretta Scott King Award, and a Newbery Honor) is set in a free Black community in Ontario that was founded in 1849 by runaway slaves.

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Lois Lowry

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is an American author of children's literature She has explored such complex issues as racism, terminal illness, murder, and the Holocaust among other challenging topics. She has also explored very controversial issues of questioning authority such as in The Giver Trilogy. She wrote The Giver, The Giver, winner of the 1994 Newbery Medal, and Number the Stars

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Louis Sacher

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is an American author of children's books. He is best known for the series Sideways Stories From Wayside School and for the novel Holes which he has followed with two companion novels. Holes won the 1998 U.S. National Book Award for Young People's Literature[1] and the 1999 Newbery Medal for the year's "most distinguished contribution to American literature for children. There's a Boy in the Girls' Bathroom

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Ester Forbes

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American novelist, historian and children's writer who received the Pulitzer Prize and the Newbery Medal for writting Johnny Tremain

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Patricia Maclachlan

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is a bestselling U.S. children's author. She is best known for winning the 1986 Newbery Medal for her book Sarah, Plain and Tall.

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Phyllis Reynolds Naylor

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is an American author best known for her children and young adult fiction books. She is best known for her children's-novel trilogy Shiloh (a 1992 Newbery Medal winner), Shiloh Season and Saving Shiloh, all made into movies. She is also known for her "Alice" book series; The Grand Escape, the short story collection The Galloping Goat and Other Stories; The Witch Saga; and a series of books, starting with The Boys Start the War, about boys and girls pulling pranks on each other.

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William Armstrong

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was an American children's author and educator. Best known for his 1969 Newbery Medal-winning novel, Sounder. The story of an African-American boy living with his sharecropper family. Although the family's difficulties increase when the father is imprisoned for stealing a ham from work, the boy still hungers for an education. Sounder won the Newbery Award in 1970, and was made into a major motion picture in 1972

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Elizabeth George Speare

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was an American children's author who won many awards for her historical fiction novels, including two Newbery Medals. She has been called one of America's 100 most popular children's authors and much of her work has become mandatory reading in many schools throughout the nation. Indeed, because her books have sold so well she is also cited as one of the Educational Paperback Association's top 100 authors. Witch of Blackbird Pond The Sign of the Beaver The Bronze Bow

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Madeline L'Engle

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was a female American writer best known for her young-adult fiction, particularly the Newbery Medal-winning A Wrinkle in Time and its sequels: A Wind in the Door, National Book Award-winning. She also wrote The Small Rain and 24 Days before Christmas

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Avi

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An American author that wrote The True Confessions of Charlotte Doyle in 1990. The novel is a young adult historical fiction It takes place during the transatlantic crossing of a ship from England to America in the 19th century. The book chronicles the evolution of the title character as she is pushed outside her naive existence and learns about life aboard a ship. The novel was well received and won several awards, including as a Newbery Honor

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Gary Paulsen

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is an American writer who writes many young adult coming of age stories about the wilderness. He is the author of more than 200 books, 200 magazine articles many short stories, and several plays, all primarily for young adults and teens. "Hatchet" is a 1987 three-time Newbery Honor-winning wilderness survival novel. Hatchet Brian's Winter Tracker Dogsong

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Mark Twain

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The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn - 1884 The Adventures of Tom Sawyer - 1876

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Paul Zindel

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was an American playwright, author, and educator. The Pigman is a young adult novel first published in 1968.

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Carl Hiaason

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is an American journalist, columnist, and novelist. He wrote Hoot Hoot is a 2002 young-adult novel The story takes place in Coconut Cove, Florida, where new arrival Roy makes a bad enemy, two oddball friends, and joins an effort to stop construction of a pancake house which would destroy a colony of burrowing owls who live on the site. The book won a Newbery Honor award in 2003.

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Caroline Cooney

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is an American author of suspense, romance, horror, and mystery books for young adults. The Voice on the Radio The Face on the Milk Carton

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Robert Cormier

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The Chocolate War (The Chocolate War was challenged in multiple libraries. His books often are concerned with themes such as abuse, mental illness, violence, revenge, betrayal and conspiracy. In most of his novels, the protagonists do not win.) The Chocolate War is a young adult novel. First published in 1974, it was adapted into a film in 1988. Although it received mixed reviews at the time of its publication, some reviewers have argued it is one of the best young adult novels of all time.

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Sandra Cisneros

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(born in America but of Mexican decent) - For her insightful social critique and powerful prose style, she has achieved recognition far beyond Chicano and Latino communities, to the extent that The House on Mango Street has been translated worldwide and is taught in American classrooms as a coming-of-age novel The House on Mango Street

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Walter Dean Myers

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African American author of young adult literature. He has written over fifty books, including novels and nonfiction works. He has won the Coretta Scott King Award for African American authors five times. He wrote The Glory Field

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Elie Wiesel

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wrote Night - He is a Romanian-born Jewish-American. He is a writer, professor, political activist, Nobel Prize Winner, and Holocaust survivor. The novel -Night - is about his experience with his father in the Nazi German concentration camps.

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Edith Wharton

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is a Pulitzer Prize-winning American author who wrote Ethan Frome Ethan Frome struggles to make a living as a farmer near the bleak Massachusetts town of Starkfield, while his dour wife Zeena whines and complains about her imaginary ailments. When Zeena's destitute cousin, Mattie Silver, a sweet and cheerful young woman, comes to live with the couple, the growing friendship between Ethan and Mattie arouses Zeena's jealousy, and she evicts Mattie from the house. As they are about to part, Ethan and Mattie take a sled ride down the big hill near town. In despair now and aware of their love for each other, they decide to end their lives by crashing the sled. Instead they are both left crippled for life. At the end of the story, the original roles have changed. Ethan is deformed, hopeless, and poorer than ever, and Mattie is now the helpless invalid. Caring for them both—presiding over their wrecked lives—is Zeena.

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Alice Walker

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A Female African American author and poet. She wrote The Color Purple; self-declared feminist and womanist; For Color Purple recieved the National Book Award and the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction

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S.E. Hinton (Susan Eloise Hinton)

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is an American author best known for her young adult novel The Outsiders. By the time she was 17 years old, she was a published author. While still in high school in her hometown—Tulsa, Oklahoma—she put in words what she saw and felt growing up and called it The Outsiders, a now classic story of two sets of high school rivals, the Greasers and the Socs (for society kids). Because her hero was a Greaser and outsider, and her tale was one of gritty realism, she launched a revolution in young adult literature.

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Mildred Taylor

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An African American author, known for her works exploring the struggle faced by African-American families in the Deep South. Her most famous book is Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry. In 1977, the book won the Newbery Medal.

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George Orwell

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is the pen name for Eric Arthur Blair who was an English novelist and journalist. His work is marked by clarity, intelligence and wit, awareness of social injustice, opposition to totalitarianism, and belief in democratic socialism. He wrote 1984, and Animal Farm -I t was the first British animated feature released worldwide. Despite the title and Disney-esque animal animation, it is in fact a no-holds-barred adaptation. The book is about a group of animals mount a successful rebellion against the farmer who rules them, but their dreams of equality for all are ruined when one pig seizes power; novella, dystopian animal fable

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1984

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is a book written by George Orwell (which is is the pen name for Eric Arthur Blair), announced an insane world of dehumanization through terror in which the individual was systematically obliterated by an all-power elite; key phrases: Big Brother, doublethink, Newspeak, the Ministry of Peace...Truth...Love

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Marjorie Kinnan Rawling

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was an American author who lived in rural Florida and wrote novels with rural themes and settings. She wrote The Yearling

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Scott O'Dell

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was an American children's author who wrote 26 novels for young people, along with three novels for adults and four nonfiction books. He has been called "the foremost American writer of children's historical fiction." Although he is best known for stories set in the past, his books include gothic romances, nonfiction, and stories of contemporary life. He wrote Island of Blue Dolphins. Island of the Blue Dolphins is a 1960 American children's novel. The story is about a young girl stranded for years on an island off the California coast, it is based on the true story of Juana Maria, a Nicoleño Indian left alone for 18 years on San Nicolas Island in the 19th century. Island of the Blue Dolphins won the Newbery Medal in 1961. It was adapted into a film of the same name in 1964.

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Jean Craighead George

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was an American writer who authored over one hundred books for young adults, including the Newbery Medal-winning Julie of the Wolves, the Newbery Honor book My Side of the Mountain, and its sequel, On the Far Side of the Mountain. Common themes in her works are the environment and the natural world.

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Jack London

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was an American author, journalist, and social activist. He was a pioneer in the then-burgeoning world of commercial magazine fiction and was one of the first fiction writers to obtain worldwide celebrity and a large fortune from his fiction alone. He is best remembered as the author of The Call of the Wild and White Fang, both set in the Klondike Gold Rush, as well as the short stories "To Build a Fire", "An Odyssey of the North", and "Love of Life. He also wrote of the South Pacific in such stories as "The Pearls of Parlay" and "The Heathen", and of the San Francisco Bay area in The Sea Wolf

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J. R. R. Tolkein

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was an English writer, poet, philologist, and university professor, best known as the author of the classic high fantasy works The Hobbit (being nominated for the Carnegie Medal and awarded a prize from the New York Herald Tribune for best juvenile fiction. The book remains popular and is recognized as a classic in children's wrote The Hobbitliterature.), The Lord of the Rings (The Lord of the Rings is an epic high fantasy novel), and The Silmarillion.

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Richard Adams

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is an English novelist who wrote Watership Down. Watership Down is a classic heroic fantasy novel, Set in south-central England, the story features a small group of rabbits. Although they live in their natural environment, they are anthropomorphised, possessing their own culture, language (Lapine), proverbs, poetry, and mythology. Evoking epic themes, the novel is the Aeneid of the rabbits as they escape the destruction of their warren and seek a place to establish a new home, encountering perils and temptations along the way. Watership Down has never been out of print, and it is Penguin Books' best-selling novel of all time. It won the annual Carnegie Medal, annual Guardian Prize, and other book awards. It has been adapted as a 1978 animated film that is now a classic and as a 1999 to 2001 television series.

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Lewis Carroll

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was the pen name of Charles Lutwidge Dodgson, an English author. His most famous writings are "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland" and its sequel "Through the Looking-Glass", as well as the poems "The Hunting of the Snark" and "Jabberwocky" ("Jabberwocky" is a nonsense verse poem written in his 1871 novel Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found). All examples of the genre of literary nonsense.

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Alice In Wonderland

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children's novel; fantasy The story is about a girl who falls asleep and dreams of a series of adventures.

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Anna Karenina

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is a realistic fiction - novel by the Russian writer Leo Tolstoy, published in serial installments from 1873 to 1877 in the periodical The Russian Messenger. THis novel is commonly thought to explore the themes of hypocrisy, jealousy, faith, fidelity, family, marriage, society, progress, carnal desire and passion, and the agrarian connection to land in contrast to the lifestyles of the city After having an affair with a handsome military man, a woman kills herself; russion, 1970s, psychological novel

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Leo Tolstoy

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was a Russian writer who primarily wrote novels and short stories. Later in life, he also wrote plays and essays He wrote Anna Karenina, War and Peace; War and Peace is a novel first published in 1869. The work is epic in scale and is regarded as one of the most important works of world literature. It is considered his finest literary achievement, along with his other major prose work Anna Karenina (1873-1877).

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Sonnet 18

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"Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? / Thou art more lovely and more temperate;" This has a couplet with ABAB CDCE EFEF GG rhyme scheme by William Shakespeare

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Johann David Wyss

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was a chaplain in the Swiss army and served in Italy. He is best remembered for his book The Swiss Family Robinson. It has since become one of the most popular books of all time.

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Kate Chopin

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born Katherine O'Flaherty she was an American author of short stories and novels. She is now considered by some to have been a forerunner of feminist authors of the 20th century. She wrote The Awakening and The Storm; She was born in St. Louis, Missouri

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Toni Morrison

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Female African-American writer, who wrote Beloved, The Bluest Eye, and Song of Soloman; She won Pulitzer Prize in 1988. She received the Presidential Medal of Freedom.

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Beloved

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novel by the female African-American writer Toni Morrison, published in 1987. Story is about an African-American slave, Margaret Garner, who temporarily escaped slavery. Margaret killed her two-year-old daughter rather than allow her to be recaptured.Margaret is visited by the spirit of her deceased daughter.

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Herman Melville

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was an American novelist, short story writer, essayist, and poet. Best Known - Moby-Dick (abridged - 1851). He also wrote Billy Budd, and Sailor. Moby-Dick is classified as a Dark Romantic. Moby-Dick, which was hailed as one of the literary masterpieces of both American and world literature. He was the first writer to have his works collected and published by the Library of America.

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Geoffrey Chaucer

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is known as the Father of English literature, He is widely considered the greatest English poet of the Middle Ages and was the first poet to have been buried in Poet's Corner of Westminster Abbey. He wrote The Canterbury Tales The Canterbury Tales is a collection of stories written in Middle English at the end of the 14th century. The tales (mostly written in verse although some are in prose) are presented as part of a story-telling contest by a group of pilgrims as they travel together on a journey from Southwark to the shrine of Saint Thomas Becket at Canterbury Cathedral. The prize for this contest is a free meal at the Tabard Inn at Southwark on their return. The Canterbury Tales was his magnum opus. He uses the tales and the descriptions of its characters to paint an ironic and critical portrait of English society at the time, and particularly of the Church. Structurally, the collection resembles The Decameron, which he may have read during his first diplomatic mission to Italy in 1372.

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Fyodor Dostoevsky

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was a Russian writer of novels, short stories and essays. His literary works explore human psychology in the troubled political, social and spiritual context of 19th-century Russia. He is often acknowledged by critics as one of the greatest and most prominent psychologists in world literature. He wrote Crime and Punishment

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Crime and Punishment

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is a novel by the Russian author Fyodor Dostoyevsky. It Is a novel about an attempt to prove a theory. A student (Raskolnikov) murders two women, after which he suffers greatly from guilt and worry; psychological drama, setting in the 1860s.

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Charles Dickens

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was an English novelist during Victorian era and social critic who is generally regarded as the greatest novelist of the Victorian period and the creator of some of the world's most memorable fictional characters. He wrote David Copperfield, Great Expectations, A Christmas Carol, Oliver Twist, A Tale of Two Cities, and many more!

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The Giver

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is a dystopian children's novel by Lois Lowry. The novel follows a boy named Jonas through the twelfth year of his life. It is set in a future society which is at first presented as a utopian society and gradually appears more and more dystopian; therefore, it could be considered anti-utopian; book allegedly glorified Communism

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Christopher Marlowe

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was an English dramatist, poet and translator. He wrote Doctor Faustus. Doctor Faustus, is a play based on the Faust story, in which a man sells his soul to the devil for power and knowledge.

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Helen Keller

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American female author, political activist, lecturer; first deaf-blind person to earn B.A. She wrote The Story of My Life and The Frost King.

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To Kill a Mockingbird

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written by Harper Lee is a Southern gothic novel. It was published in 1960. It was immediately successful, winning the Pulitzer Prize, and has become a classic of modern American literature. Atticus Finch, a lawyer in the Depression-era South, defends a black man against an undeserved rape charge, and his kids against prejudice. The plot and characters are loosely based on the Harper Lee's observations of her family and neighbors, as well as on an event that occurred near her hometown in 1936, when she was 10 years old. The novel is renowned for its warmth and humor, despite dealing with the serious issues of rape and racial inequality.

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Their Eyes Were Watching God

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is a 1937 novel and the best-known work by African American writer Zora Neale Hurston. The novel narrates main character Janie Crawford's "ripening from a vibrant, but voiceless, teenage girl into a woman with her finger on the trigger of her own destiny." Set in central and southern Florida in the early 20th century, the novel was initially poorly received for its rejection of racial uplift literary prescriptions. Today, it has come to be regarded as a seminal work in both African American literature and women's literature

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J.D. Salinger

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was an American author, (January 1, 1919 - January 27, 2010) best known for his novel, The Catcher in the Rye (1951) The Catcher in the Rye is a bildungsroman(coming of age book) .

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The Catcher in the Rye

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written by JD Salinger After being expelled from a prep school, a 16-year-old boy (Holden Caulfield) goes to NYC, where he reflects on the phoniness of adults and heads towards a nervous breakdown. Originally published for adults, it has since become popular with adolescent readers for its themes of teenage confusion, angst, alienation, and rebellion. It has been translated into almost all of the world's major languages. Around 250,000 copies are sold each year, with total sales of more than 65 million books. The novel's protagonist and antihero, Holden Caulfield, has become an icon for teenage rebellion. it was named by Modern Library and its readers as one of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century. It has been frequently challenged in the United States and other countries for its liberal use of profanity and portrayal of sexuality. It also deals with complex issues of identity, belonging, connection, and alienation

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Mary Shelley

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was an English novelist, short story writer, dramatist, essayist, biographer, and travel writer, best known for her Gothic novel Frankenstein: or, The Modern Prometheus (1818). She wrote Frankenstein; Romantic British novelist, short story writer, dramatist, essayist, biographer, travel writer

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Daniel Defoe

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known as the father of the English novel He wrote Robinson Crusoe

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F. Scott Fitzgerald

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American author who wrote The Great Gatsby. Today The Great Gatsby is widely regarded as a "Great American Novel" and a literary classic. The Modern Library named it the second best English-language novel of the 20th Century.

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Edgar Allan Poe

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was an American author, poet, editor and literary critic, considered part of the American Romantic Movement. Best known for his tales of mystery and the macabre, (In works of art, macabre is the quality of having a grim or ghastly atmosphere. Macabre works emphasize the details and symbols of death) This author was one of the earliest American practitioners of the short story and is considered the inventor of the detective fiction genre. He is further credited with contributing to the emerging genre of science fiction. He was the first well-known American writer to try to earn a living through writing alone, resulting in a financially difficult life and career.

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Percy Bysshe Shelley

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was one of the major English Romantic poets and is critically regarded as among the finest lyric poets in the English language. He wrote "Prometheus Unbound," "Ode to the West Wind," and "To A Skylark"

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Walt Whitman

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was an American poet, essayist and journalist. A humanist, he was a part of the transition between transcendentalism and realism, incorporating both views in his works. He is among the most influential poets in the American canon, often called the father of free verse. He wrote Leaves of Grass; celebrated the freedom and dignity of the individual and sang the praises of democracy. He also wrote: ·"Song of Myself" by using an all-powerful first-person narration. As an American epic, it deviated from the historic use of an elevated hero and instead assumed the identity of the common people. Franklin Evans (1842) ·Drum-Taps (1865) ·Memoranda During the War ·Specimen Days ·Democratic Vistas (1871)

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The Great Gatsby

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is a novel by American author F. Scott Fitzgerald. The book takes place from spring to autumn 1922, during a prosperous time in the United States known as the Roaring Twenties. It's about a self-made man who woos and loses a married aristocratic woman (Daisy) he loves

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The Joy Luck Club

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a novel written by Amy Tan (born in China but an American author). The story is about a group of Chinese mothers and their American-born daughters struggle to communicate and understand each other; four families dipicted Woo, Jong, Hsu, and St. Clair

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I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings

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a black girl growing up in the South struggles against racism, sexism, and lack of power. Written by Dr. Maya Angelou Maya Angelou - A black female writer.

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"Self-Reliance"

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is an essay written by American Transcendentalist philosopher and essayist, Ralph Waldo Emerson. It contains the most thorough statement of one of Emerson's recurrent themes, the need for each individual to avoid conformity and false consistency, and follow his or her own instincts and ideas. It is the source of one of Emerson's most famous quotations: "A foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds. Some of his quotes: NOT anti-society or anti-community; pre-supposes that the mind is initially the subject to an unhappy conformity; calls on individuals to value their own thoughts, opinions, experiences above those presented to them by other individuals, society, and religion; "There is a time in every man's education when he arrives at the conviction," "society everywhere is in conspiracy against the mankind," and "What I must do is all that concerns me, not what people think."

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Nathaniel Hawthorne

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was an American novelist and short story writer who wrote The Scarlet Letter. His works belong to romanticism or, more specifically, dark romanticism, cautionary tales that suggest that guilt, sin, and evil are the most inherent natural qualities of humanity. Many of his works are inspired by Puritan New England, combining historical romance loaded with symbolism and deep psychological themes, bordering on surrealism. His depictions of the past are a version of historical fiction used only as a vehicle to express common themes of ancestral sin, guilt and retribution. His later writings also reflect his negative view of the Transcendentalism movement. He wrote "The Birth-Mark," The Scarlet Letter; works are considered part of the Romantic movement (specifically dark romancism)

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William Butler Yeats

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was an Irish/British poet and playwright, and one of the foremost figures of 20th century literature. He wrote "A Fisherman," "The Second Coming," and "Easter 191."

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Aphra Behn

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one of the first English female writers. She wrote "History of a Nun;" prolific dramatist of the Restoration (18th century),

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T. S. Eliot

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wrote "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock," "The Waste Land" and "The Hollow Men;" British WWI poet, playwright, and literary critic

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Anne Bradstreet

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Was an English-American writer. She was the first notable American poet; AND She was the first woman to be published in Colonial America. She wrote "In Reference to her Children"

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"In Reference to her Children"

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written by Anne Bradstreet, maintains the bird metaphor throughout the poem's ninety-six lines, describing the various "flights" of five of her children and her concerns about those remaining in the nest

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Langston Hughes

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wrote The Weary Blues, The Ways of White Folks, and Not Without Laughter; American poet, novelist, playwright, short story writer, and columnist; early innovator for literary art known as jazz poetry; best known for work during Harlem Renaissance

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Not Without Laughter

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written by Langston Hughes, which is the protagonist of the story is a boy named Sandy whose family must deal with a variety of struggles imposed upon them due to their race and class in society in addition to relating to one another

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Countee Cullen

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leading African-American poets of his time; associated with generation of poets of the Harlem Renaissance. He was an American poet, novelist, playwright, short story writer, and columnist; early innovator for literary art known as jazz poetry; He wrote "Any Human to Another," "Color," and "The Ballad of the Brown Girl;" American Romantic poet

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Lord Byron

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British poet and leading figure in Romanticism. He wrote "She Walks in Beauty" and "When We Two Parted;"

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Macbeth

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a play written by William Shakespeare. It is considered one of his darkest and most powerful tragedies. Set in Scotland the play is inspired by witch's prophecy, a man murders his way to the throne of Scotland, but his conscience plagues him and his fellow lords rise up against him; themes: unchecked ambition as a corrupting force, relationship between cruelty and masculinity, kingship v. tyranny

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Ernest Hemingway

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was an American writer and journalist; veteran of WWI, belongs to literary movement called 'The Lost Generation'. He wrote A Farewell to Arms, The Old Man and the Sea, and The Sun Also Rises

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