question

allegory

answer

a story in which people (or things or actions) represent an idea or generalization about life

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alliteration

answer

the repetition of initial consonant sounds

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allusion

answer

a reference to a familiar person, place, thing, or event

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analogy

answer

a comparison of objects or ideas that appear to be different but are alike in some important way

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anapestic meter

answer

meter that is composed of feet that are unaccented-unaccented-accented, usually used in a light or whimsical poetry, such as a limerick

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anecdote

answer

a brief story that illustrates or makes a point

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antagonist

answer

a person or thing working against the hero of a literary work

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aphorism

answer

a wise saying, usually short and written

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apostrophe

answer

a turn from the general audience to address a specific group of persons who is present or absent

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assonance

answer

a repetition of the same sound in words close to one another

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blank verse

answer

unrhymed verse, often occurring in iambic pentameter

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caesura

answer

a break in the rhythm of language, particularly a natural pause in a line of verse, marked in prosody by a double vertical line ('')

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characterization

answer

a method an author uses to let readers know more about the characters and their personal traits

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cliche

answer

an expression that has been used so often that it loses its expressive power

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consonance

answer

repetition of the final consonant sound in words containing different vowels

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couplet

answer

a stanza made up of two rhyming lines

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diction

answer

an author's choice of words based on their clearness, conciseness, effectiveness, and authenticity

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archaic

answer

old-fashioned words that are no longer used in common speech

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colloquialisms

answer

expressions that are usually accepted in informal situations or regions

question

dialect

answer

a variety of language used by people from a particular geographic region

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jargon

answer

specialized language used in a particular field or content area

question

profanity

answer

language that shows disrespect for others or something sacred

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slang

answer

informal language used by a particular group of people among themselves

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vulgarity

answer

language widely considered crude, disgusting, and oftentimes offensive

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end rhyme

answer

rhyming of the ends of lines of verse

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enjambment

answer

occurs when one line ends and continues onto the next line to complete meaning

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existentialism

answer

a philosophy that values human freedom and personal responsibility

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flashback

answer

a literary device in which the author jumps back in time in the chronology of a narrative

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foot

answer

a metrical foot is defined as one stressed syllable and a number of unstressed syllables

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iambic

answer

unstressed, stressed

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trochaic

answer

stressed, unstressed

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anapestic

answer

unstressed, unstressed, stressed

question

dactylic

answer

stressed, unstressed, unstressed

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one foot

answer

monometer

question

two feet

answer

dimeter

question

three feet

answer

trimeter

question

four feet

answer

tetrameter

question

five feet

answer

pentameter

question

six feet

answer

hexameter

question

seven feet

answer

septameter

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eight feet

answer

octameter

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foreshadowing

answer

a literary technique in which the author gives hints or clues about what is to come at some point later in the story

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free verse

answer

verse that contains an irregular metrical pattern and line length

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genre

answer

a category of literature defined by its style, form, and content

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heroic couplet

answer

a pair of lines of poetic verse written in imabic pentameter

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hubris

answer

the flaw that leads to the downfall of a tragic hero; excessive pride

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hyperbole

answer

an exaggeration for emphasis or rhetorical effect

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imagery

answer

the use of words to create pictures in the reader's mind

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internal rhyme

answer

rhyme that occurs within a line of verse

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irony

answer

the use of the word or phrase to mean the exact opposite of its literal or expected meaning

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dramatic irony

answer

the reader sees a character's errors, but the character does not

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verbal irony

answer

the writer says one thing and means another

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situational irony

answer

the purpose of a particular action differs greatly from the result

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malapropism

answer

a figure of speech in which a comparison is implied but not stated

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meter

answer

a rhythmical pattern in verse that is made up or stressed and unstressed syllables

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mood

answer

the feeling a text evokes in the reader

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moral

answer

a lesson a work of literature is teaching

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narration

answer

the telling of a story

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onomatopoeia

answer

the use of sound words to suggest meaning

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oxymoron

answer

a phrase that consists of two contradictory terms

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paradox

answer

a contradictory statement that makes sense

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point of view

answer

the perspective from which the story is told

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first person point of view

answer

the story is told from the point of view of one character

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third person point of view

answer

the story is told by someone outside of the story

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omniscient point of view

answer

the narrator of the story shares the thoughts and feelings of all of the characters

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limited omniscient point of view

answer

the narrator shares the thoughts and feelings of one character

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camera view

answer

the narrator records the action from his or her point of view, unaware of any of the other characters' thoughts or feelings

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refrain

answer

the repetition of a line or phrase of a poem at regular intervals, particularly at the end of the stanza

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repetition

answer

the multiple use of a word, phrase, or idea for emphasis or rhythmic effect

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rhetoric

answer

persuasive writing

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rhythm

answer

the regular or random occurrence of sound in poetry

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setting

answer

the time and place in which the action of the story takes place

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simile

answer

a comparison of two unlike things, usually including the word like or as

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style

answer

how the author uses words, phrases, and sentences to form ideas

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symbol

answer

a person, place, thing, or event used to represent something else

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tone

answer

the overall feeling created by an author's use of words

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transcendentalism

answer

during the mid 19th century in New England, several writers and intellectuals worked together to write, translate works, and publish and became known as transcendentalists. Their philosophy focused on protesting the Puritan ethic and materialism. They valued individualism, freedom, experimentation, and spirituality. Noted authors included: Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Henry David Thoreau, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, and Oliver Wendell Holmes.

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verse

answer

a metric line of poetry

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voice

answer

distinctive features of a person's speech and speech patterns

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ballad

answer

a short poem, often written by an anonymous author, comprised of short verses intended to be sung or recited

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canto

answer

the main section of a long poem

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elegy

answer

a poem that is a mournful lament for the dead

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epic

answer

a long narrative poem detailing a hero's deeds

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haiku

answer

a type of Japanese poem that is written in 17 syllables with three lines of five, seven, and five syllables, expressing a single thought

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limerick

answer

a humorous verse form of five anapestic lines with a rhyme scheme of aabba

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lyric

answer

a short poem about personal feelings and emotions

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sonnet

answer

a fourteen-line poem, usually written in iambic pentameter, with a varied rhyme scheme

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Petrarchan (Italian) sonnet

answer

a sonnet that opens with an octave that states a proposition and ends with a sestet that states the solution

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Shakespearean sonnet

answer

a sonnet with three quatrains and a couplet

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stanza

answer

a division of poetry named for the number of lines that it contains

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triplet

answer

three-line stanza

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quatrain

answer

four-line stanza

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quintet

answer

five-line stanza

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sestet

answer

six-line stanza

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septet

answer

seven-line stanza

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octave

answer

eight-line stanza

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fable

answer

a short story or folktale that contains a moral, which may be expressed explicitly at the end as a maxim

question

fairy tale

answer

a narrative that is made up of fantastic characters and creatures, such as witches, goblins, and fairies, and usually begins with the phrase "Once upon a time..."

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fantasy

answer

a genre that uses magic and other supernatural elements as a primary element of plot, theme, and/or setting

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folktale

answer

a narrative form, such as an epic, legend, myth, song, poem, or fable, that has been retold within a culture for generations

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frame tale

answer

a narrative technique in which the main story is composed primarily for the purpose of organizing a set of shorter stories

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historical fiction

answer

narrative fiction that is set in some earlier time and often contains historically authentic people, places, or events

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horror

answer

fiction that is intended to frighten, unsettle, or scare the reader, often overlaps with fantasy and science fiction

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legend

answer

a narrative about human actions that is perceived by both the teller and the listeners to have taken place within human history and that possesses certain qualities that give the tale the appearance of truth or reality

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mystery

answer

a suspenseful story that deals with a puzzling crime

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myth

answer

narrative fiction that involves gods and heroes or has a theme that expresses a culture's ideology

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novel

answer

an extended fictional prose narrative

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novella

answer

a short narrative, usually between 50-100 pages long

question

parody

answer

a text or performance that imitates and mocks an author or work

question

romance

answer

a novel comprised of idealized events far removed from everyday life

question

satire

answer

literature that makes fun of social conventions or conditions, usually to evoke change

question

science fiction

answer

fiction that deals with the current or future development of technological advances

question

short story

answer

a brief fictional prose narrative

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tragedy

answer

literature, often drama, ending in a catastrophic event for the protagonist(s) after he or she faces several problems or conflicts

question

western

answer

a novel set in the western United States featuring the experiences of cowboys and frontiersmen

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autobiography

answer

a person's account of his or her own life

question

biography

answer

a story about a person's life written by another person

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document (letter, diary, journal)

answer

an expository piece written with eloquence that becomes part of the recognized literature of an era, often reveal historical facts, the social mores of the times, and the thought and personality of the author

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essay

answer

a document organized in a paragraph form that can be long or short and can be in the form of a letter, dialogue, or discussion

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Greek Classical and Hellenistic periods

answer

(8th to 2nd centuries BC) Examples: Homer's The Illiad, Sophocles' Oedipus Rex, Aristophanes' Lysistrata, Aristotle's Organum, and Plato's The Republic

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Roman Classical period

answer

(1st century BC to 2nd century AD-5th century AD) Examples: Cicero's letters to Atticus, Brutus, Quintus, and others; Virgil's The Aeneid; Ovid's Metamorphoses; Polybius' universal history of Rome; Plutarch's "Life of Pericles"; and Lucian's Dialogues of the Gods

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Renaissance

answer

(13th-15th centuries) a period during which learning and the arts flourished in Europe. Examples: Dante's The Divine Comedy, Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, and Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur

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French Neoclassical period

answer

(17th century) Examples: Racine's Andromaque and de la Fontaine's Fables choises, mises en vers

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English Neoclassical period

answer

(17th and 18th centuries) Examples: Dryden's The Conquest of Granada and "Alexander's Feast," Swift's The Battle of the Books and Gulliver's Travels, and Pope's The Rape of the Lock

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German Neoclassical period

answer

(18th and 19th centuries) Examples: Lessing's Zur Gesschicte und Literatur (On History and Literature), von Schiller's Don Carlos, and Goethe's Faust

question

Old English period

answer

(450-1066 AD) Example: Beowulf

question

Middle English period

answer

(1066-1550) Examples: Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, More's Utopia, Malory's le Morte d'Arthur, and the morality play Everyman

question

Elizabethan period

answer

(1550-1625) Examples: Shakespeare's Macbeth and Hamlet; Marlowe's Tamburlaine the Great, Dr. Faustus, The Jew of Malta, and Edward II; Bacon's Reports; and Spenser's The Faerie Queene

question

Puritan period

answer

(1625-1660) Examples: Walton's The Compleat Angler, Milton's "Lycidas," and Bunyon's The Pilgrim's Progress

question

Neoclassical period

answer

(1660-1780) Examples: Dryden's The Conquest of Granada and Pepys' Memoirs of the Royal Navy

question

Romantic period

answer

(1780-1840) Examples: Keats' Lamia, Isabella, The Eve of St. Agnes, and Other Poems; Burns' "Auld Lang Syne" and "Tam o' Shanter"; Shelly's Prometheus Unbound; Byron's Don Juan; and Austen's Pride and Prejudice and Northanger Abbey

question

Victorian period

answer

(1840-1900) Examples: Dickens' Great Expectations, Tennyson's Poems, Hardy's Tess of the D'Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure, and Browning's Sonnets from the Portuguese

question

Modernism

answer

(1900-1945) Examples: Yeats' In the Seven Woods, Remarques' All Quiet on the Western Front, and Woolf's Mrs. Dalloway

question

Postmodernism

answer

(1945-present) Examples: Nietzche's The Antichrist, Orwell's 1984, and Eliot's "The Waste Land"

question

Colonial period

answer

(1630-1760) Examples: Williams and Hooker's Bay Psalm Book, Franklin's Poor Richard's Almanack, Bradstreet's The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America, and Edward's The Freedom of the Will

question

Revolutionary period

answer

(1760-1787) Examples: The Declaration of Independence; Jefferson's Summary View of the Rights of British America; Freneau's The British Prison Ship, "The Wild Honeysuckle," and "The Indian Burying Ground"; Tyler's The Contrast; and Brown's The Power of Sympathy

question

Nationalist period

answer

(1828-1836) Examples: Cooper's Leatherstocking Tales, which included The Deerslayer, The Last of the Mohicans, The Pathfinder, The Pioneers, and The Prairie; Emerson's Nature, "The Over-Soul," "Compensation," and "Self-Reliance"; Irving's "Rip van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" in The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent; Poe's The Raven and Other Poems, Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque; and Longfellow's Evangeline, The Song of Hiawatha, The Courtship of Miles Standish, and Tales of a Wayside Inn, which included "Paul Revere's Ride"

question

American Renaissance period

answer

Examples: Dickinson's poems "Life," "Love," and "Time and Eternity"; Melville's Moby-Dick; Whitman's "Oh, Captain, My Captain!" and Leaves of Grass; and Thoreau's Walden

question

Modern period

answer

(1900-1945) Examples: Twain's The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court; London's White Fang and The Call of the Wild; Frost's "Nothing Gold Can Stay," "The Road Not Taken," and "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening"; Eliot's "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock," "The Waste Land," and "Hamlet and His Problems"; James' "Daisy Miller" and Washington Square; and Parker's Enough Rope and Death and Taxes

question

Contemporary period

answer

(1945-present) Examples: Miller's The Crucible and Death of a Salesman; Morrison's Beloved; Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye; Updike's Rabbit, Run; Plath's The Bell Jar; and Vidal's Lincoln

question

conflict

answer

opposing elements or characters in a plot

question

person versus person

answer

a character has a problem with one or more of the other characters

question

person versus society

answer

a character has a problem with an element of society

question

person versus self

answer

a character has a problem determining what to do in a situation

question

person versus nature

answer

a character has a problem with nature

question

person versus fate

answer

a character has to battle what appears to be an uncontrollable problem that is attributed to fate or God

question

denouement

answer

the outcome or resolution of plot in a story

question

plot

answer

the structure of a work of literature; the sequence of events

question

phonetics

answer

the study of the sounds of language and their physical properties

question

phonology

answer

the analysis of how sounds function in a language or dialect

question

morphology

answer

the study of the structure of words

question

semantics

answer

the study of the meaning in language

question

pragmatics

answer

the role of the context in the interpretation of meaning

question

sociolinguistics

answer

the study of language as it relates to society, including race, class, gender, and age

question

ethnolinguistics

answer

the study of language as it relates to culture, frequently associated with minority linguistic groups within the larger culture

question

psycholinguistics

answer

the study of language as it relates to the psychological and neurobiological factors that enable humans to learn language

question

historical and political influences on language acquisition

answer

some experts view every language as a dialect of an older communication form; for example, the Romance languages are dialects of Latin. Political relationships also influence views of language as either a new entity or a dialect. For example, English is thought to have two primary dialects--American English and British English. The United States and Great Britain are close political allies.

question

dialect

answer

a variation of a language used by people who live in a particular geographic region

question

standard dialects

answer

dialects supported by institutions, such as governments and schools. In English, for example, there are the Standard American English, Standard Indian English, and Standard British English

question

etymology

answer

the study of the history and origin of words

question

declarative sentence

answer

a sentence that makes a statement and tells about a person, place, thing, or idea

question

interrogative sentence

answer

a sentence that asks a question

question

imperative sentence

answer

a sentence that issues a command

question

exclamatory sentence

answer

a sentence that communicates strong ideas or feelings

question

conditional sentence

answer

a sentence that expresses wishes or conditions contrary to fact

question

simple sentence

answer

a sentence that has only one independent clause and no dependent clauses. it can have a single subject or a compound subject, and a single predicate or a compound predicate

question

single subject, single predicate sentence

answer

My dog growls; a sentence with one subject and one verb

question

compound subject, single predicate sentence

answer

My dog and my cat growl; a sentence with two subjects that perform the same verb

question

compound subject, compound predicate sentence

answer

My dog and my cat growl and appear agitated; a sentence with two subjects that both perform two verbs

question

independent clause with two phrases

answer

I must have vicious pets from the pound in my town; a sentence with a subject and verb combined with two phrases

question

compound sentence

answer

a sentence made up of two independent clauses, the clauses must be joined by a semicolon or a comma and a coordinating conjunction Example: My dog growls at the mailman, but my cat growls at her littermate.

question

complex sentence

answer

a sentence that has one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses. Example: When you pass the Praxis II test [dependent clause], you'll enjoy a career in teaching [independent clause].

question

compound/complex sentence

answer

a sentence with two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. Example: I just earned my teaching degree [independent clause], and I plan to get a teaching job [independent clause] because I need a career [dependent clause].

question

common nouns

answer

nouns that do not name specific people, places, or things Example: person, animal, car

question

proper nouns

answer

nouns that name particular people, places, or things Example: President Obama, Chicago, Judaism

question

concrete nouns

answer

nouns that name a thing that is tangible, they can be common or proper nouns Example: dog, Campus Cinema, football

question

abstract nouns

answer

nouns that name an idea, condition, or feeling Example: ideals, justice, Americana

question

collective nouns

answer

nouns that name a group or unit Example: gaggle, herd, community

question

singular nouns

answer

Examples: book, library, child, bacterium, man

question

plural nouns

answer

Examples: books, libraries, children, bacteria, men

question

masculine nouns

answer

Example: father, brother, uncle, men, bull

question

feminine nouns

answer

example: mother, sister, aunt, women, cow

question

neuter nouns

answer

Example: window, shrub, door, college, car

question

indefinite nouns

answer

Example: chairperson, politician, president, professor, flight attendant

question

nominative case noun

answer

noun that can be the subject of a clause or the predicate noun when it follows the verb be

question

possessive case noun

answer

noun that shows possession or ownership

question

objective case noun

answer

noun that can be a direct object, an indirect object, or an object of a preposition

question

transitive verb

answer

word or word groups that complete the meaning of a verb by naming a receiver of the action

question

intransitive verb

answer

a verb that takes no objects or complements

question

linking or connecting verb

answer

a verb that connects the subject and the subject complement

question

auxillary or helping verb

answer

a verb that comes before another verb

question

present tense

answer

used to describe situations that exist in the present time

question

past tense

answer

used to tell about what happened in the past

question

future tense

answer

used to express action that will take place in the future

question

present perfect tense

answer

used when action began in the past but continues into the present

question

past perfect tense

answer

used to express action that began in the past and happened prior to another past action

question

future present tense

answer

used to express action that will begin in the future and will be completed in the future

question

infinite phrase

answer

usually made up of to and the base form of the verb, such as to order or to abandon. it can function as an adjective, adverb,or noun

question

participle

answer

a verb form that usually ends in -ing or -ed, operate as adjectives but also maintain some characteristics of verbs

question

gerund phrase

answer

made up of a present participle and always functions as a noun

question

simple pronoun

answer

I, you, he, she, it, we, they, who, what

question

compound pronoun

answer

itself, myself, anybody, someone, everything

question

phrasal pronoun

answer

each, other, one another

question

antecedent

answer

noun to which a pronoun refers to

question

personal pronouns

answer

pronouns that take the place of nouns

question

relative pronouns

answer

pronouns that relate adjective clauses to the nouns or pronouns they modify

question

indefinite pronouns

answer

pronouns that usually refer to unnamed or unknown people or things

question

interrogative pronouns

answer

pronouns that ask a question

question

demonstrative pronouns

answer

pronouns that point out people, places, or things without naming them

question

adjectives

answer

describe or modify nouns or pronouns

question

adverbs

answer

describe time, place, manner, or degree

question

phrases

answer

groups of related words that operate as a single part of speech, such as a verb, verbal, prepositional, appositive,or absolute

question

clauses

answer

groups of related words that have both a subject and a predicate

question

comma

answer

used between two independent clauses, to separate adjectives, to separate contrasted elements, to set off appositives, to separate items in a list to enclose explanatory words, after an introductory phrase, after an introductory clause, to set off a nonrestrictive phrase, to ensure clarity, in numbers, to enclose titles, in direct address, to set off dialogue, to set off items in a list, and to set off dates

question

period

answer

used at the end of a sentence, after an initial or abbreviation, or as a decimal point

question

question mark

answer

used at the end of a direct or indirect question and to show uncertainty

question

semicolon

answer

used to separate groups that include commas and to set off independent clauses

question

exclamation point

answer

used to express strong feeling

question

apostrophe

answer

used in contractions,to from plurals, to form singular possessives,to from plural possessives, in compound nouns, to show sacred possession, and to express time or amount

question

dash

answer

used for emphasis, to set off interrupted speech, to set off an introductory series, and to indicate a sudden break

question

parentheses

answer

used to set off explanatory information and to set off full sentences

question

brackets

answer

used to set off added words, editorial corrections, and clarifying information

question

hyphen

answer

used between numbers, between fractions, in a special series, to create new words, and to join numbers

question

ambiguity

answer

occurs when there are two or more possible meanings to a word or phrase

question

euphemism

answer

socially accepted word or phrase used to replace unacceptable language

question

doublespeak

answer

language that is intended to be evasive or to conceal

question

jargon

answer

specialize language of a particular group or culture

question

stages of the writing process

answer

prewriting, drafting, revising, editing, publishing, evaluating

question

prewriting

answer

the stage of the writing process involves gathering and selecting ideas Examples: creating lists, researching, brainstorming, reading to discover more about the author's style, talking, collecting memorabilia or clips from other texts, and free-writing

question

drafting

answer

in this stage of the writing process, students begin writing, connecting, and developing ideas

question

revising

answer

this stage of the writing process involves rewriting or "re-seeing", the writer looks at the piece again, the writer strives to ensure that the reader is able to make meaning of the piece of writing, emphasis is placed on examining sentence structure, word choice, voice, and organization of the piece

question

editing

answer

this stage of the writing process involves checking for style and conventions--spelling, grammar, usage, and punctuation

question

publishing

answer

the stage of the writing process in which the author shares his or her writing with a larger audience

question

evaluating

answer

the stage of the writing process where the writer looks back at his or her work and self-evaluates, and the audience evaluates the effectiveness of the writing

question

personal writing

answer

writing in which students express their innermost thoughts, feelings, and responses in journal writing, diaries, logs, personal narratives, and personal essays

question

workplace writing

answer

writing in which middle-level and secondary students learn how to prepare resumes, cover letters, job applications, and business letters

question

subject writing

answer

writing in which students write interviews, accounts, profiles, or descriptions to capture the meaning of the subject being written about

question

creative writing

answer

writing that provides students with the opportunity to play with language, to express emotions, to articulate stories, or to develop a drama

question

persuasive writing

answer

in this genre of writing, students learn rhetorical strategies to persuade others, such as by writing editorials, arguments, commentaries, and advertisements

question

scholarly writing

answer

essays, research papers, bibliographies--these types of writing are the most prevalent in middle-and secondary-level classrooms

question

reference works

answer

dictionaries, encyclopedias, writers' reference handbooks, books of lists, almanacs, thesauruses, and books of quotations

question

internet

answer

each of the types of reference works online, writers can use search engines or portals to gather ideas and information

question

student-created sources

answer

a student's personal dictionary of words to know or spell, note cards, graphic organizers, oral histories, and journals

question

MLA citation

answer

Salinger, J. D. The Cather in the Rye. (underlined or italicized) NewYork: Little, Brown, and Company, 1945. Print.

question

APA citation

answer

Salinger, J. D. (1945). The Catcher in the Rye. (italicized) New York: Little, Brown and Company.

question

chronological order

answer

the writer shows order of time or the steps in the process

question

classification

answer

the writer explains the relationship between terms or concepts

question

illustration

answer

the topic sentence is stated and then followed by the details

question

climax

answer

the details are stated first, followed by the topic sentence

question

location

answer

the writer describes a person, place, or thing and organizes the description in a logical manner

question

comparison

answer

the writer demonstrates similarities and differences between two or more subjects

question

cause and effect

answer

the writer shows the relationship between events and their results

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creative

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speech or written form in which one expresses thoughts and feeling with imagination and creativity

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expository

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speech or written form in which one explains or describes

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persuasive

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speech or written form in which one sets forth to convince

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argument

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speech or written form that debates or argues a topic in a logical way

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analogies

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comparisons of two pairs that have the same relationship

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extended metaphor

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comparison of two unlike things used throughout a work or over a series of lines in prose or poetry

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appeal to authority

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type of argument in logic in which an expert of knowledgeable other is cited for the purpose of strengthening the argument

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appeal to emotion

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type of argument in which the author appeals to the reader's emotion to prove the argument

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sarcasm

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use of positive feedback or cutting wit to mock someone

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counterpoints

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use of contrasting ideas to communicate a message

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praise

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the use of positive messages to recognize or influence others

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synecdoche

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a device in which a part signifies the whole or the whole signifies the part. To say "threads" for "clothes" or "wheels" for "car"

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orthography

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a method of representing the sounds of a language by written or printed symbols

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metonomy

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one word substituted for another that it is closely associated with (pen mightier than the sword)

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conceit

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a fanciful, particularly clever extended metaphor

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syllogism

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a three-part deductive argument in which a conclusion is based on a major premise and a minor premise ("All men are mortal; Socrates is a man; therefore, Socrates is mortal.")

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appositive

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a word or phrase that renames a nearby noun or pronoun

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Gothic

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fantastic tales dealing with horror, the supernatural, despair, death, decay, madness, ghosts, the grotesque, and other dark subjects

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dramatic monolgue

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a lyric poem in which the speaker tells an audience about a dramatic moment in his/her life and, in doing so, reveals his/her character

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mock epic

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A work of literature that applies the characteristics and conventions of epic poetry to trivial subject matter for the sake of humor, irony, parody, or satire.

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interior monologue

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a narrative technique that records a character's internal flow of thoughts, memories, and ideas; a longish passage of uninterrupted thought

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rhetorical question

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a question asked for an effect, not actually requiring an answer

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hypothetical question

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a question that asks how a respondent might react in a given situation

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leading question

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a question that implies that one answer would be better than another

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metrics

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the study of poetic meter and the art of versification

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connotation

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an idea that is implied or suggested

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epigrams

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A short, witty poem expressing a single thought or observation

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denotation

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the most direct or specific meaning of a word or expression

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primary source

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text that tells a first-hand account of an event; original works used when researching (letters, journals)

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secondary source

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Text and/or artifacts that are not original, but written from something original (biographies, magazine articles, research papers).

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Apostrophe

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a technique by which a writer addresses an inanimate object, an idea, or a person who is either dead or absent.

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Antagonist

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the character who works against the protagonist in the story

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Antithesis

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the presentation of two contrasting images. The ideas are balanced by phrase, clause, or paragraphs. "To be or not to be . . ." "It was the best of times; it was the worst of times . . ." "Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country . . ."

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Anastrophe

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the reversal of the normal order of words

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Aphorism

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a brief, often witty saying; a proverb

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Anticlimax

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letdown in thought or emotion; something unexciting, ordinary, or disappointing coming after something important or exciting

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Apocalypse

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a prophetic revelation, especially one concerning the end of the world

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Archetype

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an original model on which something is patterned

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Blank Verse

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unrhymed verse (usually in iambic pentameter)

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Biography

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a form of nonfiction in which a writer tells the life story of another person

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Burlesque

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a composition that imitates somebody's style in a humorous way

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Caricature

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a representation of a person that is exaggerated for comic effect

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Caesura

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a break or pause (usually for sense) in the middle of a verse line

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catastrophe

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an event resulting in great loss and misfortune

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Catharsis

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the purging of the emotions or relieving of emotional tensions, especially through certain kinds of art, as tragedy or music.

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Conceit

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a fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects

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Cliché

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An expression that has been overused to the extent that its freshness has worn off

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Connotation

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refers to the implied or suggested meanings associated with a word beyond its dictionary definition

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Consonance

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repetition of identical consonant sounds within two or more words in close proximity, as in boost/best; it can also be seen within several compound words, such as fulfill and ping-pong

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Closet Drama

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drama more suitable for reading that for performing

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Couplet

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a stanza consisting of two successive lines of verse

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Denotation

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the most direct or specific meaning of a word or expression

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Denouement

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the final resolution of the main complication of a literary or dramatic work

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Diction

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the manner in which something is expressed in words

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Discourse

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written or spoken communication or debate

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Epiphany

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a moment of sudden revelation or insight

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Epilogue

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a short addition to a literary work, a short speech given at the end of a play

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Exposition

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The introductory material which gives the setting, creates the tone, presents the characters, and presents other facts necessary to understanding the story.

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Figure of Speech

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a word or phrase that describes one thing in terms of another and is not meant to be taken on a literal level

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Free Verse

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unrhymed verse without a consistent metrical pattern

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Foreshadowing

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the use of hints and clues to suggest what will happen later in a plot

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Grotesque

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odd or unnatural in shape, appearance, or character; fantastically ugly or absurd; bizarre.

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Hyperbole

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a figure of speech that uses exaggeration to express strong emotion, make a point, or evoke humor

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Inversion

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the reversal of the normal order of words

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Memoir

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an account of the author's personal experiences

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Metonymy

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substituting the name of an attribute or feature for the name of the thing itself (as in 'they counted heads')

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Motif

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a unifying idea that is a recurrent element in a literary or artistic work

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Metaphor

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a figure of speech in which an expression is used to refer to something that it does not literally denote in order to suggest a similarity

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Mock Heroic

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a form of satire in which trivial subjects, characters or events are treated with the elevated language and elaborate devices characteristic of the heroic style.

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Monologue

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a long utterance by one person (especially one that prevents others from participating in the conversation)

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Onomatopoeia

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using words that imitate the sound they denote

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Oxymoron

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an expression in which two words that contradict each other are joined

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Overstatement

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a figure of speech in which exaggeration is used in the service of truth

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Paradox

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a statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth.

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Parallelism

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phrases or sentences of a similar construction/meaning placed side by side, balancing each other

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Persona

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the speaker, voice, or character assumed by the author of a piece of writing

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Personification

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A figure of speech in which an object or animal is given human feelings, thoughts, or attitudes

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Plot

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The sequence of events in a story

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Quatrain

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a stanza of four lines

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Rhyme Royal

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A seven-line stanza of iambic pentameter rhymed ababbcc, used by Chaucer and other medieval poets.

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Sarcasm

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witty language used to convey insults or scorn

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Scansion

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analysis of verse into metrical patterns

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Satire

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form of literature in which irony, sarcasm, and ridicule are employed to attack human vice and folly

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Soliloquy

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a (usually long) dramatic speech intended to give the illusion of unspoken reflections

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Sestet

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a rhythmic group of six lines of verse

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Setting

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The time, place, and environment in which action takes place

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Sprung Rhythm

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a term created by the poet Gerard Manly Hopkins to designate a variable kind of poetic meter in which a stressed syllable may be combined with any number of unstressed syllables

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Spenserian Stanza

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A stanza of nine lines in iambic meter, rhymed ABABBCBCC. The first eight lines are in iambic pentameter, and the ninth line is in iambic hexameter.

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Stock Character

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the stereotyped character in which he is immediately known from typical characters in history

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Strophe

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one section of a lyric poem or choral ode in classical Greek drama

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Stream of Consciousness

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a style of writing in which the author tries to reproduce the random flow of thoughts in the human mind

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Superego

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the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations

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Symbol

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something visible that by association or convention represents something else that is invisible

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Synecdoche

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a figure of speech in which a part is used for the whole or the whole for a part

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Terza Rima

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an Italian form of iambic verse consisting of eleven-syllable lines arranged in tercets, the middle line of each tercet rhyming with the first and last lines of the following tercet

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Villain

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the principle bad character in a film or work of fiction

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Zeugma

answer

use of two different words in a grammatically similar way but producing different, often incongruous, meanings

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Drama

answer

A composition in prose or verse presenting in dialogue or pantomime a story involving conflict or contrast of character, esp. one intended to be acted on the stage; a play.

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Comedy

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light and humorous drama with a happy ending

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Tragedy

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drama in which the protagonist is overcome by some superior force or circumstance

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Tragic-Comedy

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A play that combines elements of tragedy and comedy, either by providing a happy ending to a potentially tragic story or by some more complex blending of serious and light moods.

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Playwright

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someone who writes plays

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Novel

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a printed and bound book that is an extended work of fiction

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Prose

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ordinary speech or writing without rhyme or meter; referring to speech or writing other than verse

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Short Story

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a brief narrative; includes tales, fables, parables, and anecdotes

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Allegory

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the device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning.

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Epic

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long poem that tells about legendary or heroic deeds

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Ballad

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a type of poem that is meant to be sung and is both lyric and narrative in nature

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Pastoral

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a literary work idealizing the rural life (especially the life of shepherds)

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Epistle

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a poem or other literary work in the form of a letter or series of letters

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Myth

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A traditional story about gods, ancestors, or heroes, told to explain the natural world or the customs and beliefs of a society.

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Romance

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an extended narrative about improbable events and extraordinary people in exotic places

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Fable

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a short moral story (often with animal characters)

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Poetry

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A kind of rhythmic, compressed language that uses figures of speech and imagery designed to appeal to our emotions and imagination.

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Sonnet

answer

Fourteen-line lyric poem that is usually written in iambic pentameter and that has one of several rhyme schemes.

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Legend

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a narrative handed down from the past, containing historical elements and usually supernatural elements

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Elegy

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a formal poem presenting a meditation on death or another solemn theme

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Lyric

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a brief, personal poem that is especially musical and filled with emotion; sonnets, odes, and elegies are types of lyrics

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Metaphysical Poetry

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refers to the work of poets like John Donne who explore highly complex, philosophical ideas through extended metaphors and paradox

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Anonymous

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Beowulf

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Chinue Achebe

answer

Things Fall Apart - Born a member of the Igbo people in Agidi, Nigeria in 1930 American, British, Nigerian universities

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James Agee

answer

A Death in the Family - an American author, journalist, poet, screenwriter and film critic. In the 1940s, he was one of the most influential film critics in the U.S. His autobiographical novel, A Death in the Family1957), won the author a posthumous Pulitzer Prize.

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Jane Austen

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Pride and Prejudice - English novelist noted for her insightful portrayals of middle-class families (1775-1817)

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James Baldwin

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Go Tell It on the Mountain - United States author who was an outspoken citic of racism (1924-1987)

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Samuel Beckett

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Waiting for Godot - a playwright and novelist (born in Ireland) who lived in France

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Saul Bellow

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The Adventures of Augie March - Perhaps the foremost among the American novelists who came into prominence after WWII, 1976 Nobel Prize winner Bellow is a part of the novelistic mainstream. His books have the rich flavor of his urban Jewish upbringing.

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Charlotte Brontë

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Jane Eyre - 19th C. English writer. Jane Eyre. Victorian.

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Emily Brontë

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Wuthering Heights - English novelist

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Albert Camus

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The Stranger - French writer who portrayed the human condition as isolated in an absurd world (1913-1960)

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Willa Cather

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Death Comes for the Archbishop - United States writer who wrote about frontier life (1873-1947)

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Geoffrey Chaucer

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English poet remembered as author of the Canterbury Tales (1340-1400)

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Anton Chekhov

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The Cherry Orchard - Russian dramatist whose plays are concerned with the difficulty of communication between people (1860-1904)

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Kate Chopin

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The Awakening - United States writer who described Creole life in Louisiana (1851-1904)

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Joseph Conrad

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Heart of Darkness - English novelist (born in Poland) noted for sea stories and for his narrative technique (1857-1924)

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James Fenimore Cooper

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The last of the Mohicans - United States novelist noted for his stories of indians and the frontier life (1789-1851)

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Stephen Crane

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The Red Badge of Courage - American novelist, short story writer, poet, journalist, raised in NY and NJ; style and technique: naturalism, realism, impressionism; themes: ideals v. realities, spiritual crisis, fears

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Dante

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Inferno -, an Italian poet famous for writing the Divine Comedy that describes a journey through hell and purgatory and paradise guided by Virgil and his idealized Beatrice (1265-1321)

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Miguel de Cervantes

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Don Quixote - Spanish writer best remembered for 'Don Quixote' which satirizes chivalry and influenced the development of the novel form (1547-1616)

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Daniel Defoe

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Robinson Crusoe - English writer - father of the English novel (1660-1731)

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Charles Dickens

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A Tale of Two Cities - English writer whose novels depicted and criticized social injustice (1812-1870)

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Fyodor Dostoyevsky

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Crime and Punishment - Russian novelist who wrote of human suffering with humor and psychological insight (1821-1881)

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Frederick Douglass

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Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass - United States abolitionist who escaped from slavery and became an influential writer and lecturer in the North (1817-1895)

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Theodore Dreiser

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An American Tragedy - United States novelist (1871-1945), helped reveal the poor conditions of people living in the slums

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Alexandre Dumas

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The Three Musketeers - French writer remembered for his swashbuckling historical tales (1802-1870)

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George Eliot

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The Mill on the Floss - British writer of novels characterized by realistic analysis of provincial Victorian society (1819-1880)

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Ralph Ellison

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Invisible Man - United States novelist who wrote about a young Black man and his struggles in American society (1914-1994)

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Ralph Waldo Emerson

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Selected Essays - United States writer and leading exponent of transcendentalism (1803-1882)

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William Faulkner

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As I Lay Dying - United States novelist (originally Falkner) who wrote about people in the southern United States (1897-1962)

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William Faulkner

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The Sound and the Fury - United States novelist (originally Falkner) who wrote about people in the southern United States (1897-1962)

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Henry Fielding

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Tom Jones - English novelist and dramatist (1707-1754) a foundling whose scenes and descriptions were very realistic.

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F. Scott Fitzgerald

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The Great Gatsby - Was part of both the jazz age and the lost generation. Wrote books encouraging the flapper culture, and books scorning wealthy people being self-centered.

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Gustave Flaubert

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Madame Bovary - French writer of novels and short stories (1821-1880)

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Ford Madox Ford

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The Good Soldier - English writer and editor (1873-1939)

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Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

answer

Faust - (1749-1832) A German author who wrote near the end of the Aufklärung, the German Enlightenment. Goethe's morose The Sorrows of Young Werther (1774) helped fuel the Sturm und Drang movement, and his two-part Faust (1808, 1832) is seen as one of the landmarks of Western literature

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William Golding

answer

Lord of the Flies - English novelist (1911-1993)

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Thomas Hardy

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Tess of the d'Urbervilles - English novelist and poet (1840-1928)

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Nathaniel Hawthorne

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The Scarlet Letter - United States writer of novels and short stories mostly on moral themes (1804-1864), Originally a transcendentalist; later rejected them and became a leading anti-transcendentalist.

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Joseph Heller

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Catch 22 - United States novelist whose best known work was a black comedy inspired by his experiences in the Air Force during World War II (1923-1999)

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Ernest Hemingway

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A Farewell to Arms - an American writer of fiction who won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1954 (1899-1961) - lost generation writer

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Homer

answer

ancient Greek epic poet who is believed to have written the Iliad and the Odyssey (circa 850 BC)

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Victor Hugo

answer

The Hunchback of Notre Dame - French poet and novelist and dramatist - leader of the romantic movement in France (1802-1885)

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Zora Neale Hurston

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Their Eyes Were Watching God - African American writer and folklore scholar who played a key role in the Harlem Renaissance

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Aldous Huxley

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Brave New World - English writer, grandson of Thomas Huxley who is remembered mainly for his depiction of a scientifically controlled utopia (1894-1963)

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Henrik Ibsen

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A Doll's House - realistic Norwegian author who wrote plays on social and political themes (1828-1906)

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Henry James

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The Portrait of a Lady and The American - writer who was born in the United States but lived in England (1843-1916)

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James Joyce

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A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man - influential Irish writer noted for his many innovations (such as stream of consciousness writing) (1882-1941)

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Franz Kafka

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The Metamorphosis - Czech novelist who wrote in German about a nightmarish world of isolated and troubled individuals (1883-1924)

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Maxine Hong Kingston

answer

The Woman Warrior - Chinese-American author who wrote about the early lives of Chinese immigrants

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Harper Lee

answer

To Kill a Mockingbird -, "To Kill a Mockingbird" 1960 Pulitzer Prize 2007 Presidential Medal of Freedom Born in Alabama, 1926 Assisted Truman Capote with research for "In Cold Blood"

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Sinclair Lewis

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Babbitt - United States novelist who satirized middle-class America in his novel Main Street (1885-1951)

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Jack London

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The Call of the Wild - United States writer of novels based on experiences in the Klondike gold rush (1876-1916)

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Thomas Mann

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The Magic Mountain - German writer concerned about the role of the artist in bourgeois society (1875-1955)

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Gabriel García Marquez

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One Hundred Years of Solitude - a Latin American writer rejecting traditional form as unsuitable for representing reality; turned to "magical realism."

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Herman Melville

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Bartleby the Scrivener and Moby Dick - United States writer of novels and short stories (1819-1891)

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Arthur Miller

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The Crucible - United States playwright (born 1915) wrote about the Salem Witch trials

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Toni Morrison

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Beloved - United States writer whose novels describe the lives of African-Americans (born in 1931)

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Flannery O'Connor

answer

A Good Man is Hard to Find - creator of stories reflecting the Southern Gothic style. Southern Gothic focuses on strange events, eccentric characters and local color. People, places and events appear to be normal at first glance, but turn out to be strange, even horrific. Creates stories grounded in reality but disquieting and disturbing.

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Eugene O'Neill

answer

Long Day's Journey into Night - Playwright who won 4 Pulitzer Prizes for his tragic live-like dramas

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George Orwell

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Animal Farm - imaginative British writer concerned with social justice (1903-1950)

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Boris Pasternak

answer

Doctor Zhivago - Russian writer whose best known novel was banned by Soviet authorities but translated and published abroad (1890-1960)

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Sylvia Plath

answer

The Bell Jar - United States writer and poet (1932-1963)

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Edgar Allen Poe

answer

Selected Tales - (1809-1849). Orphaned at young age. Was an American poet, short-story writer, editor and literary critic, and is considered part of the American Romantic Movement. Best known for his tales of mystery and the macabre. Failing at suicide, began drinking. Died in Baltimore shortly after being found drunk in a gutter.

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Marcel Proust

answer

Swann's Way - French novelist (1871-1922), 20th century French author; wrote semi-autobiographical Remembrance of things Past, which recalls bittersweet memories of childhood and youthful love and tries to discover their innermost meaning; lived like a hermit in a soundproof apartment for ten years, withdrawing form the present to live in the past.

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Thomas Pynchon

answer

The Crying of Lot 49 - United States writer of pessimistic novels about life in a technologically advanced society (born in 1937)

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Enrich Maria Remarque

answer

All Quiet on the Western Front - German author who wrote about his young trenchmen

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Edmond Rostand

answer

Cyrano de Bergerac - French dramatist and poet (1868-1918)

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Henry Roth

answer

Call It Sleep - 1934 novel. The book centers on the experiences of a young boy growing up in the Jewish immigrant ghetto of New York's Lower East Side in the early twentieth century. David Schearl, mother Genya, father Albert

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JD Salinger

answer

The Catcher in the Rye - uses framed narration

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William Shakespeare

answer

Hamlet, Macbeth, A Midsummer Night's Dream, Romeo and Juliet - English poet and dramatist considered one of the greatest English writers (1564-1616)

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George Bernard Shaw

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Pygmalion -, (1856-1950) Born in Dublin, worked in London. Freethinker, feminist, socialist, vegetarian writer of more than 50 plays that focus on the conflict between thought and belief.

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Mary Shelley

answer

Frankenstein - English writer who created Frankenstein's monster and married Percy Bysshe Shelley (1797-1851)

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Leslie Marmon Silko

answer

Ceremony - Laguna Pueblo poet and novelist. Key figure in the First Wave of the Native American Renaissance. Original recipient of the MacArthur Foundation Grant.

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Alexander Solzhenitsyn

answer

One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich - Russian writer expelled from Russia for describing the horrors of labor camps

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Sophocles

answer

Antigone, Oedipus Rex - one of the great tragedians of ancient Greece (496-406 BC)

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John Steinbeck

answer

The Grapes of Wrath - United States writer noted for his novels about agricultural workers (1902-1968)

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Robert Louis Stevenson

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Treasure Island - Scottish author (1850-1894)

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Harriet Beecher Stowe

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Uncle Tom's Cabin - United States writer of a novel about slavery that advanced the abolitionists' cause (1811-1896)

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Jonathan Swift

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Gulliver's Travels - an English satirist born in Ireland (1667-1745)

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William Thackeray

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Vanity Fair - Writer of Britain's prototypical Realist novel, he deliberately flouted the Romantic conventions.

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Henry David Thoreau

answer

Walden - American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. He wrote down his beliefs in Walden. He started the movement of civil-disobedience when he refused to pay the toll-tax to support him Mexican War. (1817-1862)

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Leo Tolstoy

answer

War and Peace - Russian author remembered for two great novels (1828-1910)

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Ivan Turgenev

answer

Fathers and Sons - Russian writer of stories and novels and plays (1818-1883)

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Mark Twain

answer

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn - United States writer and humorist best known for his novels about Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn (1835-1910)

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Voltaire

answer

Candide - French writer who was the embodiment of 18th century Enlightenment (1694-1778)

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Kurt Vonnegut Jr

answer

Slaughterhouse Five - (November 11, 1922 - April 11, 2007) one of the most influential American writers of the 20th century.. blending satire, black comedy, and science fiction. He was known for his humanist beliefs and was honorary president of the American Humanist Association.

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Alice Walker

answer

The Color Purple - United States writer (born in 1944), Pulitzer prize winner

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Edith Wharton

answer

The House of Mirth - United States novelist (1862-1937), won the Pulitzer Prize for the novel the age of innocence

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Eudora Welty

answer

Collected Stories - , United States writer about rural Southern life (1909-2001)

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Walt Whitman

answer

Leaves of Grass - American poet and transcendentalist who was famous for his beliefs on nature, as demonstrated in his book, Leaves of Grass. He was therefore an important part for the buildup of American literature and breaking the traditional rhyme method in writing poetry.

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Oscar Wilde

answer

The Picture of Dorian Gray - Irish writer and wit (1854-1900)

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Tennessee Williams

answer

The Glass Menagerie - United States playwright (1911-1983), homosexual, one of the most filmed playwrights

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Virginia Woolf

answer

To the Lighthouse - English author whose work used such techniques as stream of consciousness and the interior monologue. prominent member of the Bloomsbury Group (1882-1941)

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Richard Wright

answer

Native Son - United States writer whose work is concerned with the oppression of African Americans (1908-1960)

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Colonial Period

answer

(1630-1776). Examples: Williams and Hooker's Bay Psalm Book, Franklin's Poor Richard's Almanack, Bradstreet's The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America, and Edwards' The Freedom of the Will., from the founding of the colonies to the American Revolution, this period was at the very beginning of America and made way for the rest of the countries literature. founding of J tawn- stamp act diaries, letters, religious documents. Enlightenment happens in GB

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Revolutionary Period

answer

(1760-1787). Examples: The Declaration of Independence; Jefferson's Summary View of the Rights of British America; Freneau's The British Prison Ship, "The Wild Honeysuckle," and "The Indian Burying Ground"; Tyler's The Contrast (the first comedy performed in early American theater); and Brown's The Power of Sympathy (the first American novel)

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Civil War

answer

The period of warfare between the Confederate States of America (1861-1865) and the United States over the issues of states' rights and slavery.

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Romantic Period

answer

the era from 1790-1850 characterized by art and literature that presented unrealistic situations and highly idealized subjects and characters; most of Cooper's stories or works by Walter Scott, , Keats, Perch Bysshe Shelley, Mary Shelley, Samuel Coleridge, William Wordsworth

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Twentieth Century

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1900-2000 Thomas Hardy Wilfred Owen WIlliam Butler Yeats "Easter 1916" "The Second Coming" Virginia Woolf "A Room of One's Own" "Mrs. Dalloway" James Joyce "Dubliners" "Uluses" Araby" "Finnengan's" T.S. Elliot "The Lovesong of J. Alfred Prufrock" "The Waste Land" "The Hollow Men" George Orwell "1984" "Animal Farm" Dylan Thomas"Do Not Go Gentle Into that Good Night" W.H. Auden" The Shield of Achillies", a turn toward free verse, eschewing strict metrical, rhythmic and rhyming patterns.

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Modern Era

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1900-1965. Experimentation and individualism are virtues, TS Elliot, artists begin to define between High and Low art

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Realism

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A 19th century artistic movement in which writers and painters sought to show life as it is rather than life as it should be

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American Drama

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Eugene O'Neill, Arthur Miller, Tennessee Williams Edward Albee, , Appeared in the early 18th century in such cities as Boston, New York, Charleston, South Carolina though no drama was written till about the middle of the century. American plays are dependent of English originals and models.

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American Novel

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type of literature which displayed American's feeling of limitless frontiers-coincided with westward expansion, growth of the nationalist spirit, and rapid spread of the cities, Sinclair, Fitzgerald, Hemmingway, Faulkner, Maya Angelo, Langston Huges, Rita Dove, Robert Frost.

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American Fiction

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Eudora Welty-The Optimist's Daughter, John Updike-Rabbit Run and Rabit Redux, Sinclair Lewis-Babbitt and Elmer Gantry, F.Scott Fitzgerald- The Great Gatsby, Tender is the Night, Ernest Hemingway- A Farewell to Arms, The Sun Also Rises, The Old Man and the Sea, William Faulkner- As I Lay Dying, The Sound and the Fury, Bernard Malamud-The Fixer and The Natural, , Emerged in 1920's - Age of Prohibition, Gangster violence and Post-WWI disillusionment; Pulp magazines such as Black Mask were filled with crime stories, marketed to men; Between 1920 and 1950, over 175 different magazines were published; In the late 1920's, Hollywood began hiring writers in the genre to write movie scripts; In 1930, detective radio shows went on air

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American Poetry

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it was the highest form on imagination, Multifacited. Authors include: Edna St. Vincent Millay, Marianne Moore, Richard Wilbur, Langston Hughes, Maya Angelou, Rita Dove and Robert Frost. walt whitman

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Native American Literature

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type of literature that emphasizes humans' relationship with the world around them, viewed mainly as folklore; often poetic and moving; tribal language can be found, Oral, Focused on traditions, collective memory, Focused on major themes - good/evil, beginning of the world, hunting, Very dramatic, Symbolic, Written many years later, in translation

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African American Literature

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Afro-American or Black Literature. Interest in this work has come about because of the growing recognition of African Americans as a significant part of American culture, and the development of impressive scope and quality. It began in the 18th century wth the poetry of Jupiter Hammon and Phillis Wheatley. It is marked by slave narratives, the most famous by Fredrick Douglass. William Wells Brown published the first novel by an African American, Clotel, or, The President's Daughter,

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Latino/a Literature

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write to retain cultural heritage, share their people's struggle for recognition/independence/survival/hopes for future De Cervantes (Starfish) Cisneros (Hispanic-House on Mango Street) Marquez (Colombian Hundred Years of Solitude) Nunoz (Spanish Programas Para Dias Especiales) Neruda (Chile Nobel Prize-Poetry) Silko (Mexican The Time We Climbed Snake Mountain) Soto (Mexican The Tales of Sunlight)

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Old English Period

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(450-1066 AD). Example: Beowulf., The period between the invasion of England by the Teutonic tribes of Angles, Saxons, and Jutes, beginning around 428, and the establishment of Norman rule around 1100, following the triumphant Conquest by the Norman French under William the Conqueror.

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Medieval Period

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Span of history extending roughly from the year 500 to about 1400; also known as the middle ages; usually divided into two important sub periods, Topics:Anglo Saxon, Good/Evil, Christian/Pagan, Oral Poetry

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Renaissance and Elizabethan

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imports the idea of Petrarchan or Italian sonnet into English. Spenserian sonnet is invented, and an alexandrine, Shakespeare.

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Seventeenth Century

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1625-1660, Period of revolutionary transformetion. Witnessed agricultural and manufacturing crises that had profound political consequences. John Donne Sir Francis Bacon Ben Jonson Andrew Marvell James I Charles II

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Eighteenth Century

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rise of the middle class, enlightenment, agricultural revolution, Voltaire, Rousseau, US Constitution, French Revolution, Maria Theresa, Uprising, Kuruc, Polyphonic Choral music.

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Victorian Period

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An English movement starting in 1837, when Queen Victoria was crowned, and ending in 1901, when she died. This period was marked by prose fiction and non-fiction, with common themes of loss and wistfulness. Realism and its forms were part of this era.

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Twentieth Century

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1900-2000, Thomas Hardy Wilfred Owen WIlliam Butler Yeats "Easter 1916" "The Second Coming" Virginia Woolf "A Room of One's Own" "Mrs. Dalloway" James Joyce "Dubliners" "Uluses" Araby" "Finnengan's" T.S. Elliot "The Lovesong of J. Alfred Prufrock" "The Waste Land" "The Hollow Men" George Orwell "1984" "Animal Farm" Dylan Thomas"Do Not Go Gentle Into that Good Night" W.H. Auden" The Shield of Achillies"

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Caribbean Literature

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diverse cultures that reflect oppression. colonized and conquered. Samuel Selvon, Armando V. Cuban, Carlos Solorzano: playright

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Russian Literature

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Field marked by many excellent authors who spoke out on the human condition in Russia, such as: Dostoyevsky, who chronicled human suffering in his novels; Tolstoy, who denounced warfare; Chekhov, who wrote pessimistic plays reflecting the attitudes of the russian people; and most recently, Solzhenitsyn, who documented his horrific experiences in a Stalinist labor camp

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European Literature

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Germany: Fredrick VonSchiller William Tell and the Maid of Orleans, Rainer Maria Wilk: Lyric poet, Herman Hessey, Gunter Grass. France: Guy DeMaupassat: short stories, Charles Baudelaire, Albert Camus: The Stranger, Victor Hugo: Les Mis., Samuel Beckett. Spain: Don Quiote, Juan Ramon Jinenez. Italy: Virgil Geovonni Boccaccio, Donte Aligherie, Alberto Morvio.

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Ancient Greece

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Rise of city, states. Ran by citizens. Direct democracy Sparta- government that was militarian Greeks very big into the arts. Greek architecture is in existence today. Greek philosophers try to answer life's big question.

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Ancient Rome

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Julius Ceaser first politician to publish a book.(Commentaries) Rallied public support for wars. Creel Committee did the same in WW1

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Colonial Literature

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Mostly religious or political work Popular authors: Cotton Mather, Jonathan Edwards, Thomas Paine, James Otis, John Dickinson, Thomas Jefferson, Ben Franklin, Phyllis Wheatley

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Post Colonial Literature

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Literature written by authors in different colonies. Literary critique that has a colonial or racist undertone. Often involves writings that deal with issues of de-colonization or the political and cultural independence of people formerly subjugated to colonial rule.

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African Literature

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Pre-Civil War (Douglas, Stowe), Post-Civil War and Reconstruction (Armstrong), Post Civil War-Present (Angelou, Haley, Hughes); themes - oppression, slavery, experiences post Civil War

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Syntax

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the grammatical arrangement of words in sentences

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Simple Sentence

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a sentence having no coordinate clauses or subordinate clauses

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Compound Sentence

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a sentence composed of at least two coordinate independent clauses

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Complex Sentence

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a sentence composed of at least one main clause and one subordinate clause

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Compound/Complex Sentence

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at least one dependent clause and two or more independent clauses

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Subject/Verb Agreement

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subject stays the same; verb must be singular or plural to match the subject

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Run-On Sentence

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made up of two or more sentences that are incorrectly run together as a single sentence

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Fused Sentence

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a run-on sentence without any punctuation

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Comma Splices

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sentences incorrectly written as if they were one sentense; seperated by a comma

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Pronoun Antecedent Agreement

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agreement in number and case between a pronoun and its antecedent. Ex. Mary and Susie saw their cousins over the holiday. The pronoun "their" is plural. It agrees with the nouns "Mary and Susie."

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Fragments

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an incomplete sentence

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Faulty Predication

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the error that results when subject and verb do not go together logically. WRONG: The DECREASE in stolen cars HAS DIMINISHED in the past year. RIGHT: The NUMBER of stolen cars HAS DECREASED in the past year.

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Parts of Speech

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adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions, interjections, nouns, pronouns, prepositions, verbs

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Adjective

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the word class that qualifies nouns

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Adverb

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the word class that qualifies verbs or clauses

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Conjunctions

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words used to join words, phrases, or clauses

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Interjunctions

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a word or phrase used to express emotion or surprise EX: wow, yikes, Oh No!

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Noun

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a word that can serve as the subject or object of a verb

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Pronoun

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a function word that is used in place of a noun or noun phrase

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Preposition

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a function word that combines with a noun or pronoun or noun phrase to form a prepositional phrase that can have an adverbial or adjectival relation to some other word

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Verb

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a content word that denotes an action or a state

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Common Noun

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a noun that denotes any or all members of a class

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Proper Noun

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a noun that denotes a particular thing

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Concrete Noun

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A thing that can be seen, heard, smelled, touched, or tasted

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Abstract Noun

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names an idea, a feeling, a quality, or a characteristic

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Collective Noun

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a noun that is singular in form but refers to a group of people or things

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Conjunction

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the state of being joined together

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Modifier

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a content word that qualifies the meaning of a noun or verb

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Transitive Verb

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action verb followed by a noun or pronoun that receives the action; example: I KNOW the story.

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Intransitive Verb

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a verb (or verb construction) that does not take an object

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Linking Verb

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an equating verb (such as 'be' or 'become') that links the subject with the complement of a sentence

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Auxiliary Verb

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Combines with another verb to help form tense (to have, to be, to do, will, shall, would, should, can, may, might, could)

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Present Tense

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verb that tells something that is happening now; example: Dena LAUGHS at the jokes.

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Past Tense

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verb that tells something that happened in the past; example: Dena LAUGHED at the jokes.

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Future Tense

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tells that something will happen in the future; uses WILL with the verb; example: Dena WILL LAUGH at the jokes.

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Present Perfect Tense

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a perfective tense used to express action completed in the present "'I have finished'

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Past Perfect Tense

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a perfective tense used to express action completed in the past "'I had finished' is an example of the past perfect"

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Future Perfect Tense

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a perfective tense used to describe action that will be completed in the future, "'I will have finished"

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verbal

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expressed in spoken words, "verbal adjectives like 'running' in 'hot and cold running water'"

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Infinitive

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a form of a verb that generally appears with the word 'to' and acts as a noun, adjective, or adverb

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Participles

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Verbal that ends with -ing or -ed and serves as an adjective

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Gerunds

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a type of verbal that are verb imposters like participles but act as nouns (commonly have -ing included)

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Pronoun Case

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nominative, objective, possessive, This is the form of a pronoun which changes to show the relationship to other words in the sentence.

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Nominative Pronoun

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Used as the subject of a sentence or as a predicate pronoun after a linking verb (I, you, he, she, it)

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Objective Pronoun

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used when pronoun is the receiver of the action

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Possessive Pronoun

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a pronoun that shows ownership

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Phrases

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groups of words that act as a unit and convey a meaning

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Clauses

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groups of words containing a subject and predicate and functioning as a member of a complex or compound sentence

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Effective Sentences

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Effective sentences are clear and concise. In addition, effective sentences employ imagery, precise language, and rhythm. Ineffective sentences often contain one or more of the following problems: •Unnatural language, such as cliches or jargon •Nonstandard language or unparallel construction •Errors such as pronoun referent problems •Short, stilted sentences; run-on sentences; or sentence fragments

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comma

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a punctuation mark used to indicate the separation of elements within the grammatical structure of a sentence

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period

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a punctuation mark placed at the end of a declarative sentence to indicate a full stop or after abbreviations

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question mark

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a punctuation mark placed at the end of a sentence to indicate a question

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semicolon

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a punctuation mark used to connect independent clauses

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exclamation point

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a punctuation mark used after an exclamation

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Apostrophe

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the mark (') used to indicate the omission of one or more letters from a printed word

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Colon

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a punctuation mark (:) used after a word introducing a series or an example or an explanation (or after the salutation of a business letter)

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Quotation Marks

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These are used to enclose titles of chapters, articles, short poems or stories, song and essays

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Dash

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a punctuation mark (-) used between parts of a compound word or between the syllables of a word when the word is divided at the end of a line of text

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Parenthesis

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either of two punctuation marks used to enclose textual material

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Brackets

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Marks used within quotations to distinguish between the quoter's own words and those of the writer being quoted.

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Hyphen

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a punctuation mark (-) used between parts of a compound word or between the syllables of a word when the word is divided at the end of a line of text

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Capitalization Rules

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capitalize all proper names of persons (including specific organizations or agencies of government) places (countries, states, cities, parks, and specific geographical areas), things (politcal parties, sturctures, historical and cultural terms, and calendar and time designations) and religious terms (dieties, revered persons or groups, and sacred writings)

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Restrictive Clause

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a clause that introduces info essential to the sentence and is not set off by commas (can use "that" or "which")

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Nonrestrictive Clause

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a subordinate clause that does not limit or restrict the meaning of the noun phrase it modifies

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