Home Page Flashcards MTEL General Curriculum - Flashcards

MTEL General Curriculum – Flashcards

Claire Scott

7 July 2022

Unlock all answers in this set

Unlock answers

question

Children's Literature

answer

A range of texts that are easily read and understood by children (from preschool to roughly ninth grade). literature that kids can relate to and see themselves as being a part of. It helps them grow and develop into well-rounded individuals. In other words, it teaches children about many different things--life lessons, diversity, history, and basic skills to function in the world--by engaging them with language and sometimes pictures. Most importantly, though, this type of literature should help interest young people and make them enthusiastic about reading so that they carry a love of this necessary skill with them all throughout their lives.

question

Picture book

answer

combines an aesthetic experience with that of the text that accompanies it. Through the use of both pictures and text, authors and illustrators present a unified story for readers.

question

Traditional Literature

answer

the oldest type of literature our youth will encounter. These stories originated as part of an oral tradition and were recorded at a later date.

question

Modern Fantasy

answer

modern fantasy borrows from the tales of old, sometimes uses ancient mythologies and folktales to create a new and original tale that may be set in the present or in the past, depending upon the preferences of the author.

question

Text Features

answer

Front cover, back cover, titles page, illustrations, heading, subheading, table of contents, glossary, index, electronic menu, icon, caption, bold print, key word, sidebar, hyperlink, chart, graph, diagram, timeline, animation, sentence, paragraph, chapter, and section

question

Poetry

answer

a form of literature that uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of language—such as phonaesthetics, sound symbolism, and meter—to evoke meanings in addition to, or in place of, the prosaic ostensible meaning.

question

Ode

answer

a lyric poem addressed to a particular subject

question

Elegy

answer

a poem of serious reflection, typically a lament for the dead

question

Sonnet

answer

Poems that meet the following rules: 1. All sonnets are 14 lines long 2. Sonnets in English are written in iambic pentameter, which means which mean that each line has 10 syllables, alternating in an unstressed/stressed pattern 3. Sonnets follow a predetermined rhyme scheme All sonnets are characterized by a "turn" located at a designated point in the sonnet.

question

Ballad

answer

narrative poem, sensational stories of tragedy, adventure, betrayal, revenge and jealousy. Folk ballads are anonymous and passed down orally from generation to generation. Literary ballads written down by known poets but in the style of folk ballads. Regular rhythm and rhyme. a refrain repeated at regular intervals. Ballad stanza is quatrain with rhyme scheme abcb. Often iambic meter.

question

Limerick

answer

A humerus poem with 5 lines that always have the same rhyme and meter patterns. Lines 1, 2, and 5 share the same rhyme pattern and lines 3 and 4 rhyme with each other.

question

Haiku

answer

A poem, usually about nature or the seasons, with 3 unrhymed lines containing 5, 7, and 5 syllables.

question

Cinquain

answer

Has 5 lines. Line 1: Title (noun) 1 word Line 2: Description - 2 words Line 3: Action - 3 words Line 4: Feeling (phrase) 4 or more words Line 5: Title (synonym for the title) 1 word

question

Folktales

answer

oral stories where the author is unknown. It is found in all cultures and are "timeless" and "placeless" stories. Ex: fairytales, fables, myths, legends, tall tales.

question

Fairy tales

answer

It is a story about good vs evil and the characters are usually royalty or animals

question

Fables

answer

Has characters as animals acting like people and there is a moral to the story

question

Myths

answer

Has gods and goddesses and explains something that happens in nature by using gods and or goddesses

question

Legends

answer

characters are everyday people and animals are often main characters explains how or why something in nature came to be and sometimes it teaches a lesson and has magic

question

Tall tales

answer

has everyday people with super hero abilities, tells about a persons life with exaggerated details, problem solved in humorous way, linked to a real historical time period

question

Memoirs

answer

a literary nonfiction genre. More specifically, it is a collection of memories that an individual writes about moments or events, both public or private that took place in the subject's life.

question

Suspense

answer

The readers know about danger that the characters do not causes worry or concern for the reader

question

Fantasy

answer

Events occur outside the ordinary laws that operate within the universe. Magic is central to the fantasy genre. Fantasy stories often involve journeys and quests.

question

Theodor Geisel

answer

Dr. Seuss

question

Shel Silverstein

answer

an American poet, singer-songwriter, cartoonist, screenwriter, and author of children's books. He styled himself as Uncle Shelby in some works

question

Jan Brett

answer

lots of illustrations and captions in her books

question

Mitusamasa Anno

answer

Mitsumasa Anno is a Japanese illustrator and writer of children's books, known best for picture books with few or no words. He received the international Hans Christian Andersen Medal in 1984 for his "lasting contribution to children's literature.

question

Maurice Sendak

answer

Maurice Bernard Sendak was an American illustrator and writer of children's books. He became widely known for his book Where the Wild Things Are, first published in 1963.

question

Margaret Wise Brown

answer

Margaret Wise Brown was a prolific American writer of children's books, including the picture books Goodnight Moon and The Runaway Bunny, both illustrated by Clement Hurd.

question

Literary Devices

answer

Creative writing strategies used by the author to convey his/her message(s). When used well, literary devices help readers visualize, interpret, and analyze literary texts. There are two kinds: literary techniques (which includes figurative language) and literary elements.

question

Literary techniques

answer

words or phrases in literary texts that writers use to achieve artistic or creative expression. Examples are allegory, allusion, anthropomorphism, exposition, figurative language, foil, foreshadowing, parallelism, and repetition.

question

Literary elements

answer

the components or pieces that make up a story or literary work. Examples are antagonist, characterization, climax, conflict, diction, imagery, mood, motif, narrator, plot, point of view, protagonist, setting, tone , and theme.

question

Figurative language

answer

create use of words and phrases that offers a hidden meaning beyond any literal interpretation. Example are proverb, analogy, alliteration, assonance, cliche, hyperbole, idiom, irony, metaphor, onomatopoeia, oxymoron, personification, pun, simile, symbolism, and understatement.

question

Metaphor

answer

a comparison that does not use the word like or as

question

simile

answer

a comparison that includes the words like or as

question

Hyperbole

answer

extreme exaggeration used to make a point

question

Personification

answer

the act of giving human qualities to animals or inanimate objects

question

Alliteration

answer

the repetition of a consonant sound at the beginning of words

question

Assonance

answer

in poetry, the repetition of a vowel sound to create internal rhyming within phrases or sentences

question

Mood

answer

the way that you feel while you are reading

question

Tone

answer

the writers attitude toward a subject

question

Vernacular

answer

native or indigenous language of a certain place

question

Idiom

answer

phrases that people use in everyday language which do not make sense literally, but we understand what they mean

question

Foreshadowing

answer

points to an upcoming event

question

Allusion

answer

a figure of speech that makes a reference people, places, events, or literary works directly or by implying them. It is up to the audience to make the connection. (He's such a Romeo with the ladies. - Romeo and Juliette

question

Parts of speech

answer

there are 9: articles, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, conjunctions, prepositions, and interjections. A word can be more than one part of speech

question

Noun

answer

a word used to name a person/animal, a place, a thing, or an idea

question

Abstract noun

answer

nouns that can not be physically held. Ex: air, justice, safety, Democracy, faith, religion, etc.

question

Concrete noun

answer

nouns that you can touch. They are people, places, and some things. Words like person, court, Georgia, pencil, hand, paper, car, and door

question

Common noun

answer

For example: cat, pencil, paper, etc. They are not capitalized unless they are the first word in the sentence.

question

Proper noun

answer

refer to specific people, places, things and ideas. A person's name (Leah Graham) is a proper noun, for example. Other examples are names of places (Atlanta, Georgia) and names of things (the Navy). They are always capitalized! People's names and titles- King Henry, Mrs. Smith. Names for deity, religions, religious followers, and sacred books- God, Allah, Buddha, Islam, Catholicism, Christians. Races, nationalities, tribes, and languages- African American, Polish-American, Black, Chinese, Russian. Specific Places like countries, cities, bodies of water, streets, buildings, and parks Specific organizations- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Days of the week, months, and holidays. Brand names of products. Historical periods, well-known events, and documents- Middle ages, Boston Tea Party, Magna Carta. Titles of publications and written documents

question

Collective noun

answer

Collective nouns are nouns that are grammatically considered singular, but include more than one person, place, thing, or idea in its meaning. Words like team, group, jury, committee, audience, crowd, class, troop, family, team, couple, band, herd, quartet, and society. Generally, collective nouns are treated as singular because they emphasize the group as one unit. The committee is going to make a decision.

question

Pronoun

answer

A pronoun is a word that replaces a noun. They eliminate the need for repetition. For Example: Instead of Emma talked to Emma's child, you might say Emma talked to her child. Her is the pronoun. It renames the antecedent, Emma.

question

Antecedent

answer

the word, phrase, or clause that a pronoun can replace

question

Verb

answer

Verbs generally express action or a state of being. There are several classifications for verbs- action verbs,/linking verbs, main verbs/auxiliary verbs, transitive/intransitive and phrasal verbs.

question

Regular verb

answer

any verb whose conjugation follows the typical pattern, or one of the typical patterns of the language to which it belongs.

question

irregular verb

answer

a verb whose conjugation follows a different pattern then normal

question

infinitive

answer

The base form of a verb is called the infinitive. It is to + verb. For example, to do, to win, to study, etc. Under no circumstance can a verb preceded by to be considered a verb. Infinitives are not verbs.

question

Conjugate

answer

to recite or display all or some subsets of the inflected forms of (a verb), in a fixed order: One conjugates the present tense of the verb be as I am, you are, he is, we are, you are, they are

question

Adjective

answer

An adjective modifies (describes) a noun or pronoun. Normally in English, the adjective comes before the noun. For example: The smart student earned an "A".

question

Adverb

answer

An adverb is a word that modifies an action verb, an adjective or another adverb. The teacher carefully graded the homework. Carefully is an adverb that modifies the action verb to grade. Tommy was extremely enthusiastic about doing his homework. Extremely is an adverb that modifies the adjective enthusiastic. Yan Ko ran out of the classroom very quickly. Very is an adverb that modifies the adverb quickly.

question

Conjunctions

answer

Conjunctions are words used as joiners. Different kinds of conjunctions join different kinds of grammatical structures. Examples are for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so

question

Subordinating Conjunctions

answer

Subordinating Conjunctions join an independent clause to a subordinate clause. That is, they join a clause that can stand alone with a clause that cannot stand alone. Some frequently used subordinating conjunctions are: after, although, as, as if, because, before, even if, even though, if, since, so that, though, unless, until, when, whenever, where, wherever, whether, while.

question

Articles

answer

Articles signal that a noun is going to follow (the, a, and an)

question

Prepositions

answer

Prepositions are words that, like conjunctions, connect a noun or pronoun to another word in a sentence. Some common prepositions: About Before Down Into Through Above Behind During Like To Across Below Except Of Toward After Beneath For Off Under Among Beside From On Up Around Between In Over With At By Instead of Since Without

question

Prepositional phrase

answer

A prepositional phrase is a group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun or pronoun. They can act as adjectives or as adverbs. Manuela, the student from Germany, wrote an excellent paper on the computer.

question

Sentence structure

answer

In order to express a complete thought every sentence must have two parts. 1. Subject (someone or something) 2. Predicate (what the someone or something is being or doing)

question

Sentence subject

answer

The complete subject tells whom or what the sentence is about. For example; The house, The red car, or The great teacher.

question

Sentence Predicate

answer

The complete predicate tells what the subject is or does. For example; (The house) is white, (The red car) is fast, or (The great teacher) likes students.

question

Main Clause

answer

A clause is a group of words in a sentence that may contain a subject and a verb.

question

Independent clause

answer

An independent clause is a group of words that can stand by itself to make a complete sentence.

question

Dependent Clause

answer

A dependent clause is a group of words that cannot stand by itself; it needs an independent clause to make a sentence.

question

Subordinate clause

answer

A clause that has a subject and predicate but does not express an independent idea. Also referred to as a dependent clause. There are three kinds of subordinate clauses: adjective clauses, adverbial clauses, and noun clauses. Examples of subordinate clauses: While you were sleeping, Even though I am hungry,

question

Adverbial clause

answer

Subordinate clauses that act as adverbs. Adverbial clauses tell us when, where, how, why, and to what extent something happened. When: (Answers when something happened) While you were out, someone called. Why: (Answers why something happened) I ordered two pizzas as we were all hungry. Where: (Answers where something happened) This card is accepted wherever you go. How: (Answers how something happened) She talked as if she were a princess.

question

Relative clause

answer

A relative clause—also called an adjective or adjectival clause—will meet three requirements. First, it will contain a subject and verb. Next, it will begin with a relative pronoun [who, whom, whose, that, or which] or a relative adverb [when, where, or why]. Finally, it will function as an adjective, answering the questions What kind? How many? or Which one? The relative clause will follow one of these two patterns: Relative Pronoun or Adverb + Subject + Verb Relative Pronoun as Subject + Verb

question

Phrase

answer

A phrase is two or more words that do not contain the subject-verb pair necessary to form a clause. Phrases can be very short or quite long. Here are two examples: After lunch After slithering down the stairs and across the road to scare nearly to death Mrs. Philpot busy pruning her rose bushes

question

Modifiers

answer

Modifiers are words, phrases, or clauses that provide description in sentences. Modifiers allow writers to take the picture that they have in their heads and transfer it accurately to the heads of their readers. Essentially, modifiers breathe life into sentences. Take a look at this "dead" sentence: Stephen dropped his fork. Now read what several well placed modifiers can do: Poor Stephen, who just wanted a quick meal to get through his three-hour biology lab, quickly dropped his fork on the cafeteria tray, gagging with disgust as a tarantula wiggled out of his cheese omelet, a sight requiring a year of therapy before Stephen could eat eggs again.

question

Noun phrase

answer

A noun phrase includes a noun—a person, place, or thing—and the modifiers which distinguish it. You can find the noun dog in a sentence, for example, but you don't know which canine the writer means until you consider the entire noun phrase: that dog, Aunt Audrey's dog, the dog on the sofa, the neighbor's dog that chases our cat, the dog digging in the new flower bed.

question

Verb phrase

answer

a single-word verb like sobbed or was cannot accurately describe what happened, so writers use multipart verb phrases to communicate what they mean. As many as four words can comprise a verb phrase. The tires screeched as Selena mashed the accelerator. Selena is always disobeying the speed limit. Selena should have been driving with more care, for then she would not have gotten her third ticket this year. In the first sentence, screeched and mashed, single-word verbs, describe the quick actions of both the tires and Selena. Since Selena has an inclination to speed, is disobeying [a two-word verb] communicates the frequency of her law breaking. The auxiliary verbs that comprise should have been driving [a four-word verb] and would have gotten [a three-word verb] express not only time relationships but also evaluation of Selena's actions.

question

Declarative sentences

answer

makes a statement and or deny something and ends with a period

question

Interrogative sentence

answer

used to ask something and ends in a question mark

question

Exclamatory

answer

use to express a strong feeling and ends in an exclamation point

question

Imperative

answer

express an order or a request ends in a period

question

Simple sentences

answer

has one independent clause Ex. Tom reads novels.

question

Compound sentence

answer

has two independent clauses joined by A. a coordinating conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so), B. a conjunctive adverb (e.g. however, therefore), or C. a semicolon alone. Ex. Tome reads novels, but Jack reads comics.

question

Complex sentences

answer

has one dependent clause (headed by a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun ) joined to an independent clause. Ex. Although Tom reads novels, Jack reads comics.

question

Things that should be Capitalized

answer

1. Names of people 2. Names of mountains, mountain ranges, hills and volcanoes 3. Names of bodies of water (rivers, lakes, oceans, seas, streams and creeks) 4. Names of buildings, monuments, bridges and tunnels 5. Street names 6. Schools, colleges, and universities 7. Political divisions (continents, regions, countries, states, counties, cities and towns) 8. Titles of books, movies, magazines, newspapers, articles, songs, plays and works of art 9. the first letter in a sentence 10. The pronoun I

question

Apostrophes

answer

A contraction is when an apostrophe is used to omit a letter in word. Example #1 I couldn't find my socks, so I wore sandals instead of shoes. Reasoning: The word couldn't is a contraction because couldn't takes the place of could not. Therefore, the o is left out of not and an apostrophe is put in its place. Here are some common examples of how apostrophes are used in possession: Singular Possession Example The woman's dress was yellow. Reasoning: The word woman's tells whose dress it is; therefore it requires an apostrophe. It is singular possessive because the sentence is talking about only one woman. Plural Possession Example The two brothers' bicycles were stolen. Reasoning: The word brothers' tells whom the bicycles belong to AND that they belong to more than one person; therefore, brothers' requires an apostrophe. It is plural possessive because the sentence is talking about two brothers; hence, the apostrophe is placed after the s in brothers.

question

Colon

answer

A colon is used primarily to demonstrate a balance between items on each side of it. A writer uses a colon to introduce a list or to prepare the reader for a quote. Example #1 Dinner will consist of the following: tuna fish, carrots, and a slice of pita bread. Explanation: The colon serves as a cue to the reader that write is about to name the items being served. Example #2 Many brave people try to live by Eleanor Roosevelt's famous words: "You must do the thing you think you cannot do." Explanation: The colon tells the reader that the writer is about to introduce a quote.

question

Semicolon

answer

There are three uses for the semicolon: To join two independent clauses (complete sentences) that are closely related. One shouldn't work while on vacation; they are for fun. Explanation: There are two independent clauses, or complete sentences, here. The first is One shouldn't work while on vacation, and the second is they are for fun. The semicolon connects the two sentences and emphasizes the relationship between the two. To join two independent clauses when the second clause begins with a conjunctive adverb or a transitional phrase (therefore, however, as a result, in fact, etc.) I would go shopping with you; however, I am expecting company. Explanation: There are two independent clauses here, and the second begins with the conjunctive adverb however, which further clarifies the relationship between the two sentences. To separate items in a series when one or more of the items contain a comma. The people at the party included John, a fellow my husband works with; Sue, John's wife; Joanne, Sue's best friend; and Jerry, Joanne's husband. Explanation: Since the content in the items already contains commas, it would be confusing to the reader to separate these items with commas. Therefore, semicolons are used to separate these items.

question

Comma Placement

answer

Place a comma after an introductory or transitional word. Examples However, it is necessary to write a lot of papers in college courses. Therefore, it is useful to know where to place the comma. Place a comma after an introductory element (clause or phrase). Examples Given that he was unprepared for the test, he did perform well on it. At the end of the movie, we realized who the murderer was. Place a comma after a dependent (or subordinate) clause. This is a specific type of introductory element. Examples Since it was raining, I brought an umbrella. Because I didn't sleep well last night, I am tired today. Place a comma before a coordinate conjunction in a compound sentence. Examples He was late arriving to class, and the other students had already begun the test. She went to bed early, so she would not be tired the next day. Place a comma to set off an appositive, an explanatory phrase after a noun. See the exception to this rule in the hot grammar tip. Examples Mrs. Smith, our next door neighbor, walks her dog every day. Mr. Jones, the pharmacist at the drugstore, plays tennis every Friday. Place a comma before and after a parenthetical expression. Examples We can go to the party, I suppose, if we don't stay too late. There is a lesson here, I think, for all of us.

question

Parentheses

answer

1. When part of a sentence falls inside parentheses and part falls outside, the period goes outside. Correct: Students completed several psychology courses (social, personality, and clinical). 2. When a whole sentence falls inside parentheses, the period goes inside. Correct: (Several other courses were offered, but they were not as popular.)

question

Subject verb agreement

answer

Subjects and verbs must AGREE with one another in number (singular or plural). Thus, if a subject is singular, its verb must also be singular; if a subject is plural, its verb must also be plural.In present tenses, nouns and verbs form plurals in opposite ways: nouns add an s to the singular form, but verbs remove an s from the singular form Ex. Singular - The dog chases the cat. Plural - The dogs chase the cat.

question

Fragments

answer

A complete sentence needs only two elements: a subject - predicate unit AND a complete thought. In other words, a simple sentence is actually the SAME thing as an independent clause. Dependent clauses or phrases are called fragments because they are missing one or more parts needed to make a sentence. Therefore, they are only pieces or fragments of complete sentences.

question

Run on sentence

answer

Look on website for practice

question

Comma Splice

answer

Look at Communication and Literacy power points

question

Pronoun- antecedent agreement

answer

The pronoun his refers back to President Lincoln. President Lincoln is the ANTECEDENT for the pronoun his. An antecedent is a word for which a pronoun stands. (ante = "before"). The pronoun must agree with its antecedent in number. Rule: A singular pronoun must replace a singular noun; a plural pronoun must replace a plural noun. Ex. President Lincoln delivered his Gettysburg address in 1863.

question

Redundant expression

answer

They are all redundant expressions: groups of words in which at least one word is unnecessary because it just repeats the meaning that's already contained in the other word or words.

question

Misplaced modifier

answer

A misplaced modifier is a word, phrase, or clause that is improperly separated from the word it modifies / describes. Because of the separation, sentences with this error often sound awkward, ridiculous, or confusing. Furthermore, they can be downright illogical. Example: On her way home, Jan found a gold man's watch. The example above suggests that a gold man owns a watch.Misplaced modifiers can usually be corrected by moving the modifier to a more sensible place in the sentence, generally next to the word it modifies. Ex. On her way home, Jan found a man's gold watch.

question

Pronoun confusion

answer

Because a pronoun REFERS to a noun or TAKES THE PLACE OF that noun, you have to use the correct pronoun so that your reader clearly understands which noun your pronoun is referring to.

question

Incorrect use of preposition

answer

click on link

question

Gerunds

answer

gerund: Gerunds are verb forms used as nouns. They are similar to participles in that they both use the same kinds of modifiers and complements. The key to understanding gerunds is knowing that gerunds act like nouns. Where you can place a noun, you place a gerund. Examples: Running is good exercise. (Gerund used as a subject noun) Walking to school is a good idea. My hobby is hiking. (Gerund used as a direct object) I reached him by calling his office. (Gerund used as the object of a preposition). Note: the difference between: My hobby is hiking. and John is hiking. Litmus tests for gerunds: Can you put a noun there? Tennis is good exercise. The wheel was a good idea. My hobby is chess. I reached him by email.

question

Main idea

answer

what the story is mostly talking about

question

Topic sentence

answer

a statement that tells you what your paragraph will be about

question

Analytical writing

answer

An analytical paper breaks down an issue or an idea into its component parts, evaluates the issue or idea, and presents this breakdown and evaluation to the audience.

question

Expository writing

answer

An expository (explanatory) paper explains something to the audience.

question

Persuasive writing

answer

An argumentative paper makes a claim about a topic and justifies this claim with specific evidence. The claim could be an opinion, a policy proposal, an evaluation, a cause-and-effect statement, or an interpretation. The goal of the argumentative paper is to convince the audience that the claim is true based on the evidence provided.

question

Graphic organizers and structures

answer

Look at website for links

question

Nicolaus Copernicus

answer

question

Galileo Galilei

answer

Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei provided a number of scientific insightsthat laid the foundation for future scientists. His investigation of the laws of motion and improvements on the telescope helped further the understanding of the world and universe around him. Both led him to question the current belief of the time, that all things revolved around the Earth.

question

Francis Bacon

answer

created the scientific method and believed that truth comes after investigation, experimentation and observation lead to understanding, and practical technologies are important

question

Isaac Newton

answer

English physicist and mathematician Sir Isaac Newton, most famous for his law of gravitation, was instrumental in the scientific revolution of the 17th century.

question

Carolus Linnaeus

answer

Came up with order. Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

question

Charles Lyell

answer

It's been called the most important scientific book ever. A stunning claim, but certainly Charles Lyell's Principles of Geology, published in 1830, shook prevailing views of how Earth had been formed. His book was an attack on the common belief among geologists and other Christians that unique catastrophes or supernatural events -- such as Noah's flood -- shaped Earth's surface. According to this view, a once-tumultuous period of change had slowed to today's calmer, more leisurely pace. Lyell argued that the formation of Earth's crust took place through countless small changes occurring over vast periods of time, all according to known natural laws. His "uniformitarian" proposal was that the forces molding the planet today have operated continuously throughout its history. He also wrongly assumed that these causes must have acted only with the same intensities now observed, which would rule out asteroid impacts and the like.

question

Charles Darwin

answer

Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection made us rethink our place in the world. The idea that humans shared a common ancestor with apes was a challenge to the foundations of western civilisation.

question

Annie Jump Cannon

answer

Annie Jump Cannon was an American astronomer whose cataloging work was instrumental in the development of contemporary stellar classification

question

Scientific Method

answer

1.Ask a question 2. State a hypothesis 3. Conduct an experiment 4. Analyze the results 5. make a conclusion

question

Natural Phenomenon

answer

A natural phenomenon is an observable event which is not man-made. Examples include: sunrise, weather, fog, thunder, tornadoes; biological processes, decomposition, germination; physical processes, wave propagation, erosion; tidal flow, and natural disasters such as electromagnetic pulses, volcanic eruptions, and earthquakes

question

Hypothesis

answer

an informed prediction of what will happen in an experiment written as a question

question

Lab safety rules

answer

1. always wear an apron or protective clothing when working with chemicals 2. always tie back lose hair 3. always wear googles or safety glasses to prevent getting materials in your eye 4. always read labels on chemicals and heed all warnings 5. never eat, drink, or smell the chemicals. rather fan them 6. never look into a test tube look from the side 7. never play around during experiments 8. always wash your hands after handling lab materials

question

Validity

answer

does the instrument test what it is supposed to test? criterion, construct, content

question

reliability

answer

does the instrument measure consistently over time? internal consistency, test retest

question

Scientific bias

answer

is the assumption that a theory is true or false without evidence one way or another, or the attempt to dismiss or discourage research efforts to confirm or deny the theory - often on political or ideological grounds

question

Engineers design process

answer

1. initial version 2. is it fit for audience or purpose? if no redo if yes final product

question

Organs and functions

answer

1. eye - receive light for seeing 2. nose - to detect smell 3. tongue - to detect taste 4. heart - to pump blood in the body 5. kidney - to get rid of waste products 6. large intestine - to absorb water 7. bladder - to store urine 8. testis- to produce sperm 9. small intestine - to digest food 10. stomach- to hold and digest food 11. liver - to break down waste substances 12. lung - to absorb oxygen and release carbon dioxide 13. ear - to detect sound 14. brain - to control activities of the body

question

digestive system

answer

mouth - breaks down food into small pieces and mixes it with saliva esophagus - muscular tube that food travels down to go from the mouth to the stomach stomach - secretes juices to get digestion under way liver - produces bile and processes nutrients obtained from food pancreas - secretes enzymes into the small intestine gall bladder - stores bile small intestine - the main site where food is digested large intestine - absorbs water from digested waste rectum - stores the waste until it leaves the body through the anus

question

circulatory system

answer

The circulatory system consists of the heart, blood, and blood vessels. There are three types of blood vessels: arteries, veins and capillaries. The heart is an organ made of cardiac muscle and it acts like a pump. The muscles of the heart contract and pump blood away from the heart (through the aorta) and to the tissues of the body. Diffusion occurs at the tissues, allowing for nutrients and oxygen to enter the cells, and for carbon dioxide and other wastes to be removes from the cells. Your heart beats when the pacemaker (sinoatrial node located in the right atrium) sends an impulse that causes muscle contractions to occur. The heartbeat is partly controlled by neurotransmitters released by the nervous system. When your heart pumps, it produces a pressure in your arteries called blood pressure. Your body helps regulate your blood pressure by communicating with the brain. The brain releases neurotransmitters that can raise or lower the blood pressure by relaxing or contracting the smooth muscles of the blood vessels. Your kidneys also play a role in regulating blood pressure by removing water from the blood and releasing it as urine.

question

respiratory system

answer

The main organ of the respiratory system is the lungs. The diaphragm is a muscle located underneath the heart and lungs that contracts to pull air into the lungs and relaxes to force air out of the lungs. When the air enters the lungs, it travels through the bronchi to tiny air sacs called alveoli. In the alveoli, oxygen diffuses into the blood stream through capillaries that surround each alveoli. The newly oxygen rich blood then travels back towards the heart, where it will then get pumped to the rest of the body. Breathing is not a completely voluntary action. The nervous system (medulla oblongata) can regulate breathing by monitoring the levels of carbon dioxide in the blood. If the levels get too high, the brain sends impulses to the diaphragm and chest muscles that increase the breathing rate. This rids the body of the excess carbon dioxide while bringing more oxygen to the blood.

question

Cellular respiration

answer

the process in which sugars (glucose) are converted into usable energy (ATP)

question

Animal cell

answer

nucleus, ribosome, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondrion, Chloroplast, large central vacuole, lysosome

question

nucleus

answer

contains cells DNA and is control center for the cell

question

ribosome

answer

where amino acids are hooked together to make proteins

question

endoplasmic reticulum

answer

makes lipids, breaks down drugs and other substances, and packages proteins for golgi complex

question

mitochondrion

answer

breaks down food molecules to make ATP

question

chloroplast

answer

uses the energy of sunlight to make food golgi complex - processes and transports proteins and other materials out of the cell

question

large central vacuole

answer

stores water and other materials

question

lysosome

answer

digests food particles, waste, cell parts, and foreign invaders.

question

Meiosis vs mitosis

answer

In meiosis, a second division sequence occurs, resulting in 4 cells with half the number of chromosomes. Mitosis involves a single division sequence, resulting in two cells with no net change to the number of chromosomes.

question

Anemia

answer

According to Mayo Clinic, iron deficiency anemia is a "condition in which blood lacks adequate healthy red blood cells." Your red blood cells are the ones that help carry oxygen to the body's tissues and organs. Because of my deficiency, my body can't produce enough hemoglobin, the substance in red blood cells that enable them to carry the oxygen.

question

plant cell

answer

Primary differences between plant and animal cells: 1. produce their own food 2. support their own weight

question

Chloroplast

answer

found in plant cell, contains green chlorophyll, location where photosynthesis takes place in the cell

question

Leaf

answer

produces food through photosynthesis

question

Flower

answer

responsible for reproduction by producing seeds and fruits

question

Stem

answer

provides support for the leaves and the flower and carries water and minerals to them from the roots

question

Roots

answer

Roots spread out and search for water and minerals in the ground

question

Sexual reproduction

answer

Advantages: high genetic variability facilitates adaptation "speeds" up evolution Disadvantages: energy costly courtship is time/resource consuming usually sacrifices the fitness of one sex to the other

question

Asexual reproduction

answer

Advantages: saves energy courtship is a non issue greatest increase in fitness for individual Disadvantages: low genetic variability adaptation to environment is difficult "slows" down evolution

question

Prokaryotic Cell

answer

small, nuclear region (nucleoid) not surrounded by a nuclear membrane, single chromosome present, nucleolus absent, membrane bound cell organelles are absent, cell divides by fission or budding (no mitosis)

question

Eukaryotic cell

answer

large, nuclear region surrounded by nuclear membrane, more than 1 chromosomes present, nucleolus present, membrane bound cell organelles are present, cell divides by mitosis or meiosis

question

Biomes

answer

Scientists divide the world into large natural areas called biomes. Desert and rainforest biomes are two that you've probably heard of. Each biome is known for certain kinds of plants and animals. But what's really at the heart of a biome is its climate. How hot or cold is it? How much rain and snow fall every year? Climate is critical because it determines the types of plants and animals—the ecosystem—that can survive in a biome. Polar bears can't live in the Sahara Desert. Rain forest trees won't grow in grasslands or the arctic tundra.

question

Tundra

answer

The tundra biome is the coldest of all biomes. It is also quite big. The tundra covers about one fifth of the land on earth. The word tundra comes from a Finnish word that means treeless plain, which is a good description of the biome. Tundra biome is located in the artic circle, which is a circle that surrounds the north pole, but this is not the only place we can find freezing cold temperatures and a few animals. In Antarctica, and other cold environments, there are areas that can be described as part of a tundra biome as well.

question

Rainforest

answer

There are two types of rainforest biomes: temperate and tropical rainforests. Temperate rainforests are found along coasts in temperate regions. The largest temperate rainforests are on the Pacific coast in North America, stretching from Alaska to Oregon. Other temperate rainforests are found along the coast of Chile, the United Kingdom, Norway, Japan, New Zealand, and S. Australia. Tropical rainforests are generally found between 30°N and 30°S latitudes, covering 6 - 7% of the Earth's land surface. Tropical rainforests can be found around the world: In Central and South America; in Western Africa, eastern Madagascar, and the Zaire basin; and in Indo-Malaysia along the west coast of India, Assam, Southeast Asia, New Guinea, and Queensland, Australia.

question

Temperate forests

answer

Most temperate, deciduous (leaf-shedding) forests are located in the eastern United States, Canada, Europe, China, Japan, and parts of Russia. Deciduous forests are broken up into five zones. bThe firstzone is the tree stratum zone. It is the tallest zone and trees here range from 60 to 100 feet (18 to 30 meters) tall. Maple, elm, and oak trees are just some examples of trees found in this zone. The second zone is the small tree and sapling zone. Younger, shorter trees characterize this zone. The shrub zone is the third zone. Shrubs include mountain laurel, huckleberries, and many others. The fourth zone is the herb zone, and contains short herbal plants, like ferns. The Ground zone is the final zone where plants grow directly near the ground. Some plants that grow here are lichens and mosses.

question

ecosystem

answer

An ecosystem includes all of the living things (plants, animals and organisms) in a given area, interacting with each other, and also with their non-living environments (weather, earth, sun, soil, climate, atmosphere). meaning of ecosystems In an ecosystem, each organism has its' own niche, or role to play. Consider a small puddle at the back of your home. In it, you may find all sorts of living things, from microorganisms, to insects and plants. These may depend on non-living things like water, sunlight, turbulence in the puddle, temperature, atmospheric pressure and even nutrients in the water for life. This very complex, wonderful interaction of living things and their environment, has been the foundations of energy flow and recycle of carbon and nitrogen. Anytime a 'stranger' (living thing(s) or external factor such as rise in temperature) is introduced to an ecosystem, it can be disastrous to that ecosystem. This is because the new organism (or factor) can distort the natural balance of the interaction and potentially harm or destroy the ecosystem.

question

Habitat

answer

the area where an organism lives, including the biotic and abiotic factors that affect it. The place where a particular population (e.g., human, animal, plant, micro-organism) lives and its surroundings. Example, The anaconda snake lives in water and thrives very well there.

question

Producers

answer

The sun is the source of all the energy in food chains. Green plants, usually the first level of any food chain, absorb some of the Sun's light energy to make their own food by photosynthesis. Green plants (autotrophs) are therefore known as 'Producers' in a food chain.

question

Consumer

answer

The second level of the food chains is called the Primary Consumer. These consume the green plants. Animals in this group are usually herbivores. Examples include insects, sheep, caterpillars and even cows. The third in the chain are Secondary Consumers. These usually eat up the primary consumers and other animal matter. They are commonly called carnivores and examples include lions, snakes and cats. The fourth level is called Tertiary Consumers. These are animals that eat secondary consumers. Quaternary Consumers eat tertiary consumers.

question

Decomposers

answer

When any organism dies, detrivores (like vultures, worms and crabs) eat them up. The rest are broken down by decomposers (mostly bacteria and fungi), and the exchange of energy continues. Decomposers start the cycle again.

question

Food chain

answer

All living things need to feed to get energy to grow, move and reproduce. But what do these living things feed on? Smaller insects feed on green plants, and bigger animals feed on smaller ones and so on. This feeding relationship in an ecosystem is called a food chain. Food chains are usually in a sequence, with an arrow used to show the flow of energy.

question

Food web

answer

A food chain is not the same as a food web. A food web is a network of many food chains and is more complex.

question

Predator and prey

answer

A predator is an organism that eats another organism. The prey is the organism which the predator eats. Some examples of predator and prey are lion and zebra, bear and fish, and fox and rabbit. The words "predator" and "prey" are almost always used to mean only animals that eat animals, but the same concept also applies to plants: Bear and berry, rabbit and lettuce, grasshopper and leaf.

question

Adaptation

answer

a trait or behavior an animal has to help it survive.

question

Animal life cycle

answer

Ex. egg, Caterpillar, chrysalis, butterfly

question

Metamorphosis

answer

Metamorphosis is a biological process by which an animal physically develops after birth or hatching, involving a conspicuous and relatively abrupt change in the animal's body structure through cell growth and differentiation. (caterpillar to butterfly)

question

Water cycle

answer

The water cycle is simply the complete journey that water makes in its life, from one place to the other, and from one state to the other. As the word 'cycle' suggests, there is no starting point. This means that we can begin at any point and follow its path until it gets to where we started again.

question

Evaporation

answer

Stage 1: Evaporation and transpiration Let us begin with the oceans and large water bodies. Their large surface areas absorb the suns' energy (heat), warming the their surfaces. As the water heats up, it evaporates (turns from liquid to vapor). In addition to that, green plants (forests and all vegetation cover) also release moisture into the air in a process called transpiration. Rising air currents, resulting from unequal air pressure, lifts the vapor high up into the atmosphere.

question

Condensation

answer

Stage 2: Condensation Up there, cooler temperatures cause the vapor to condense (vapor turning back into liquid). Winds and air masses move the moisture around a bit, forming clouds. With time, they become heavier with water. This develops into rain-bearing clouds.

question

Precipitation

answer

Stage 3: Precipitation The water now falls from the sky in the form of rain, snow, sleet and hail.

question

Runoff and infiltration

answer

Stage 4: Runoff and Infiltration As the water falls to the ground, they find their way on the ground surface into puddles, streams and rivers. This is by the natural force of gravity, aided by slopes and gullies on sloping surfaces. Besides runoff, water is also absorbed into the soil. This is called infiltration. The absorbed water may even go deeper and replenish aquifers and other water pockets that exist naturally below the surface of the earth. This is known as percolation. Sometimes water in the ground moves up to the surfaces and can evaporate or run-off again. So where does the run-off end up—in the seas and oceans and water bodies where we started.

question

Accumulation

answer

a mass or quantity of something that has gradually gathered or been acquired.

question

Gulf stream

answer

The Gulf Stream is a powerful current in the Atlantic Ocean. It starts in the Gulf of Mexico and flows into the Atlantic at the tip of Florida, accelerating along the eastern coastlines of the United States and Newfoundland. It is part of the North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre, one of the five major oceanic gyres, which are large systems of circular currents and powerful winds.

question

Jet streams

answer

Jet streams are fast flowing, narrow air currents found in the atmosphere of some planets, including Earth. The main jet streams are located near the altitude of the tropopause.

question

Rock cycle

answer

From volcanic eruption to igneous rock to sediment to sedimentary rock to metamorphic rock to magma

question

Weathering

answer

a chemical or physical process in which rocks exposed to the weather are worn down. Can happen because of wind, water, or ice

question

Erosion

answer

carrying away of weathered soil, rock, and other materials on the Earths surface by wind, water, or gravity

question

Convergent boundary

answer

coming together makes mountains

question

Divergent boundary

answer

moving apart makes mid ocean ridges

question

Transform boundary

answer

moves in opposite direction side to side makes san andreas fault line

question

Atmosphere

answer

The atmosphere has five different layers that are determined by the changes in temperature that happen with increasing altitude. Troposphere Stratosphere Mesosphere Thermosphere Exosphere

question

Carbon cycle

answer

The carbon cycle is very important to all ecosystems, and ultimately life on earth. The carbon cycle is critical to the food chain. Living tissue contain carbon, because they contain proteins, fats and carbohydrates. The carbon in these (living or dead) tissues is recycled in various processes. Human activities like heating homes and cars burning fuels (combustion) give off carbon into the atmosphere. During respiration, animals also introduce carbon into the atmosphere in the form of carbon dioxide. The Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is absorbed by green plants (producers) to make food in photosynthesis. When animals feed on green plants, they pass on carbon compounds unto other animals in the upper levels of their food chains. Animals give off carbon dioxide into the atmosphere during respiration. Carbon dioxide is also given off when plants and animals die. This occurs when decomposers (bacteria and fungi) break down dead plants and animals (decomposition) and release the carbon compounds stored in them. Very often, energy trapped in the dead materials becomes fossil fuels which is used as combustion again at a later time.

question

Water tides

answer

While the Sun and the rotation of the Earth both have some tidal impact, the location of the Moon has the biggest affect on the tide. The gravity of the Moon causes a high tide both on the side of the Earth directly below the Moon (sublunar tide) and the opposite side of the Earth (antipodal). Low tides are on the sides of the Earth 90 degrees away from the Moon.

question

Phases of the moon

answer

Between in earth and the sun going counter clockwise 1. New moon 2. Waxing crescent moon 3. First quarter half moon 4. waxing gibbous moon 5. full moon 6. waning gibbous moon 7. three quarter half moon 8. waning crescent moon

question

Spring tide

answer

a tide just after a new or full moon, when there is the greatest difference between high and low water.

question

Seasons

answer

Earth has seasons because its axis is tilted. Earth rotates around the sun, but the axis always points in the same direction. The side of the earth tilted towards the sun is in summer and the side of the earth tilted away from the sun is in winter, the parts of the earth on the other two sides are fall and spring.

question

Planets

answer

Mercury, venus, earth, mars, jupiter, saturn, uranus, neptune

question

Accretion

answer

the process of growth or increase, typically by the gradual accumulation of additional layers or matter.

question

Solar radiation

answer

Loosely defined, solar radiation is the total frequency spectrum of electromagnetic radiation produced by the sun. This spectrum covers visible light and near-visible radiation, such as x-rays, ultraviolet radiation, infrared radiation, and radio waves. The visible light and heat of the sun makes life possible, and is called daylight or sunshine. The earths atmosphere deflects or filters the majority of the suns harmful radiation, and our near-perfect positioning in the solar system allows us to receive the benefits proximity to the Sun without being baked or broiled like Venus or Mercury.

question

Atom

answer

Has a center made up of protons and neutrons and an shell of electrons around it

question

Atomic number

answer

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom determines an element's atomic number. In other words, each element has a unique number that identifies how many protons are in one atom of that element. For example, all hydrogen atoms, and only hydrogen atoms, contain one proton and have an atomic number of 1.

question

Atomic mass

answer

tell you how many protons and neutrons are in the atom

question

Periodic table

answer

a table of all the elements in the world

question

Elements

answer

An element is a substance made from only one type of atom. For example, Oxygen (oxygen symbol) is an element made up of ONLY oxygen atoms.

question

Molecule

answer

Some atoms can also join up with other atoms of the same element. When two or more atoms join up, they form a molecule. Oxygen, (oxygen symbol) is a molecule, because it has two atoms joined together.

question

Compound

answer

A compound is a substance made from two or more elements that have reacted chemically with each other. The elements in the compound can NOT be separated by physical means. Ex. H20 or water

question

Mixtures

answer

A mixture is formed of little bits of one or more substances mixed together. Usually, the parts can be separated from each other by physical means, because it does not involve any chemical reactions or bonds.

question

Matter

answer

Matter is anything, such as a solid, liquid or gas, that has weight (mass) and occupies space. For anything to occupy space, it must have volume. Thinking about it, everything on earth has weight and takes up space, and that means everything on earth is matter.

question

Phases of matter

answer

Solids are simply hard substances, and they are hard because of how their molecules are packed together. Examples include rock, chalk, sugar, a piece of wood, plastic, steel or nail. They are all solids at room temperature. They can come in all sizes, shapes and forms. The particles in liquids are not as closely bonded, arranged and fixed in place as in solids. The particles in liquid can flow freely and can mix with particles from other liquids. Liquids have their atoms close together, so they are not very easy to compress. Gas is everywhere, and it surrounds us. The air around us is a kind of gas. The atmosphere surrounding the earth is a gas too. Helium, Oxygen, Carbon dioxide and water vapor are all gases.

question

States of matter

answer

Solid holds shape, fixed volume Liquid takes shape of container, free surface, fixed volume Gas takes shape of container and volume of container

question

Chemical reaction

answer

a process that involves rearrangement of the molecular or ionic structure of a substance, as opposed to a change in physical form or a nuclear reaction.

question

Ionic bonding

answer

Ionic bonding is a type of chemical bond that involves the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions, and is the primary interaction occuring in ionic compounds. The ions are atoms that have lost one or more electrons (known as cations) and atoms that have gained one or more electrons (known as anions). Gives away one atoms extra electron to an atom that is 1 too short to have a full outer shell

question

Covalent bonding

answer

Shares that extra electron so they bond together h2o

question

Cellular respiration equation

answer

c6h12o6 + 6o2 = 6h2o + 6co2 + energy glucose + oxygen = water + carbon dioxide + energy

question

Photosynthesis equation

answer

6 co2 + 6 h2o = c6 h12 o6 + 6 o2 carbon dioxide + water = glucose + oxygen Light energy from the sun

question

Combustion

answer

(burning in air) wood burns because the carbon and hydrogen that are its principal components combine with the oxygen

question

oxidation

answer

Oxidation is the loss of electrons or an increase in oxidation state by a molecule, atom, or ion. Reduction is the gain of electrons or a decrease in oxidation state by a molecule, atom, or ion.

question

Simple machines

answer

Simple machines are devices that can make a tough job easier by enabling a person to apply less force or to apply force in a direction that is easier to manipulate. There are six types of simple machines: lever, pulley, inclined plane, wedge, screw, and wheel and axle.

question

Work (force)

answer

Work is the amount of energy necessary to move an object. The further you move it, the more work is required. Work is measured in Newtons. More about that later. First let's look at each of the 6 simple machines in detail.

question

Incline plane

answer

The inclined plane is simply a ramp. One end is higher than the opposite end. This allows things to go from a low place to a higher place. Or vice versa. It takes less work to move an object up a ramp then it does to lift that object up the vertical distance. Gravity makes it easier to move an object down a ramp than up that ramp. Ramps are used in skateboard parks, wheelchair ramps and to get heavy equipment in and out of the back of trucks. But a modified version of a ramp is also found in stairs, escalators, ladders, walking paths, even chutes used for dropping your mail into the mailbox.

question

lever

answer

The lever is a long tool such as a pole or a rod put under an object to lift it. The lever is more efficient when combined with a fulcrum. The fulcrum is another object, perhaps a rock, used to brace under the long tool. This gives the long pole something to push down against. The location of the fulcrum helps determine how well the lever will perform work. The closer the fulcrum is to the object being lifted, the higher the person can lift the object. The longer the lever, the higher the object can be lifted. Do the math — it's really all in the distance between the object, the fulcrum and the lever. Levers are all around us. Some examples of levers are: door handles, the claws of a hammer (for removing nails), crowbars, light switches, bottle openers and hinges.

question

Pulley

answer

The pulley is actually a version of a wheel and axle that is combined with a rope, chain or other cord to allow moving something up and down or back and forth. The pulley can be combined with other pulleys to reduce the amount of work necessary to lift huge amounts of weight or to lower them down. It can also make moving something such as a flag up the pole convenient to do from the ground. It changes the direction of the force necessary to do the work. I pull down on the rope, but the flag goes up. Pulleys are used in window blinds and drapery to move them up and down or back and forth. Pulleys are also used on ships to raise and lower sails, in industry to raise and lower heavy cargo, or on cranes for use in moving construction equipment. Elevators also use pulleys to move the car up and down from floor to floor.

question

Mass

answer

the amount of matter in an object. it is measured in grams.

question

Weight

answer

includes both the mass and the force of gravity acting on the object. It is measured in Newtons

question

Density

answer

the amount of mass per unit volume. it is measure as g/cm3

question

work (physics)

answer

In physics, a force is said to do work if, when acting on a body, there is a displacement of the point of application in the direction of the force.

question

Power physics

answer

In physics, power is the rate of doing work. It is equivalent to an amount of energy consumed per unit time. In the SI system, the unit of power is the joule per second (J/s), known as the watt in honour of James Watt, the eighteenth-century developer of the steam engine.

question

Energy physics

answer

A system possesses energy if it has the ability to do work.

question

Conduction

answer

energy is transferred by direct contact

question

convection

answer

energy is transferred by the mass motion of molecules

question

radiation

answer

energy is transferred by electromagnetic radiation

question

Electrical energy

answer

Electrical energy is energy that is caused by moving electric charges. Since the electric charges are moving, this is a form of kinetic energy. The faster the electric charges are moving the more electrical energy they carry.

question

Conductors and insulators

answer

In a conductor, electric current can flow freely, in an insulator it cannot. Metals such as copper typify conductors, while most non-metallic solids are said to be good insulators, having extremely high resistance to the flow of charge through them.

question

Kinetic energy

answer

energy of movement Types: 1. thermal energy - energy of moving particles (heat) 2. mechanical energy - energy of objects in motion 3. electrical energy - energy of particles moving through a wire 4. magnetic energy - energy causing push or pull

question

Potential energy

answer

stored energy Types: 1. chemical energy - energy stored in food or fuel 2. elastic energy - energy stored in objects that are stretched 3. nuclear energy - energy stored in center of particles 4. gravitational energy - energy stored in an object when it is above the earths surface

question

Law of conservation of energy

answer

energy cannot be created or destroyed it only can be transformed from one form into another

question

Entropy

answer

a thermodynamic quantity representing the unavailability of a system's thermal energy for conversion into mechanical work, often interpreted as the degree of disorder or randomness in the system. Ice has minimal entropy, puddle has maximum entropy

question

Newtons first law of motion

answer

An object at rest will remain at rest unless acted on by an unbalanced force. An object in motion continues in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. This law is often called "the law of inertia". This means that there is a natural tendency of objects to keep on doing what they're doing. All objects resist changes in their state of motion. In the absence of an unbalanced force, an object in motion will maintain this state of motion.

question

Newtons second law of motion

answer

Acceleration is produced when a force acts on a mass. The greater the mass (of the object being accelerated) the greater the amount of force needed (to accelerate the object). Everyone unconsiously knows the Second Law. Everyone knows that heavier objects require more force to move the same distance as lighter objects.

question

Newtons third law of motion

answer

For every action there is an equal and opposite re-action. This means that for every force there is a reaction force that is equal in size, but opposite in direction. That is to say that whenever an object pushes another object it gets pushed back in the opposite direction equally hard.

question

Neolithic Era

answer

The Neolithic Era, also known as the New Stone Age, was the time after the stone or ice age and before the Copper Age in some areas and the Bronze Age in others. Depending on the region, the era ran from around 9,000 B.C. to about 3,000 B.C.

question

Agricultural revolution

answer

Production increase, cost of food dropped, increased production of food helped create a rapid growth in population, large farms using machines and scientific methods began to dominate agriculture, farming became big business

question

Ancient civilizations lunar calendar

answer

Farmers needed to know when season would change, so they observed the sun and the moon. Ex: Farmers when know when to plant and when to harvest

question

Mesoamerican civilizations

answer

This lesson focuses on the early cultures of Mesoamerica. The Olmec, Maya, and Aztecs developed great civilizations in Mesoamerica over millenia. Then, after all of this development and the building of a great empire, the Aztec were quickly defeated by Hernando Cortes.

question

Ancient near east

answer

The ancient Near East was the home of early civilizations within a region roughly corresponding to the modern Middle East:

question

Ancient china

answer

http://www.ducksters.com/history/china/timeline_of_ancient_china.php

question

Ancient greece

answer

Invented things like democracy, the Olympics, theater, the alphabet. Innovations in technology, science, architecture, medicine, math, philosophy, literature, art, language, history and geography

question

Roman empire decline

answer

In 476 C.E. Romulus, the last of the Roman emperors in the west, was overthrown by the Germanic leader Odoacer, who became the first Barbarian to rule in Rome. The order that the Roman Empire had brought to western Europe for 1000 years was no more.

question

Papal power

answer

Papal supremacy is the doctrine of the Roman Catholic Church that the pope, by reason of his office as Vicar of Christ and as pastor of the entire Christian Church, has full, supreme, and universal power over the whole Church, a power which he can always exercise unhindered:[1] that, in brief, "the Pope enjoys, by divine institution, supreme, full, immediate, and universal power in the care of souls."

question

Feudalism

answer

the dominant social system in medieval Europe, in which the nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service, and vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles, while the peasants (villeins or serfs) were obliged to live on their lord's land and give him homage, labor, and a share of the produce, notionally in exchange for military protection.

question

Spread of Islam

answer

The expansion of the Arab Empire in the years following Prophet Muhammed's death led to the creation of caliphates, occupying a vast geographical area and conversion to Islam was boosted by missionary activities particularly those of Sufis, who easily intermingled with local populace to propagate the religious teachings.[1] These early caliphates, coupled with Muslim economics and trading and the later expansion of the Ottoman Empire, resulted in Islam's spread outwards from Mecca towards both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and the creation of the Muslim world. Trading played an important role in the spread of Islam in several parts of the world, notably southeast Asia.

question

Battle of Hastings

answer

On October 14, 1066, at the Battle of Hastings in England, King Harold II (c.1022-66) of England was defeated by the Norman forces of William the Conqueror (c.1028-87). By the end of the bloody, all-day battle, Harold was dead and his forces were destroyed. He was the last Anglo-Saxon king of England, as the battle changed the course of history and established the Normans as the rulers of England, which in turn brought about a significant cultural transformation.

question

The Crusades

answer

Causes: Muslim turks take control of the Holy Lang (Jerusalem) in 1071 (Effect: trade between europe and asia increases) Muslim Turks threaten Constantinople in 1090s and other parts of the Byzantine empire (Effect: kings become more powerful through control of large number knights fighting in the crusades) Byzantine emperor asks catholic pope in rome to help (Effects: tension between christians, jews, and muslims grows)

question

Magna carta

answer

The year of Magna Carta, 1215, when an English ruler was first subjected to the law, has resonated down the ages as a landmark in Britain's constitutional history. Indeed, in a BBC History Magazine poll, its anniversary was voted the most suitable date on which the nation should celebrate Britishness.

question

The Plague

answer

Today, scientists understand that the Black Death, now known as the plague, is spread by a bacillus called Yersina pestis. (The French biologist Alexandre Yersin discovered this germ at the end of the 19th century.) They know that the bacillus travels from person to person pneumonically, or through the air, as well as through the bite of infected fleas and rats. Both of these pests could be found almost everywhere in medieval Europe, but they were particularly at home aboard ships of all kinds-which is how the deadly plague made its way through one European port city after another. Not long after it struck Messina, the Black Death spread to the port of Marseilles in France and the port of Tunis in North Africa. Then it reached Rome and Florence, two cities at the center of an elaborate web of trade routes. By the middle of 1348, the Black Death had struck Paris, Bordeaux, Lyon and London.

question

Renaissance

answer

Renaissance, Florence: Renaissance [Credit: Contunico © ZDF Enterprises GmbH, Mainz]literally "rebirth," the period in European civilization immediately following the Middle Ages and conventionally held to have been characterized by a surge of interest in Classical scholarship and values. The Renaissance also witnessed the discovery and exploration of new continents, the substitution of the Copernican for the Ptolemaic system of astronomy, the decline of the feudal system and the growth of commerce, and the invention or application of such potentially powerful innovations as paper, printing, the mariner's compass, and gunpowder. To the scholars and thinkers of the day, however, it was primarily a time of the revival of Classical learning and wisdom after a long period of cultural decline and stagnation.

question

Leonardo da Vinci

answer

Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) was a painter, architect, inventor, and student of all things scientific. His natural genius crossed so many disciplines that he epitomized the term "Renaissance man." Today he remains best known for his art, including two paintings that remain among the world's most famous and admired, Mona Lisa and The Last Supper. Art, da Vinci believed, was indisputably connected with science and nature. Largely self-educated, he filled dozens of secret notebooks with inventions, observations and theories about pursuits from aeronautics to anatomy. But the rest of the world was just beginning to share knowledge in books made with moveable type, and the concepts expressed in his notebooks were often difficult to interpret. As a result, though he was lauded in his time as a great artist, his contemporaries often did not fully appreciate his genius—the combination of intellect and imagination that allowed him to create, at least on paper, such inventions as the bicycle, the helicopter and an airplane based on the physiology and flying capability of a bat.

question

Nicolaus Capernicus history

answer

In the early 1500s, when virtually everyone believed Earth was the center of the universe, Polish scientist Nicolaus Copernicus proposed that the planets instead revolved around the sun. Although his model wasn't completely correct, it formed a strong foundation for future scientists to build on and improve mankind's understanding of the motion of heavenly bodies. Indeed, other astronomers built on Copernicus' work and proved that our planet is just one world orbiting one star in a vast cosmos loaded with both, and that we're far from the center of anything.

question

Galileo Galilei

answer

question

Niccolo di Bernardo

answer

Niccolò di Bernardo dei Machiavelli was an Italian Renaissance historian, politician, diplomat, philosopher, humanist, and writer. He has often been called the founder of modern political science.

question

Sir Thomas More

answer

Sir Thomas More, venerated by Catholics as Saint Thomas More, was an English lawyer, social philosopher, author, statesman and noted Renaissance humanist.

question

Role of the printing press

answer

1. Growth of literacy was stimulated by the Gutenberg printing press (created by johannas gutenberg) 2. The bible was printed in english, french and german 3. these factors had an important impact on spreading the ideas of the reformation and the renaissance

question

The Protestant reformation

answer

The Protestant Reformation was the 16th-century religious, political, intellectual and cultural upheaval that splintered Catholic Europe, setting in place the structures and beliefs that would define the continent in the modern era. In northern and central Europe, reformers like Martin Luther, John Calvin and Henry VIII challenged papal authority and questioned the Catholic Church's ability to define Christian practice. They argued for a religious and political redistribution of power into the hands of Bible- and pamphlet-reading pastors and princes. The disruption triggered wars, persecutions and the so-called Counter-Reformation, the Catholic Church's delayed but forceful response to the Protestants.

question

Martin Luther

answer

Martin Luther (1483-1546) was an Augustinian monk and university lecturer in Wittenberg when he composed his "95 Theses," which protested the pope's sale of reprieves from penance, or indulgences. Although he had hoped to spur renewal from within the church, in 1521 he was summoned before the Diet of Worms and excommunicated. Sheltered by Friedrich, elector of Saxony, Luther translated the Bible into German and continued his output of vernacular pamphlets. When German peasants, inspired in part by Luther's empowering "priesthood of all believers," revolted in 1524, Luther sided with Germany's princes. By the Reformation's end, Lutheranism had become the state religion throughout much of Germany, Scandinavia and the Baltics.

question

Elizabethan era

answer

The Elizabethan era is the epoch in English history marked by the reign of Queen Elizabeth I (1558-1603). Historians often depict it as the golden age in English history. The symbol of Britannia was first used in 1572, and often thereafter, to mark the Elizabethan age as a renaissance that inspired national pride through classical ideals, international expansion, and naval triumph over the Spanish - at the time, a rival kingdom much hated by the people of the land. In terms of the entire century, the historian John Guy (1988) argues that "England was economically healthier, more expansive, and more optimistic under the Tudors" than at any time in a thousand years.[1] This "golden age"[2] represented the apogee of the English Renaissance and saw the flowering of poetry, music and literature. The era is most famous for theatre, as William Shakespeare and many others composed plays that broke free of England's past style of theatre. It was an age of exploration and expansion abroad, while back at home, the Protestant Reformation became more acceptable to the people, most certainly after the Spanish Armada was repulsed. It was also the end of the period when England was a separate realm before its royal union with Scotland.

question

William Shakespeare

answer

Introduced almost 3,000 words to the english language, he wrote close to 1/10 of the most quoted lines in written or spoken in english and is the 2nd mot quoted writer in the english language. he wrote 37 plays and 154 works that we know of.

question

European exploration

answer

European exploration, European exploration: early voyages [Credit: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]the exploration of regions of the Earth for scientific, commercial, religious, military, and other purposes by Europeans beginning in the 15th century. The motives that spur human beings to examine their environment are many. Strong among them are the satisfaction of curiosity, the pursuit of trade, the spread of religion, and the desire for security and political power. At different times and in different places, different motives are dominant. Sometimes one motive inspires the promoters of discovery, and another motive may inspire the individuals who carry out the search.

question

Christopher Columbus

answer

Christopher Columbus was an Italian explorer, navigator, colonizer and citizen of the Republic of Genoa. Under the auspices of the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, he completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean.

question

Reasons for exploration

answer

There are many reasons why explores embarked on voyages of discovery. There was a whole world out there waiting for someone to set foot on it. There were spices, gold and riches that had been untouched. There was religion that needed to be spread and taught. Technology was booming. Advances in traveling by boat had increased. The Europeans pursed voyages of exploration to establish trade routes expand their religion of Christianity and for riches of gold, silver and precious stones metals.

question

Inter Caetera

answer

Inter caetera ("Among other [works]") was a papal bull issued by Pope Alexander VI on 4 May 1493, which granted to Spain (the Crowns of Castile and Aragon) all lands to the "west and south" of a pole-to-pole line 100 leagues west and south of any of the islands of the Azores or the Cape Verde islands.

question

Ecomienda system

answer

The spanish claimed that this system would benefit both settlers and indians. The plan was that the settlers would protect, care for, and chritianize the indians and the indians would work a portion of their time for spanish settlers. In reality spanish settlers forced long labor, dont pay indian workers, fail to protect indians, and seize indians lands. Indians dies from diseases and harsh living and working conditions. Ends after clergy protests and indians revolt. Abuses continue under new system as well.

question

Spanish Conquistadors

answer

After Columbus brought news of the new world to Europe many people went to the new world in search of land and riches. The Spanish Conquistadors were some of the first men to travel to the new world. They got their name from being both conquerors and explorers. They were mostly in search of gold and treasure. Hernan Cortes (1495 - 1547) Cortes was one of the first Conquistadors. He was responsible for conquering the Aztec Empire and claiming Mexico for Spain. In 1519 he took a fleet of ships from Cuba to the Yucatan Peninsula. There he heard of the rich Empire of the Aztecs. In search of treasure Cortes made his way inland to the great Aztec capital Tenochtitlan. He then proceeded to conquer the Aztecs and kill the Aztec Emperor Montezuma. Hernan Cortez Conquistador Hernan Cortes Francisco Pizarro (1478-1541) Pizarro explored much of the west coast of South America. In 1532 he conquered the great Incan Empire of Peru and killed the last Incan Emperor, Atahualpa. He took over the Incan capital of Cuzco and established the city of Lima. He also gained huge amounts of gold and silver. Vasco Núñez de Balboa (1475-1519) In 1511 Balboa founded the first European settlement in South America, the city of Santa Maria de la Antigua del Darien. Later he would gather together Spanish soldiers (including Francisco Pizarro) and make his way across the Isthmus of Panama. He became the first European to see the Pacific Ocean. Juan Ponce de León (1474 - 1521) Ponce de Leon sailed with Christopher Columbus on his second voyage. He stayed in Santo Domingo and soon became governor of Puerto Rico. In 1513, exploring the Caribbean, searching for gold and the legendary Fountain of Youth, he landed on Florida and claimed it for Spain. He died in Cuba from wounds received while fighting Native Americans. Hernando de Soto (1497? - 1542) Hernando de Soto's first expedition was to Nicaragua with Francisco de Cordoba. Later he traveled to Peru as part of Pizarro's expedition to conquer the Incas. In 1539 de Soto gained command of his own expedition. He was given the right to conquer Florida by the King of Spain. He explored much of Florida and then made his way inland into North America. He was the first European to have crossed west of the Mississippi River. He died in 1542 and was buried near the Mississippi.

question

The Columbian exchange

answer

The Columbian Exchange refers to a period of cultural and biological exchanges between the New and Old Worlds. Exchanges of plants, animals, diseases and technology transformed European and Native American ways of life.

question

Transatlantic slave trade

answer

The transatlantic slave trade was the biggest deportation in history and a determining factor in the world economy of the 18th century. Millions of Africans were torn from their homes, deported to the American continent and sold as slaves. Triangular Trade.

question

The middle passage

answer

African slaves were thereafter traded for raw materials, which were returned to Europe to complete the "Triangular Trade". The Middle Passage was the stage of the triangular trade in which millions of Africans were shipped to the New World as part of the Atlantic slave trade.

question

Mercantilism

answer

Colonized country sent manufactured goods to the colony and the colony sent raw materials to the colonized country

question

The age of enlightenment

answer

European politics, philosophy, science and communications were radically reoriented during the course of the "long 18th century" (1685-1815) as part of a movement referred to by its participants as the Age of Reason, or simply the Enlightenment. Enlightenment thinkers in Britain, in France and throughout Europe questioned traditional authority and embraced the notion that humanity could be improved through rational change. The Enlightenment produced numerous books, essays, inventions, scientific discoveries, laws, wars and revolutions. The American and French Revolutions were directly inspired by Enlightenment ideals and respectively marked the peak of its influence and the beginning of its decline. The Enlightenment ultimately gave way to 19th-century Romanticism.

question

Sir Francis Bacon

answer

part of the age of enlightenment who's profound writings touched many aspects of human experience and charted the path for modern science

question

Sir Isaac Newton

answer

English physicist and mathematician Sir Isaac Newton, most famous for his law of gravitation, was instrumental in the scientific revolution of the 17th century. part of the age of enlightenment

question

John Locke

answer

The English philosopher and political theorist John Locke (1632-1704) laid much of the groundwork for the Enlightenment and made central contributions to the development of liberalism. Trained in medicine, he was a key advocate of the empirical approaches of the Scientific Revolution. In his "Essay Concerning Human Understanding," he advanced a theory of the self as a blank page, with knowledge and identity arising only from accumulated experience. His political theory of government by the consent of the governed as a means to protect "life, liberty and estate" deeply influenced the United States' founding documents. His essays on religious tolerance provided an early model for the separation of church and state.

question

Benjamin Franklin

answer

Part of age of enlightenment. Born in Boston in 1706, Benjamin Franklin organized the United States' first lending library and volunteer fire department. His scientific pursuits included investigations into electricity, mathematics and mapmaking. He helped draft the Declaration of Independence and the U.S Constitution, and negotiated the 1783 Treaty of Paris, which marked the end of the Revolutionary War.

question

Thomas Jefferson

answer

Part of age of enlightenment. Thomas Jefferson was born on April 13, 1743, in Shadwell, Virginia. He was a draftsman of the U.S. Declaration of Independence; the nation's first secretary of state (1789-94); second vice president (1797-1801); and, as the third president (1801-09), the statesman responsible for the Louisiana Purchase. Jefferson died in bed at Monticello (located near Charlottesville, Virginia) on July 4, 1826.

question

Thomas Paine

answer

Part of the age of enlightenment he wrote a pamphlet called common sense where he wrote that colonists should no longer be the subject of a distant monarch. Pain appealed to reason and natural law in his argument for breaking away from britian, and his ideas were very popular in the colonies in 1776.

question

Adam Smith

answer

Part of age of enlightenment. Known as the father of modern economics. Major concept: the invisibly hand of the market, laissez-faire economics Wrote: the wealth of nations

question

Latitude

answer

the lines north and south of the equator (parallel to it)

question

Longitude

answer

lines east and west of the prime meridian (parallel to it)

question

Tropic of cancer

answer

The Tropic of Cancer, also referred to as the Northern Tropic, is the most northerly circle of latitude on the Earth at which the Sun may appear directly overhead at its culmination.

question

Tropic of capricorn

answer

The Tropic of Capricorn (or the Southern Tropic) is the circle of latitude that contains the subsolar point on the December (or southern) solstice. It is thus the southernmost latitude where the Sun can be directly overhead. Its northern equivalent is the Tropic of Cancer.

question

Biomes of the world

answer

The world contains many different biomes. They are oceans, wetlands, temperate forests, tropical forests, mountains, grasslands, desserts, and polar regions

question

Land forms

answer

https://quizlet.com/107398/1-geographical-features-landforms-and-land-features-flash-cards/

question

The Berkshires

answer

The Berkshires is a highland geologic region located in the western parts of Massachusetts and Connecticut, although the term "Berkshires" is normally used by locals in reference to the portion of the mountain range that lies within Massachusetts. The portion of the Berkshires that extends into Connecticut is commonly referred to by locals as either the Northwest Hills or Litchfield Hills

question

Connecticut River

answer

The Connecticut River is the longest river in the New England region of the United States. Flowing roughly southward for 410 miles (660 km) through four U.S. states, the Connecticut rises at the U.S. border with Quebec, Canada, and discharges at Long Island Sound. Its watershed encompasses five U.S. states and one Canadian province - 11,260 square miles (29,200 km2) - via 148 tributaries, 38 of which are major rivers.[2] Discharging at 19,600 cubic feet (560 m3) per second, the Connecticut produces 70% of Long Island Sound's freshwater.[2][3] The Connecticut River Valley is home to some of the northeastern United States' most productive farmland, as well as a metropolitan region of approximately 2 million people surrounding Springfield, Massachusetts, and the state of Connecticut's capital, Hartford

question

Acculturated

answer

you behaviors and beliefs reflect host country culture vs unacculturated which is your behaviors and beliefs reflect home country culture

question

Roanoke Colony

answer

The Roanoke Colony, also known as the Lost Colony, established on Roanoke Island, in what is today's Dare County, North Carolina, United States, was a late 16th-century attempt by Queen Elizabeth I to establish a permanent English settlement

question

Jamestown colony

answer

first colony in the US was settled in virginia in 1607. 5 years later James Rolfe brought tobacco plants. tobacco became a cash crop ( a crop you sell instead of using themselves) africans started being sold as slaves to plantation owners. Slavery became legal in 1661

question

Pilgrims

answer

Pilgrims is a name commonly applied to early settlers of the Plymouth Colony in present-day Plymouth, Massachusetts, United States, with the men commonly called Pilgrim Fathers.

question

Massachusetts bay colony

answer

The Massachusetts Bay Colony was an English settlement on the east coast of North America in the 17th century, in New England, situated around the present-day cities of Salem and Boston.

question

Roger Williams

answer

a colonist forced to leave the massachusetts bay colony. he said the indians were the only people who had the power to grant land to settlers. when he was forced from the colony, he traveled to the narragansett bay. in 1636, he bought land from the Narragansett indians and began the settlement of providence.

question

Anne Hutchinson

answer

Anne Hutchinson, born Anne Marbury (1591-1643), was a Puritan spiritual adviser, mother of 15, and an important participant in the Antinomian Controversy that shook the infant Massachusetts Bay Colony from 1636 to 1638. Her strong religious convictions were at odds with the established Puritan clergy in the Boston area, and her popularity and charisma helped create a theological schism that threatened to destroy the Puritans' religious experiment in New England. She was eventually tried and convicted, then banished from the colony with many of her supporters.

question

King Philips war

answer

King Philip's War (1675-1676) marked the last major effort by the Native Americans of southern New England to drive out the English settlers. With tensions spilling over following the collapse of trade partnerships and aggressive expansion of colonist territories, Pokunoket chief Metacom — a.k.a. King Philip — led a bloody uprising of Wampanoag, Nipmuck, Pocumtuck and Narragansett tribes. The fighting lasted fourteen months and destroyed twelve frontier towns, ending shortly after Metacom was captured and beheaded. Some of his supporters escaped to Canada, while others who surrendered were sold into slavery.

question

Salem Witch trials

answer

The Salem witch trials were a series of hearings and prosecutions of people accused of witchcraft in colonial Massachusetts between February 1692 and May 1693.

question

First great awakening 1730s-1750s

answer

was a form of religious revival leg by evangelical (british) protestant ministers. they caused a huge increase in religion many times throughout history. an increase in church memberships and the formation of new religious movements occured at this time. Had a massive effect of religious enthusiasm from the people

question

Seven year war

answer

The French and Indian War (1754-1763) was the North American theater of the worldwide Seven Years' War. The war was fought between the colonies of British America and New France, with both sides supported by military units from their parent countries of Great Britain and France, as well as Native American allies. At the start of the war, the French North American colonies had a population of roughly 60,000 European settlers, compared with 2 million in the British North American colonies.[3] The outnumbered French particularly depended on the Indians. Long in conflict, the metropole nations declared war on each other in 1756, escalating the war from a regional affair into an intercontinental conflict.

question

13 colonies

answer

Traditionally, when we tell the story of "Colonial America," we are talking about the English colonies along the Eastern seaboard. That story is incomplete-by the time Englishmen had begun to establish colonies in earnest, there were plenty of French, Spanish, Dutch and even Russian colonial outposts on the American continent-but the story of those 13 colonies (New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia) is an important one. It was those colonies that came together to form the United States.

question

Sugar Act

answer

In 1764, Parliament passed the Sugar Act to counter smuggling of foreign sugar and to establish a British monopoly in the American sugar market. The act also allowed royal officials to seize colonial cargo with little or no legal cause. Unlike previous acts, which had regulated trade to boost the entire British imperial economy, the Sugar Act was designed to benefit England at the expense of the American colonists. A major criticism of the Sugar Act was that it aimed not to regulate the economy of the British Empire but to raise revenue for the British government. This distinction became important as the colonists determined which actions of the British government warranted resistance.

question

Currency Act

answer

The Currency Act is the name of several Acts of the Parliament of Great Britain that regulated paper money issued by the colonies of British America. The Acts sought to protect British merchants and creditors from being paid in depreciated colonial currency.

question

Stamp Act

answer

As a further measure to force the colonies to help pay off the war debt, Prime Minister Grenville pushed the Stamp Act through Parliament in March 1765. This act required Americans to buy special watermarked paper for newspapers, playing cards, and legal documents such as wills and marriage licenses. Violators faced juryless trials in Nova Scotian vice-admiralty courts, where guilt was presumed until innocence was proven. Like the Sugar Act, the Stamp Act was aimed at raising revenue from the colonists. As such, it elicited fierce colonial resistance. In the colonies, legal pamphlets circulated condemning the act on the grounds that it was "taxation without representation." Colonists believed they should not have to pay Parliamentary taxes because they did not elect any members of Parliament. They argued that they should be able to determine their own taxes independent of Parliament. Prime Minister Grenville and his followers retorted that Americans were obliged to pay Parliamentary taxes because they shared the same status as many British males who did not have enough property to be granted the vote or who lived in certain large cities that had no seats in Parliament. He claimed that all of these people were "virtually represented" in Parliament. This theory of virtual representation held that the members of Parliament not only represented their specific geographical constituencies, but they also considered the well-being of all British subjects when deliberating on legislation.

question

Quartering act

answer

Quartering Act is a name given to a minimum of two Acts of British Parliament in the local governments of the American colonies to provide the British soldiers with any needed accommodations or housing.

question

Declaratory Act

answer

The Declaratory Act stated that Parliament had the power to tax and legislate for the colonies "in all cases whatsoever," denying the colonists' desire to set up their own legislature.

question

Townsend act

answer

A series of measures introduced into the English Parliament by Chancellor of the Exchequer Charles Townshend in 1767, the Townshend Acts imposed duties on glass, lead, paints, paper and tea imported into the colonies. Townshend hoped the acts would defray imperial expenses in the colonies, but many Americans viewed the taxation as an abuse of power, resulting in the passage of agreements to limit imports from Britain. In 1770, Parliament repealed all the Townshend duties except the tax on tea, leading to a temporary truce between the two sides in the years before the American Revolution.

question

Boston Massacre

answer

The Boston Massacre was a street fight that occurred on March 5, 1770, between a "patriot" mob, throwing snowballs, stones, and sticks, and a squad of British soldiers. Several colonists were killed and this led to a campaign by speech-writers to rouse the ire of the citizenry.

question

Boston tea party

answer

The British East India Company suffered from the American boycott of British tea. In an effort to save the company, Parliament passed the Tea Act in 1773, which eliminated import tariffs on tea entering England and allowed the company to sell directly to consumers rather than through merchants. These changes lowered the price of British tea to below that of smuggled tea, which the British hoped would end the boycott. Parliament planned to use the profits from tea sales to pay the salaries of the colonial royal governors, a move which, like the Townshend Duties, particularly angered colonists. While protests of the Tea Act in the form of tea boycotts and the burning of tea cargos occurred throughout the colonies, the response in Boston was most aggressive. In December 1773, a group of colonists dressed as Native Americans dumped about $70,000 worth of the tea into Boston Harbor. This event, known as the Boston Tea Party, took on an epic status.

question

Intolerable act

answer

Parliament responded swiftly and angrily to the Tea Party with a string of legislation that came to be known as the Intolerable Acts. The Intolerable Acts included the four Coercive Acts of 1773 and the Quebec Act. The four Coercive Acts: Closed Boston Harbor to trade until the city paid for the lost tea. Removed certain democratic elements of the Massachusetts government, most notably by making formerly elected positions appointed by the crown. Restricted town meetings, requiring that their agenda be approved by the royal governor Declared that any royal agent charged with murder in the colonies would be tried in Britain. Instated the Quartering Act, forcing civilians to house and support British soldiers The Quebec Act, unrelated to the Coercive Acts but just as offensive to the colonists, established Roman Catholicism as Quebec's official religion, gave Quebec's royal governors wide powers, and extended Quebec's borders south to the Ohio River and west to the Mississippi, thereby inhibiting westward expansion of the colonies. The colonists saw the Intolerable Acts as a British plan to starve the New England colonists while reducing their ability to organize and protest. The acts not only imposed a heavy military presence in the colonies, but also, in the colonists' minds, effectively authorized the military to murder colonists with impunity. Colonists feared that once the colonies had been subdued, Britain would impose the autocratic model of government outlined in the Quebec Act.

question

First Continental congress

answer

In September 1774 the Committees of Correspondence of every colony except Georgia sent delegates to the First Continental Congress. The Congress endorsed Massachusetts' Suffolk Resolves, which declared that the colonies need not obey the Coercive Acts since they infringed upon basic liberties. The delegates voted for an organized boycott of British imports and sent a petition to King George III, which conceded that Parliament had the power to regulate commerce but objected to its arbitrary taxation and denial of fair trials to colonists. Preparing for possible British retaliation, the delegates also called upon all colonies to raise and train local militias. By the spring of 1775, colonists had established provincial congresses to enforce the decrees of the Continental Congress. The power of these congresses rivaled that of the colonial governors.

question

Declaration of independence

answer

The Declaration of Independence is the statement adopted by the Continental Congress meeting at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on July 4, 1776, which announced that the thirteen American colonies,[2] then at war with Great Britain, regarded themselves as thirteen newly independent sovereign states, and no longer a part of the British Empire. Instead they formed a new nation—the United States of America. John Adams was a leader in pushing for independence, which was unanimously approved on July 2. A committee of five had already drafted the formal declaration, to be ready when Congress voted on independence. The term "Declaration of Independence" is not used in the document itself.

question

American revolutionary war battles

answer

April 19, 1775: Lexington - the first battle of the American Revolutionary War and the Battle of Concord May 10, 1775: Battle of Fort Ticonderoga June 17, 1775: Battle of Bunker Hill January 17, 1781: Battle of Cowpens June 27-28, 1778: Battle of Monmouth October 7, 1777: Battle of Saratoga October 19, 1781: The Siege of Yorktown - the British surrender ended the American Revolutionary War

question

French revolution

answer

end of absolutism, power of nobles ended, nationalism, begins enlightenment ideas

question

Articles of confederation

answer

major powers held by individual state, national government had no power to tax and no power to enforce laws, at the national level one house legislature, no executive branch, no court system

question

Constitution of the United States

answer

powers shared between state and central government, national government had power to tax and regulate trade, three branches at the national level - executive, legislative, and judicial

question

The Great Compromise 1787

answer

sometimes called the Connecticut compromise, came up with bicameral legislature which means lower house (house of representatives) is based on population and elected directly by the people and upper house (senate) would have two senators from each state elected by state legislatures. this balances the power between large and small states.

question

Northwest ordinance 1787

answer

organized the territory between the ohio river and the mississippi river. it produced a path to territory status and eventually to admission as a new state. no slavery, eliminated old state claims, guaranteed natural rights (pre bill of rights) established township system

question

Legislative branch

answer

makes laws, approves presidential appointments, two senators from each state, the number of congressmen is based off of population

question

Executive branch

answer

signs laws, vetoes laws, pardons people, appoints federal judges, elected every four years

question

judicial branch

answer

decides if laws are constitutional, are appointed by the president, there are 9 justices, can overturn rulings by other judges

question

Checks and balances

answer

The system of checks and balances is used to keep the government from getting too powerful in one branch. For example, the Executive Branch can veto bills from the Legislative Branch, but the Legislative Branch can override the veto.

question

Article 5 of the constitution

answer

Amending the constitution the congress, whenever 2/3 of both houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this constitution or 2/3 of the state legislatures can call a "convention", either case needs 3/4 of the state legislature to pass for it to be ratified

question

Federalists and anti - federalists

answer

Federalists: favored ratification of the constitution, favored a powerful federal government, argues a bill of rights was not needed, as federal power was limited, "The Federalist papers" Anti - federalists: opposed ratification of the constitution, wanted a weak federal government that would not threaten states rights, wanted a bill of rights to declare and protect the rights of the people. Ratification: federalists promised addition of the bill of rights, ratification succeeded and new government formed in 1789. James madison drafts 10 amendments to the constitution , these form the US bill of rights

question

Bill of rights 1791

answer

The Bill of Rights is the collective name for the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution.

question

Due process of law

answer

due process of law definition. The principle that an individual cannot be deprived of life, liberty, or property without appropriate legal procedures and safeguards.

question

Popular sovereignty

answer

a government in which the people rule, based on idea of classical liberalism, this means they participate by voting, ex. people can run for office, campaign for individuals who run, or protest

question

Democracy

answer

a greek word mean rule of the people

question

Free enterprise

answer

free enterprise definition. The freedom of private businesses to operate competitively for profit with minimal governmental regulation.

question

Market economy

answer

A market economy is an economy in which decisions regarding investment, production, and distribution are based on supply and demand, and prices of goods and services are determined in a free price system.

question

Capitalism

answer

an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.

question

Entrepreneur

answer

An entrepreneur is one who undertakes the risk of investment to create and market a good or service for financial gains. He is very perceptive and takes advantage of business opportunities that will generate high profits. Entrepreneurs can be sole traders, partners in a business or a group of shareholders. Entrepreneurs are of vital importance to an economy. They are motivated by their own self-interest to make profits and in so doing provide employment, create goods and services and generate revenue impacting on the economy's level of national income and hence potential for economic growth.

question

Louisiana purchase 1803

answer

The Louisiana Purchase (1803) was a land deal between the United States and France, in which the U.S. acquired approximately 827,000 square miles of land west of the Mississippi River for $15 million.

question

war of 1812 effects

answer

In the War of 1812, the United States took on the greatest naval power in the world, Great Britain, in a conflict that would have an immense impact on the young country's future. Causes of the war included British attempts to restrict U.S. trade, the Royal Navy's impressment of American seamen and America's desire to expand its territory. The United States suffered many costly defeats at the hands of British, Canadian and Native American troops over the course of the War of 1812, including the capture and burning of the nation's capital, Washington, D.C., in August 1814. Nonetheless, American troops were able to repulse British invasions in New York, Baltimore and New Orleans, boosting national confidence and fostering a new spirit of patriotism. The ratification of the Treaty of Ghent on February 17, 1815, ended the war but left many of the most contentious questions unresolved. Nonetheless, many in the United States celebrated the War of 1812 as a "second war of independence," beginning an era of partisan agreement and national pride.

question

Indian removal act

answer

The Indian Removal Act was passed by Congress on May 28, 1830, during the presidency of Andrew Jackson. The law authorized the president to negotiate with southern Indian tribes for their removal to federal territory west of the Mississippi River in exchange for their ancestral homelands.

question

Trail of tears

answer

In 1838 and 1839, as part of Andrew Jackson's Indian removal policy, the Cherokee nation was forced to give up its lands east of the Mississippi River and to migrate to an area in present-day Oklahoma. The Cherokee people called this journey the "Trail of Tears," because of its devastating effects.

question

The Texas annexation

answer

The Texas annexation was the 1845 incorporation of the Republic of Texas into the United States of America, which was admitted to the Union as the 28th state.

question

Mexican- American War

answer

The Mexican-American War (1846-1848) marked the first U.S. armed conflict chiefly fought on foreign soil. It pitted a politically divided and militarily unprepared Mexico against the expansionist-minded administration of U.S. President James K. Polk, who believed the United States had a "manifest destiny" to spread across the continent to the Pacific Ocean. A border skirmish along the Rio Grande started off the fighting and was followed by a series of U.S. victories. When the dust cleared, Mexico had lost about one-third of its territory, including nearly all of present-day California, Utah, Nevada, Arizona and New Mexico.

question

The gold rush

answer

The discovery of gold nuggets in the Sacramento Valley in early 1848 sparked the Gold Rush, arguably one of the most significant events to shape American history during the first half of the 19th century. As news spread of the discovery, thousands of prospective gold miners traveled by sea or over land to San Francisco and the surrounding area; by the end of 1849, the non-native population of the California territory was some 100,000 (compared with the pre-1848 figure of less than 1,000). A total of $2 billion worth of precious metal was extracted from the area during the Gold Rush, which peaked in 1852.

question

Transcontinental railroad

answer

In 1862, the Pacific Railroad Act chartered the Central Pacific and the Union Pacific Railroad Companies, and tasked them with building a transcontinental railroad that would link the United States from east to west. Over the next seven years, the two companies would race toward each other from Sacramento, California on the one side and Omaha, Nebraska on the other, struggling against great risks before they met at Promontory, Utah, on May 10, 1869. Most of the workers were Chinese.

question

Industrial revolution

answer

The Industrial Revolution, which took place from the 18th to 19th centuries, was a period during which predominantly agrarian, rural societies in Europe and America became industrial and urban. Prior to the Industrial Revolution, which began in Britain in the late 1700s, manufacturing was often done in people's homes, using hand tools or basic machines. Industrialization marked a shift to powered, special-purpose machinery, factories and mass production. The iron and textile industries, along with the development of the steam engine, played central roles in the Industrial Revolution, which also saw improved systems of transportation, communication and banking. While industrialization brought about an increased volume and variety of manufactured goods and an improved standard of living for some, it also resulted in often grim employment and living conditions for the poor and working classes.

question

Textiles

answer

Textiles - Cotton spinning using Richard Arkwright's water frame, James Hargreaves's Spinning Jenny, and Samuel Crompton's Spinning Mule (a combination of the Spinning Jenny and the Water Frame). This was patented in 1769 and so came out of patent in 1783.

question

Steam Engine

answer

Before the invention of the steam engine, people used the power provided by animals, wind and water to farm, mill flour and transport goods and people from place to place. But none of these sources of energy were as reliable or perpetually renewable as steam. The invention of the steam engine helped drive the Industrial Revolution, which created new jobs for people and drew them to urban centers.

question

Lowell mills

answer

textile mills in Lowell Mass during the industrial revolution

question

Seneca Falls Convention

answer

At the Wesleyan Chapel in Seneca Falls, N.Y., a woman's rights convention-the first ever held in the United States-convenes with almost 200 women in attendance. The convention was organized by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, two abolitionists who met at the 1840 World Anti-Slavery Convention in London. As women, Mott and Stanton were barred from the convention floor, and the common indignation that this aroused in both of them was the impetus for their founding of the women's rights movement in the United States.

question

Cotton Gin

answer

In 1794, U.S.-born inventor Eli Whitney (1765-1825) patented the cotton gin, a machine that revolutionized the production of cotton by greatly speeding up the process of removing seeds from cotton fiber. By the mid-19th century, cotton had become America's leading export. Despite its success, the gin made little money for Whitney due to patent-infringement issues. Also, his invention offered Southern planters a justification to maintain and expand slavery even as a growing number of Americans supported its abolition. Based in part on his reputation for creating the cotton gin, Whitney later secured a major contract to build muskets for the U.S. government. Through this project, he promoted the idea of interchangeable parts-standardized, identical parts that made for faster assembly and easier repair of various devices. For his work, he is credited as a pioneer of American manufacturing.

question

Missouri Compromise

answer

In the years leading up to the Missouri Compromise of 1820, tensions began to rise between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions within the U.S. Congress and across the country. They reached a boiling point after Missouri's 1819 request for admission to the Union as a slave state, which threatened to upset the delicate balance between slave states and free states. To keep the peace, Congress orchestrated a two-part compromise, granting Missouri's request but also admitting Maine as a free state. It also passed an amendment that drew an imaginary line across the former Louisiana Territory, establishing a boundary between free and slave regions that remained the law of the land until it was negated by the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854.

question

The fugitive slave act 1850

answer

required all citizens to help catch runaway slaves. anyone who aided a fugitive could be fined or imprisoned. People in the south believed the law would force notherners to recognize the rights of southerners, instead it lead to mounting anger in the north convincing more people of the evils of slavery

question

Dred Scott case

answer

In March 1857, in one of the most controversial events preceding the American Civil War (1861-65), the U.S. Supreme Court issued its decision in the case of Dred Scott v. Sanford. The case had been brought before the court by Dred Scott, a slave who had lived with his owner in a free state before returning to the slave state of Missouri. Scott argued that his time spent in these locations entitled him to emancipation. In his decision, Chief Justice Roger B. Taney, a staunch supporter of slavery, disagreed: The court found that no black, free or slave, could claim U.S. citizenship, and therefore blacks were unable to petition the court for their freedom. The Dred Scott decision incensed abolitionists and heightened North-South tensions, which would erupt in war just three years later

question

Frederick Douglass

answer

Frederick Douglass (1818-95) was a prominent American abolitionist, author and orator. Born a slave, Douglass escaped at age 20 and went on to become a world-renowned anti-slavery activist. His three autobiographies are considered important works of the slave narrative tradition as well as classics of American autobiography. Douglass' work as a reformer ranged from his abolitionist activities in the early 1840s to his attacks on Jim Crow and lynching in the 1890s. For 16 years he edited an influential black newspaper and achieved international fame as an inspiring and persuasive speaker and writer. In thousands of speeches and editorials, he levied a powerful indictment against slavery and racism, provided an indomitable voice of hope for his people, embraced antislavery politics and preached his own brand of American ideals.

question

Henry David Thoreau

answer

Henry David Thoreau was born on July 12, 1817, in Concord, Massachusetts. He began writing nature poetry in the 1840s, with poet Ralph Waldo Emerson as a mentor and friend. In 1845 he began his famous two-year stay on Walden Pond, which he wrote about in his master work, Walden. He also became known for his beliefs in Transcendentalism and civil disobedience, and was a dedicated abolitionist.

question

Harriet Tubman

answer

Harriet Tubman became famous as a "conductor" on the Underground Railroad during the turbulent 1850s. Born a slave on Maryland's eastern shore, she endured the harsh existence of a field hand, including brutal beatings. In 1849 she fled slavery, leaving her husband and family behind in order to escape. Despite a bounty on her head, she returned to the South at least 19 times to lead her family and hundreds of other slaves to freedom via the Underground Railroad. Tubman also served as a scout, spy and nurse during the Civil War.

question

Harriet Beecher Stowe

answer

Harriet Beecher Stowe was born on June 14, 1811, in Litchfield, Connecticut. Her father, Lyman Beecher, was a leading Congregationalist minister and the patriarch of a family committed to social justice. Stowe achieved national fame for her anti-slavery novel, Uncle Tom's Cabin, which fanned the flames of sectionalism before the Civil War. Stowe died in Hartford, Connecticut, on July 1, 1896.

question

Abraham Lincoln

answer

Abraham Lincoln, a self-taught Illinois lawyer and legislator with a reputation as an eloquent opponent of slavery, shocked many when he overcame several more prominent contenders to win the Republican Party's nomination for president in 1860. His election that November pushed several Southern states to secede by the time of his inauguration in March 1861, and the Civil War began barely a month later. Contrary to expectations, Lincoln proved to be a shrewd military strategist and a savvy leader during what became the costliest conflict ever fought on American soil. His Emancipation Proclamation, issued in 1863, freed all slaves in the rebellious states and paved the way for slavery's eventual abolition, while his Gettysburg Address later that year stands as one of the most famous and influential pieces of oratory in American history. In April 1865, with the Union on the brink of victory, Abraham Lincoln was shot and killed by the Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Booth; his untimely death made him a martyr to the cause of liberty and Union. Over the years Lincoln's mythic stature has only grown, and he is widely regarded as one of the greatest presidents in the nation's history.

question

Civil War

answer

In the spring of 1861, decades of simmering tensions between the northern and southern United States over issues including states' rights versus federal authority, westward expansion and slavery exploded into the American Civil War (1861-65). The election of the anti-slavery Republican Abraham Lincoln as president in 1860 caused seven southern states to secede from the Union to form the Confederate States of America; four more joined them after the first shots of the Civil War were fired. Four years of brutal conflict were marked by historic battles at Bull Run (Manassas), Antietam, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg and Vicksburg, among others. The War Between the States, as the Civil War was also known, pitted neighbor against neighbor and in some cases, brother against brother. By the time it ended in Confederate surrender in 1865, the Civil War proved to be the costliest war ever fought on American soil, with some 620,000 of 2.4 million soldiers killed, millions more injured and the population and territory of the South devastated.

question

Confederacy

answer

During the American Civil War, the Confederate States of America consisted of the governments of 11 Southern states that seceded from the Union in 1860-61, carrying on all the affairs of a separate government and conducting a major war until defeated in the spring of 1865. Convinced that their way of life, based on slavery, was irretrievably threatened by the election of President Abraham Lincoln (November 1860), the seven states of the Deep South (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina and Texas) seceded from the Union during the following months. When the war began with the firing on Fort Sumter (April 12, 1861), they were joined by four states of the upper South (Arkansas, North Carolina, Tennessee and Virginia).

question

Union

answer

Northern state fighting to preserve the country and end slavery

question

Robert E Lee

answer

Robert E. Lee (1807-70) served as a military officer in the U.S. Army, a West Point commandant and the legendary general of the Confederate Army during the American Civil War (1861-65). In June 1861, Lee assumed command of the Army of Northern Virginia, which he would lead for the rest of the war. Lee and his army achieved great success during the Peninsula Campaign and at Second Bull Run (Mansassas) and Fredericksburg, with his greatest victory coming in the bloody Battle of Chancellorsville. In the spring of 1863, Lee invaded the North, only to be defeated at the Battle of Gettysburg. With Confederate defeat a near certainty, Lee continued on, battling Union General Ulysses S. Grant in a series of clashes in Virginia in 1864-65 before finally surrendering what was left of his army in April 1865. Lee has been praised by many for his tactical brilliance, and remains a revered figure in the American South.

question

Ulysses S. Grant

answer

Ulysses Grant (1822-1885) commanded the victorious Union army during the American Civil War (1861-1865) and served as the 18th U.S. president from 1869 to 1877. An Ohio native, Grant graduated from West Point and fought in the Mexican-American War (1846-1848). During the Civil War, Grant, an aggressive and determined leader, was given command of all the U.S. armies. After the war he became a national hero, and the Republicans nominated him for president in 1868. A primary focus of Grant's administration was Reconstruction, and he worked to reconcile the North and South while also attempting to protect the civil rights of newly freed black slaves. While Grant was personally honest, some of his associates were corrupt and his administration was tarnished by various scandals. After retiring, Grant invested in a brokerage firm that went bankrupt, costing him his life savings. He spent his final days penning his memoirs, which were published the year he died and proved a critical and financial success.

question

Emanicipation proclamation

answer

When the American Civil War (1861-65) began, President Abraham Lincoln carefully framed the conflict as concerning the preservation of the Union rather than the abolition of slavery. Although he personally found the practice of slavery abhorrent, he knew that neither Northerners nor the residents of the border slave states would support abolition as a war aim. But by mid-1862, as thousands of slaves fled to join the invading Northern armies, Lincoln was convinced that abolition had become a sound military strategy, as well as the morally correct path. On September 22, soon after the Union victory at Antietam, he issued a preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, declaring that as of January 1, 1863, all slaves in the rebellious states "shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free." While the Emancipation Proclamation did not free a single slave, it was an important turning point in the war, transforming the fight to preserve the nation into a battle for human freedom.

question

Reconstruction

answer

The Union victory in the Civil War in 1865 may have given some 4 million slaves their freedom, but the process of rebuilding the South during the Reconstruction period (1865-1877) introduced a new set of significant challenges. Under the administration of President Andrew Johnson in 1865 and 1866, new southern state legislatures passed restrictive "black codes" to control the labor and behavior of former slaves and other African Americans. Outrage in the North over these codes eroded support for the approach known as Presidential Reconstruction and led to the triumph of the more radical wing of the Republican Party. During Radical Reconstruction, which began in 1867, newly enfranchised blacks gained a voice in government for the first time in American history, winning election to southern state legislatures and even to the U.S. Congress. In less than a decade, however, reactionary forces-including the Ku Klux Klan-would reverse the changes wrought by Radical Reconstruction in a violent backlash that restored white supremacy in the South.

question

Black Codes

answer

The Union victory in the Civil War may have given some 4 million slaves their freedom, but African Americans faced a new onslaught of obstacles and injustices during the Reconstruction era (1865-1877). By late 1865, when the 13th Amendment officially outlawed the institution of slavery, the question of freed blacks' status in the postwar South was still very much unresolved. Under the lenient Reconstruction policies of President Andrew Johnson, white southerners reestablished civil authority in the former Confederate states in 1865 and 1866. They enacted a series of restrictive laws known as "black codes," which were designed to restrict freed blacks' activity and ensure their availability as a labor force now that slavery had been abolished. For instance, many states required blacks to sign yearly labor contracts; if they refused, they risked being arrested as vagrants and fined or forced into unpaid labor. Northern outrage over the black codes helped undermine support for Johnson's policies, and by late 1866 control over Reconstruction had shifted to the more radical wing of the Republican Party in Congress.

question

KKK

answer

Founded in 1866, the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) extended into almost every southern state by 1870 and became a vehicle for white southern resistance to the Republican Party's Reconstruction-era policies aimed at establishing political and economic equality for blacks. Its members waged an underground campaign of intimidation and violence directed at white and black Republican leaders. Though Congress passed legislation designed to curb Klan terrorism, the organization saw its primary goal-the reestablishment of white supremacy-fulfilled through Democratic victories in state legislatures across the South in the 1870s. After a period of decline, white Protestant nativist groups revived the Klan in the early 20th century, burning crosses and staging rallies, parades and marches denouncing immigrants, Catholics, Jews, blacks and organized labor. The civil rights movement of the 1960s also saw a surge of Ku Klux Klan activity, including bombings of black schools and churches and violence against black and white activists in the South.

question

13th Amendment

answer

bans slavery in U.S. states and territories

question

15th Amendment

answer

gives citizens a right to vote regardless of race, color, or previous servitude

question

14th Amendment

answer

defines citizenship and grants equal protection under the law to all citizens

question

Sharecropping

answer

was implemented at the end of the civil war, it was used to keep newly freed laves in a cycle of poverty, was used as a way of work for the newly freed slaves, the owner of the land lets someone work their land in exchange for half the crops

question

1896 Plessy v Ferguson

answer

This 1896 U.S. Supreme Court case upheld the constitutionality of segregation under the "separate but equal" doctrine. It stemmed from an 1892 incident in which African-American train passenger Homer Plessy refused to sit in a Jim Crow car, breaking a Louisiana law. Rejecting Plessy's argument that his constitutional rights were violated, the Court ruled that a state law that "implies merely a legal distinction" between whites and blacks did not conflict with the 13th and14th Amendments. Restrictive legislation based on race continued following the Plessy decision, its reasoning not overturned until Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka in 1954.

question

the gilded age

answer

From the ashes of the American Civil War sprung an economic powerhouse. The factories built by the Union to defeat the Confederacy were not shut down at the war's end. Now that the fighting was done, these factories were converted to peacetime purposes. Although industry had existed prior to the war, agriculture had represented the most significant portion of the American economy. After the war, beginning with the railroads, small businesses grew larger and larger. By the century's end, the nation's economy was dominated by a few, very powerful individuals. In 1850, most Americans worked for themselves. By 1900, most Americans worked for an employer. The growth was astounding. From the end of RECONSTRUCTION in 1877 to the disastrous PANIC OF 1893, the American economy nearly doubled in size. New technologies and new ways of organizing business led a few individuals to the top. The competition was ruthless. Those who could not provide the best product at the cheapest price were simply driven into bankruptcy or were bought up by hungry, successful industrialists.

question

Alexander Graham Bell

answer

Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922), the Scottish-born American scientist best known as the inventor of the telephone, worked at a school for the deaf while attempting to invent a machine that would transmit sound by electricity. Bell was granted the first official patent for his telephone in March 1876, though he would later face years of legal challenges to his claim that he was its sole inventor, resulting in one of history's longest patent battles. Bell continued his scientific work for the rest of his life, and used his success and wealth to establish various research centers nationwide.

question

Thomas Edison

answer

In his 84 years, Thomas Edison acquired a record number of 1,093 patents (singly or jointly) and was the driving force behind such innovations as the phonograph, the incandescent light bulb and one of the earliest motion picture cameras. He also created the world's first industrial research laboratory. Known as the "Wizard of Menlo Park," for the New Jersey town where he did some of his best-known work, Edison had become one of the most famous men in the world by the time he was in his 30s. In addition to his talent for invention, Edison was also a successful manufacturer and businessman who was highly skilled at marketing his inventions-and himself-to the public.

question

Monopoly

answer

DEFINITION of 'Monopoly' A situation in which a single company or group owns all or nearly all of the market for a given type of product or service. By definition, monopoly is characterized by an absence of competition, which often results in high prices and inferior products.

question

Labor movement

answer

The labor movement in the United States grew out of the need to protect the common interest of workers. For those in the industrial sector, organized labor unions fought for better wages, reasonable hours and safer working conditions. The labor movement led efforts to stop child labor, give health benefits and provide aid to workers who were injured or retired.

question

Progressive era

answer

The early 20th century was an era of business expansion and progressive reform in the United States. The progressives, as they called themselves, worked to make American society a better and safer place in which to live. They tried to make big business more responsible through regulations of various kinds. They worked to clean up corrupt city governments, to improve working conditions in factories, and to better living conditions for those who lived in slum areas, a large number of whom were recent immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe. Many progressives were also concerned with the environment and conservation of resources.

question

the Wright brothers

answer

One of the most eye opener invention of the progressive era is The Wright brother's first successful airplane. They made the first practical fixed-wing aircraft which was able to control a mechanical fixed wing which made flight possible. the brothers' made a fundamental breakthrough was their big invention of the "three axis control ", which mad it able for the pilot to steer the aircraft effectively and to maintain its equilibrium in the air. This method became standard on fixed wing aircraft of all kinds. From the beginning of their aeronautical work, the Wright brothers focused on unlocking the secrets of control to conquer "the flying problem", rather than developing more powerful engines as some other experimenters did. Their careful wind tunnel tests produced better aeronautical data than any before, enabling them to design and build wings and propellers more effective than any before which helped them make a successful airplane. There breakthrough made it possible to fly all over the world, fight in wars and enjoy this incredible invention that is still use to this day.

question

Henry Ford

answer

While working as an engineer for the Edison Illuminating Company in Detroit, Henry Ford (1863-1947) built his first gasoline-powered horseless carriage, the Quadricycle, in the shed behind his home. In 1903, he established the Ford Motor Company, and five years later the company rolled out the first Model T. In order to meet overwhelming demand for the revolutionary vehicle, Ford introduced revolutionary new mass-production methods, including large production plants, the use of standardized, interchangeable parts and, in 1913, the world's first moving assembly line for cars. Enormously influential in the industrial world, Ford was also outspoken in the political realm. Ford drew controversy for his pacifist stance during the early years of World War I and earned widespread criticism for his anti-Semitic views and writings.

question

W. E. B. Du Bois

answer

William Edward Burghardt "W. E. B." Du Bois (1868-1963) was was a leading African-American sociologist, writer and activist. Educated at Harvard University and other top schools, Du Bois studied with some of the most important social thinkers of his time. He earned fame for the publication of such works as Souls of Black Folk (1903), and was a founding officer of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and editor of its magazine. Dubois also taught at Wilberforce University and Atlanta University, and chaired the Peace Information Center. Shortly before his death, Du Bois settled in Ghana to work on the Encyclopedia Africana.

question

Upton Sinclair

answer

Upton Beall Sinclair, Jr. (September 20, 1878 - November 25, 1968) was an American author who wrote nearly 100 books and other works across a number of genres. Sinclair's work was well-known and popular in the first half of the twentieth century, and he won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1943. In 1906, Sinclair acquired particular fame for his classic muckraking novel, The Jungle, which exposed conditions in the U.S. meat packing industry, causing a public uproar that contributed in part to the passage a few months later of the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act.[1] In 1919, he published The Brass Check, a muckraking exposé of American journalism that publicized the issue of yellow journalism and the limitations of the "free press" in the United States. Four years after publication of The Brass Check, the first code of ethics for journalists was created.[2] Time magazine called him "a man with every gift except humor and silence."[3] He is remembered for writing the famous line: "It is difficult to get a man to understand something, when his salary depends upon him not understanding it."

question

World War 1

answer

In late June 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist in Sarajevo, Bosnia. An escalation of threats and mobilization orders followed the incident, leading by mid-August to the outbreak of World War I, which pitted Germany, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire (the so-called Central Powers) against Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy and Japan (the Allied Powers). The Allies were joined after 1917 by the United States. The four years of the Great War-as it was then known-saw unprecedented levels of carnage and destruction, thanks to grueling trench warfare and the introduction of modern weaponry such as machine guns, tanks and chemical weapons. By the time World War I ended in the defeat of the Central Powers in November 1918, more than 9 million soldiers had been killed and 21 million more wounded.

question

WW1 allies

answer

russian empire, romania, france, portugal, italy greece, serbia, great britian, usa joined in 1917

question

WW1 central powers

answer

german empire, austria - hungary empire, bulgaria, ottoman empire

question

Russian revolution

answer

In 1917, two revolutions swept through Russia, ending centuries of imperial rule and setting in motion political and social changes that would lead to the formation of the Soviet Union. In March, growing civil unrest, coupled with chronic food shortages, erupted into open revolt, forcing the abdication of Nicholas II (1868-1918), the last Russian czar. Just months later, the newly installed provisional government was itself overthrown by the more radical Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924).

question

19 amendment

answer

Ratified on August 18, 1920, the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution granted American women the right to vote—a right known as woman suffrage. At the time the U.S. was founded, its female citizens did not share all of the same rights as men, including the right to vote. It was not until 1848 that the movement for women's rights launched on a national level with a convention in Seneca Falls, New York, organized by abolitionists Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1815-1902) and Lucretia Mott (1793-1880). Following the convention, the demand for the vote became a centerpiece of the women's rights movement. Stanton and Mott, along with Susan B. Anthony (1820-1906) and other activists, formed organizations that raised public awareness and lobbied the government to grant voting rights to women. After a 70-year battle, these groups finally emerged victorious with the passage of the 19th Amendment.

question

The roaring 20s

answer

The 1920s were an age of dramatic social and political change. For the first time, more Americans lived in cities than on farms. The nation's total wealth more than doubled between 1920 and 1929, and this economic growth swept many Americans into an affluent but unfamiliar "consumer society." People from coast to coast bought the same goods (thanks to nationwide advertising and the spread of chain stores), listened to the same music, did the same dances and even used the same slang! Many Americans were uncomfortable with this new, urban, sometimes racy "mass culture"; in fact, for many-even most-people in the United States, the 1920s brought more conflict than celebration. However, for a small handful of young people in the nation's big cities, the 1920s were roaring indeed.

question

Black Tuesday

answer

Black Tuesday hits Wall Street as investors trade 16,410,030 shares on the New York Stock Exchange in a single day. Billions of dollars were lost, wiping out thousands of investors, and stock tickers ran hours behind because the machinery could not handle the tremendous volume of trading. In the aftermath of Black Tuesday, America and the rest of the industrialized world spiraled downward into the Great Depression.

question

the Great Depression

answer

The Great Depression (1929-39) was the deepest and longest-lasting economic downturn in the history of the Western industrialized world. In the United States, the Great Depression began soon after the stock market crash of October 1929, which sent Wall Street into a panic and wiped out millions of investors. Over the next several years, consumer spending and investment dropped, causing steep declines in industrial output and rising levels of unemployment as failing companies laid off workers. By 1933, when the Great Depression reached its nadir, some 13 to 15 million Americans were unemployed and nearly half of the country's banks had failed. Though the relief and reform measures put into place by President Franklin D. Roosevelt helped lessen the worst effects of the Great Depression in the 1930s, the economy would not fully turn around until after 1939, when World War II kicked American industry into high gear.

question

the new deal

answer

The Great Depression in the United States began on October 29, 1929, a day known forever after as "Black Tuesday," when the American stock market-which had been roaring steadily upward for almost a decade-crashed, plunging the country into its most severe economic downturn yet. Speculators lost their shirts; banks failed; the nation's money supply diminished; and companies went bankrupt and began to fire their workers in droves. Meanwhile, President Herbert Hoover urged patience and self-reliance: He thought the crisis was just "a passing incident in our national lives" that it wasn't the federal government's job to try and resolve. By 1932, one of the bleakest years of the Great Depression, at least one-quarter of the American workforce was unemployed. When President Franklin Roosevelt took office in 1933, he acted swiftly to try and stabilize the economy and provide jobs and relief to those who were suffering. Over the next eight years, the government instituted a series of experimental projects and programs, known collectively as the New Deal, that aimed to restore some measure of dignity and prosperity to many Americans. More than that, Roosevelt's New Deal permanently changed the federal government's relationship to the U.S. populace.

question

FDIC

answer

Federal deposit insurance corporation, insured individual bank deposits

question

SEC

answer

Securities and exchange commission, regulated trading practices in stocks and bonds

question

WPA

answer

works progress administration, most important relief agency, short term made work projects to help the unemployed, build 2500 hospitals, 5900 schools, and 13000 playgrounds.

question

Dust bowl

answer

The Dust Bowl was the name given to the Great Plains region devastated by drought in 1930s depression-ridden America. The 150,000-square-mile area, encompassing the Oklahoma and Texas panhandles and neighboring sections of Kansas, Colorado, and New Mexico, has little rainfall, light soil, and high winds, a potentially destructive combination. When drought struck from 1934 to 1937, the soil lacked the stronger root system of grass as an anchor, so the winds easily picked up the loose topsoil and swirled it into dense dust clouds, called "black blizzards." Recurrent dust storms wreaked havoc, choking cattle and pasture lands and driving 60 percent of the population from the region. Most of these "exodusters" went to agricultural areas first and then to cities, especially in the Far West.

question

Totalitarianism

answer

Totalitarianism (or totalitarian rule) is a political system where the state recognizes no limits to its authority and strives to regulate every aspect of public and private life wherever feasible.[1] Totalitarian regimes stay in political power through an all-encompassing propaganda campaign, which is disseminated through the state-controlled mass media, a single party that is often marked by political repression, personality cultism, control over the economy, regulation and restriction of speech, mass surveillance, and widespread use of terror.

question

treaty of versailles

answer

World War I officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Versailles on June 28, 1919. Negotiated among the Allied powers with little participation by Germany, its 15 parts and 440 articles reassigned German boundaries and assigned liability for reparations. After strict enforcement for five years, the French assented to the modification of important provisions. Germany agreed to pay reparations under the Dawes Plan and the Young Plan, but those plans were cancelled in 1932, and Hitler's rise to power and subsequent actions rendered moot the remaining terms of the treaty.

question

Rise of fascism

answer

resentment at the treaty of versailles - italy did not get promised territory, rise of nationalist feelings. economic depression - rising inflation social unrest - strikes for higher wages, land seizures by peasants in the south. Weakness of parliamentary democracy - large number of parties lead to unstable government. fear of communism after russian revolution - bolsheviks supported by socialist party use of propaganda and intimidation by blackshirts, attacks on striking workers

question

Italy Fascist

answer

angry at Treaty of versailles because they didnt get the land that they were promised, depression in 1919 caused nationwide strikes and class tension

question

German national socialism

answer

Nazis rose to power because WW1- german war debts, loss of german colonies, wish for revenge weak government - doubts about weimar republic, quarrels among political groups, wish to return to strong leader economic problems - inflation, worldwide depression, unemployment

question

Communist totalitarianism

answer

centers the communist party as the party that exercises absolute political control over the population.

question

Extreme nationalism

answer

having extreme pride in your country and willing to do anything for you country to keep it.

question

Propaganda

answer

information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view.

question

Secret police

answer

The Gestapo abbreviation of Geheime Staatspolizei, or the Secret State Police was the official secret police of Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe.

question

Scapegoating

answer

Scapegoating (from the verb "to scapegoat") is the practice of singling out any party for unmerited negative treatment or blame as a scapegoat.[1] Scapegoating may be conducted by individuals against individuals (e.g. "he did it, not me!"), individuals against groups (e.g., "I couldn't see anything because of all the tall people"), groups against individuals (e.g., "Jane was the reason our team didn't win"), and groups against groups.

question

Causes of WW2

answer

WW1 peace treaty - german reparations, redrawn boundries, creation of weak nations Economic and political factors - economic depression, hitler seen as defense against communism, desire among some nations for peace at any cost Hitlers leadership - challenges verailles treaty, rebuilt german military, practiced territorial aggression, promoted extreme nationalism, encourage anti-semitic scapegoating Diplomatic factors - alliances formed, american nutrality act to try and stay out of conflict

question

the Holocaust

answer

The word "Holocaust," from the Greek words "holos" (whole) and "kaustos" (burned), was historically used to describe a sacrificial offering burned on an altar. Since 1945, the word has taken on a new and horrible meaning: the mass murder of some 6 million European Jews (as well as members of some other persecuted groups, such as Gypsies and homosexuals) by the German Nazi regime during the Second World War. To the anti-Semitic Nazi leader Adolf Hitler, Jews were an inferior race, an alien threat to German racial purity and community. After years of Nazi rule in Germany, during which Jews were consistently persecuted, Hitler's "final solution"-now known as the Holocaust-came to fruition under the cover of world war, with mass killing centers constructed in the concentration camps of occupied Poland.

question

WW2

answer

The instability created in Europe by the First World War (1914-18) set the stage for another international conflict-World War II-which broke out two decades later and would prove even more devastating. Rising to power in an economically and politically unstable Germany, Adolf Hitler and his National Socialist (Nazi Party) rearmed the nation and signed strategic treaties with Italy and Japan to further his ambitions of world domination. Hitler's invasion of Poland in September 1939 drove Great Britain and France to declare war on Germany, and World War II had begun. Over the next six years, the conflict would take more lives and destroy more land and property around the globe than any previous war. Among the estimated 45-60 million people killed were 6 million Jews murdered in Nazi concentration camps as part of Hitler's diabolical "Final Solution," now known as the Holocaust.

question

Pearl Harbor

answer

The Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor for several reasons. The tensions between Japan and the United States escalated until the U.S decided to place an embargo on Japan. This embargo blocked the Japanese from receiving crucial materials, such as steel and aviation fuel. The United States placed this embargo because Japan tried to take over more territory. In 1941, Japan had two goals. The first was to get the embargo lifted, since Japan needed oil to fuel it's military. The second goal was to get territory and to prepare for war. The Japanese began to plan a war. They asked to conquer Burma, Malaya, the East Indies, and the Philippines. However, the Japanese feared that the U.S. Pacific Fleet in Pearl Harbor would come and disrupt their plans. As a result, the Japanese army decided to attack Pearl Harbor, a U.S. Base, as a precaution, in a surprise air attack.

question

Franklin D. Roosevelt

answer

Franklin D. Roosevelt was in his second term as governor of New York when he was elected as the nation's 32nd president in 1932. With the country mired in the depths of the Great Depression, Roosevelt immediately acted to restore public confidence, proclaiming a bank holiday and speaking directly to the public in a series of radio broadcasts or "fireside chats." His ambitious slate of New Deal programs and reforms redefined the role of the federal government in the lives of Americans. Reelected by comfortable margins in 1936, 1940 and 1944, FDR led the United States from isolationism to victory over Nazi Germany and its allies in World War II. He spearheaded the successful wartime alliance between Britain, the Soviet Union and the United States and helped lay the groundwork for the post-war peace organization that would become the United Nations. The only American president in history to be elected four times, Roosevelt died in office in April 1945.

question

Joseph Stalin

answer

Joseph Stalin (1878-1953) was the dictator of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) from 1929 to 1953. Under Stalin, the Soviet Union was transformed from a peasant society into an industrial and military superpower. However, he ruled by terror, and millions of his own citizens died during his brutal reign. Born into poverty, Stalin became involved in revolutionary politics, as well as criminal activities, as a young man. After Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924) died, Stalin outmaneuvered his rivals for control of the party. Once in power, he collectivized farming and had potential enemies executed or sent to forced labor camps. Stalin aligned with the United States and Britain in World War II (1939-1945) but afterward engaged in an increasingly tense relationship with the West known as the Cold War (1946-1991). After his death, the Soviets initiated a de-Stalinization process.

question

Winston Churchill

answer

CONTENTS PRINT CITE Winston Churchill is one of the best-known, and some say one of the greatest, statesmen of the 20th century. Though he was born into a life of privilege, he dedicated himself to public service. His legacy is a complicated one-he was an idealist and a pragmatist; an orator and a soldier; an advocate of progressive social reforms and an unapologetic elitist; a defender of democracy as well as of Britain's fading empire-but for many people in Great Britain and elsewhere, Winston Churchill is simply a hero.

question

D Day

answer

During World War II (1939-1945), the Battle of Normandy, which lasted from June 1944 to August 1944, resulted in the Allied liberation of Western Europe from Nazi Germany's control. Codenamed Operation Overlord, the battle began on June 6, 1944, also known as D-Day, when some 156,000 American, British and Canadian forces landed on five beaches along a 50-mile stretch of the heavily fortified coast of France's Normandy region. The invasion was one of the largest amphibious military assaults in history and required extensive planning. Prior to D-Day, the Allies conducted a large-scale deception campaign designed to mislead the Germans about the intended invasion target. By late August 1944, all of northern France had been liberated, and by the following spring the Allies had defeated the Germans. The Normandy landings have been called the beginning of the end of war in Europe.

question

Atomic Bomb

answer

At approximately 8.15am on 6 August 1945 a US B-29 bomber dropped an atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima, instantly killing around 80,000 people. Three days later, a second bomb was dropped on Nagasaki, causing the deaths of 40,000 more. The dropping of the bombs, which occurred by executive order of US President Harry Truman, remains the only nuclear attack in history. In the months following the attack, roughly 100,000 more people died slow, horrendous deaths as a result of radiation poisoning.

question

Iron Curtain

answer

Iron Curtain, Brandenburg Gate [Credit: John Waterman—Fox Photos/Hulton Archive/Getty Images]the political, military, and ideological barrier erected by the Soviet Union after World War II to seal off itself and its dependent eastern and central European allies from open contact with the West and other noncommunist areas. The term Iron Curtain had been in occasional and varied use as a metaphor since the 19th century, but it came to prominence only after it was used by the former British prime minister Winston Churchill in a speech at Fulton, Missouri, U.S., on March 5, 1946, when he said of the communist states, "From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent."

question

Truman Doctrine

answer

The Truman Doctrine was an American foreign policy to stop Soviet imperialism during the Cold War. It was announced to Congress by President Harry S. Truman on March 12, 1947 when he pledged to contain Soviet threats to Greece and Turkey.

question

Chinese Civil war

answer

1944-1947 after japan left china chinese nationalists and communists fought a bloody civil war. Despite the US sending billions of dollars to the nationalist, the communists under Mao won the war and ruled china. Chiang and nationalists fled china to neighboring taiwon. Mao established the peoples republic of china

question

Korean War

answer

On June 25, 1950, the Korean War began when some 75,000 soldiers from the North Korean People's Army poured across the 38th parallel, the boundary between the Soviet-backed Democratic People's Republic of Korea to the north and the pro-Western Republic of Korea to the south. This invasion was the first military action of the Cold War. By July, American troops had entered the war on South Korea's behalf. As far as American officials were concerned, it was a war against the forces of international communism itself. After some early back-and-forth across the 38th parallel, the fighting stalled and casualties mounted with nothing to show for them. Meanwhile, American officials worked anxiously to fashion some sort of armistice with the North Koreans. The alternative, they feared, would be a wider war with Russia and China-or even, as some warned, World War III. Finally, in July 1953, the Korean War came to an end. In all, some 5 million soldiers and civilians lost their lives during the war. The Korean peninsula is still divided today.

question

Red Scare

answer

As the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States intensified in the late 1940s and early 1950s, hysteria over the perceived threat posed by Communists in the U.S. became known as the Red Scare. (Communists were often referred to as "Reds" for their allegiance to the red Soviet flag.) The Red Scare led to a range of actions that had a profound and enduring effect on U.S. government and society. Federal employees were analyzed to determine whether they were sufficiently loyal to the government, and the House Un-American Activities Committee, as well as U.S. Senator Joseph R. McCarthy, investigated allegations of subversive elements in the government and the Hollywood film industry. The climate of fear and repression linked to the Red Scare finally began to ease by the late 1950s.

question

Mccarthyism

answer

McCarthyism is the practice of making accusations of subversion or treason without proper regard for evidence. It also means "the practice of making unfair allegations or using unfair investigative techniques, especially in order to restrict dissent or political criticism."

question

the Domino theory

answer

said that if one country fell under communist control, it would influence surrounding countries to follow suit. the US relied extensively on this theory to justify its military intervention in Vietnam from 1965-1973

question

Vietnam War

answer

The Vietnam War was a long, costly armed conflict that pitted the communist regime of North Vietnam and its southern allies, known as the Viet Cong, against South Vietnam and its principal ally, the United States. The war began in 1954 (though conflict in the region stretched back to the mid-1940s), after the rise to power of Ho Chi Minh and his communist Viet Minh party in North Vietnam, and continued against the backdrop of an intense Cold War between two global superpowers: the United States and the Soviet Union. More than 3 million people (including 58,000 Americans) were killed in the Vietnam War; more than half were Vietnamese civilians. By 1969, at the peak of U.S. involvement in the war, more than 500,000 U.S. military personnel were involved in the Vietnam conflict. Growing opposition to the war in the United States led to bitter divisions among Americans, both before and after President Richard Nixon ordered the withdrawal of U.S. forces in 1973. In 1975, communist forces seized control of Saigon, ending the Vietnam War, and the country was unified as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam the following year.

question

Bay of pigs

answer

On January 1, 1959, a young Cuban nationalist named Fidel Castro (1926-) drove his guerilla army into Havana and overthrew General Fulgencio Batista (1901-1973), the nation's American-backed president. For the next two years, officials at the U.S. State Department and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) attempted to push Castro from power. Finally, in April 1961, the CIA launched what its leaders believed would be the definitive strike: a full-scale invasion of Cuba by 1,400 American-trained Cubans who had fled their homes when Castro took over. However, the invasion did not go well: The invaders were badly outnumbered by Castro's troops, and they surrendered after less than 24 hours of fighting.

question

Cuban missile crisis

answer

CONTENTS PRINT CITE During the Cuban Missile Crisis, leaders of the U.S. and the Soviet Union engaged in a tense, 13-day political and military standoff in October 1962 over the installation of nuclear-armed Soviet missiles on Cuba, just 90 miles from U.S. shores. In a TV address on October 22, 1962, President John Kennedy (1917-63) notified Americans about the presence of the missiles, explained his decision to enact a naval blockade around Cuba and made it clear the U.S. was prepared to use military force if necessary to neutralize this perceived threat to national security. Following this news, many people feared the world was on the brink of nuclear war. However, disaster was avoided when the U.S. agreed to Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev's (1894-1971) offer to remove the Cuban missiles in exchange for the U.S. promising not to invade Cuba. Kennedy also secretly agreed to remove U.S. missiles from Turkey.

question

Lyndon B Johnson

answer

Lyndon B. Johnson (1908-73) became the 36th president of the United States following the November 1963 assassination of President John F. Kennedy (1917-1963). Upon taking office, Johnson, a Texan who had served in both the U.S. House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate, launched an ambitious slate of progressive reforms aimed at alleviating poverty and creating what he called a "Great Society" for all Americans. Many of the programs he introduced-including Medicare and Head Start-made a lasting impact in the areas of health, education, urban renewal, conservation and civil rights. Despite his impressive domestic achievements, however, Johnson's legacy was equally defined by his failure to lead the nation out of the quagmire of the Vietnam War (1954-75). He declined to run for a second full term in office, and retired to his Texas ranch after leaving the White House in January 1969.

question

Major Great Society programs

answer

medicare - established health insurance for the elderly through social security medicaid - health and medical assistance for low income families child nutrition act - established school breakfast program and expanded the lunch program and milk to help with childrens poor nutrition the elementary and secondary education act - aid to students and funded activities like adult education and education counseling high education act - supported scholarships, student loans and work study project head start - funded a preschool program for the disadvantaged the office of economic opportunity - oversaw many projects to help improve life in the inner cities Housing and urban development act - established new housing subsidy programs made federal loans and public housing easier to get the water quality act and clean air act - supported making water and air cleaner highway safety act - improving federal, state, and local coordination fair packaging and labeling act - required all companies to have true and informative labels

question

The gulf of tonkin resolution

answer

The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (August 7, 1964) gave broad congressional approval for expansion of the Vietnam War. During the spring of 1964, military planners had developed a detailed design for major attacks on the North, but at that time President Lyndon B. Johnson and his advisers feared that the public would not support an expansion of the war. By summer, however, rebel forces had established control over nearly half of South Vietnam, and Senator Barry Goldwater, the Republican nominee for president, was criticizing the Johnson administration for not pursuing the war more aggressively.

question

Brown v. Board of Education

answer

Brown v. Board of Education (1954), now acknowledged as one of the greatest Supreme Court decisions of the 20th century, unanimously held that the racial segregation of children in public schools violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Although the decision did not succeed in fully desegregating public education in the United States, it put the Constitution on the side of racial equality and galvanized the nascent civil rights movement into a full revolution.

question

Emmett Till

answer

Emmett Till was a fourteen year-old African American boy who was tortured and killed in Money, Mississippi in 1955 after allegedly insulting a white woman. Born in Chicago, Illinois, Till lived with his mother, Mamie Till. His father, Louis Till, died while serving in the U.S. Army in Italy in 1945. In the summer of 1955, Till went to visit with his 64 year old great-uncle, Mose Wright and family. Before leaving home, Till's mother instructed him to follow Southern customs and mind his manners, but having grown up in a Northern city like Chicago, Till was unaware of the legacy of lynching and the rigid social caste system in the South. On August 24, 1955, while at a local grocery store with his cousins, Till reportedly left the store whistling at the white female clerk, Carolyn Bryant. Soon after the incident, Roy Bryant, the clerk's 24-year-old husband, and his half-brother, J.W. Milam, appeared at Mose Wright's cabin around 2:30 a.m. The armed men kidnapped Till, slashed out one of his eyes, and tied a 100-pound cotton gin fan around his neck with barbed wire. Till was severely beaten, shot in the head, and thrown into the Tallahatchie River. Two fishermen found Till's mutilated and unrecognizable corpse three days later. Mamie Till-Bradley (In 1951 Till briefly married "Pink" Bradley in Detroit, Michigan) immediately requested her son's bloated, mutilated body be returned to Chicago and displayed in an open casket funeral at Roberts Temple Church of God in Christ. She proclaimed, "I wanted the world to see what they did to my son." Tens of thousands of people lined up to view the body at the mortuary and over 50,000 mourners attended the funeral services days later. Till's murder symbolized for many African Americans the inherent racism and disparity of justice they continued to face in the aftermath of World War II. Because of the media and particularly the coverage by the African American press, the murder gained national and international attention that prompted public discourse on segregation, racial violence, and social, political, and economic equality.

question

Montgomery Bus boycott

answer

The Montgomery Bus Boycott, in which African Americans refused to ride city buses in Montgomery, Alabama, to protest segregated seating, took place from December 5, 1955, to December 20, 1956, and is regarded as the first large-scale demonstration against segregation in the U.S. On December 1, 1955, four days before the boycott began, Rosa Parks, an African-American woman, refused to yield her seat to a white man on a Montgomery bus. She was arrested and fined. The boycott of public buses by blacks in Montgomery began on the day of Parks' court hearing and lasted 381 days. The U.S. Supreme Court ultimately ordered Montgomery to integrate its bus system, and one of the leaders of the boycott, a young pastor named Martin Luther King Jr. (1929-68), emerged as a prominent national leader of the American civil rights movement in the wake of the action.

question

Greensboro Sit ins

answer

Despite advances in the fight for racial equality (including the landmark 1954 Supreme Court verdict in Brown v. Board of Education and the Montgomery Bus Boycott), segregation was still the norm across the southern United States in 1960. Early that year, a non-violent protest by young African-American students at a segregated Woolworth's lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina, sparked a sit-in movement that soon spread to college towns throughout the region. Though many of the protesters were arrested for trespassing, disorderly conduct or disturbing the peace, their actions made an immediate and lasting impact, forcing Woolworth's and other establishments to change their segregationist policies.

question

Civil rights act of 1964

answer

The Civil Rights Act of 1964, which ended segregation in public places and banned employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin, is considered one of the crowning legislative achievements of the civil rights movement. First proposed by President John F. Kennedy, it survived strong opposition from southern members of Congress and was then signed into law by Kennedy's successor, Lyndon B. Johnson. In subsequent years, Congress expanded the act and also passed additional legislation aimed at bringing equality to African Americans, such as the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

question

Selma march

answer

In early 1965, Martin Luther King Jr.'s Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) made Selma, Alabama, the focus of its efforts to register black voters in the South. That March, protesters attempting to march from Selma to the state capital of Montgomery were met with violent resistance by state and local authorities. As the world watched, the protesters (under the protection of federalized National Guard troops) finally achieved their goal, walking around the clock for three days to reach Montgomery. The historic march, and King's participation in it, greatly helped raise awareness of the difficulty faced by black voters in the South, and the need for a Voting Rights Act, passed later that year.

question

Voting rights act of 1965

answer

Outlawed the jim crow restrictions on African americans right to vote declaring it unconstitutional. Banned use of literary tests, poll taxes and jelly bean counts. let the federal government to overlook voting rights violations register million of minorities in the 1960s

question

Womens suffrage

answer

On Election Day in 1920, millions of American women exercised their right to vote for the first time. It took activists and reformers nearly 100 years to win that right, and the campaign was not easy: Disagreements over strategy threatened to cripple the movement more than once. But on August 26, 1920, the 19th Amendment to the Constitution was finally ratified, enfranchising all American women and declaring for the first time that they, like men, deserve all the rights and responsibilities of citizenship.

question

Ronald Reagan

answer

Ronald Reagan (1911-2004), a former actor and California governor, served as the 40th U.S. president from 1981 to 1989. Raised in small-town Illinois, he became a Hollywood actor in his 20s and later served as the Republican governor of California from 1967 to 1975. Dubbed the Great Communicator, the affable Reagan became a popular two-term president. He cut taxes, increased defense spending, negotiated a nuclear arms reduction agreement with the Soviets and is credited with helping to bring a quicker end to the Cold War. Reagan, who survived a 1981 assassination attempt, died at age 93 after battling Alzheimer's disease.

question

Reaganomics

answer

During the campaign of 1980, Ronald Reagan announced a recipe to fix the nation's economic mess. He claimed an undue tax burden, excessive government regulation, and massive social spending programs hampered growth. Reagan proposed a phased 30% tax cut for the first three years of his Presidency. The bulk of the cut would be concentrated at the upper income levels. The economic theory behind the wisdom of such a plan was called SUPPLY-SIDE or TRICKLE-DOWN ECONOMICS. Strategic Defense Initiative By using laser-equipped satellites, Ronald Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative hoped to shield the United States from a Russian missile attack. Here, a rocket sends a military satellite into the heavens. Tax relief for the rich would enable them to spend and invest more. This new spending would stimulate the economy and create new jobs. Reagan believed that a tax cut of this nature would ultimately generate even more revenue for the federal government. The Congress was not as sure as Reagan, but they did approve a 25% cut during Reagan's first term.

question

Rust belt

answer

The term "Rust Belt" refers to what once served as the hub of American Industry. Located in the Great Lakes region, the Rust Belt covers much of the American Midwest (map). Also known as the "Industrial Heartland of North America", the Great Lakes and nearby Appalachia were utilized for transportation and natural resources. This combination enabled thriving coal and steel industries. Today, the landscape is characterized by the presence of old factory towns and post-industrial skylines.

question

Post cold war era

answer

The post-Cold War era is the period in world history from the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 to the present.[1] It has mostly been dominated by the rise of globalization (as well as seemingly paradoxically, nationalism) enabled by the commercialization of the Internet and the growth of the mobile phone system. The ideology of postmodernism and cultural relativism has according to some scholars replaced modernism and notions of absolute progress and ideology.[2]

MTEL General Curriculum – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards