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The answer is clearly stated in the text.

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A Literal Question

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Characterized by its roots in African American spirituals and jazz. Associated with the American urban experience.

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Harlem Renaissance Poetry

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Wrote: Life on the Mississippi. Once condemned for bad grammar, delinquent mail character, and critical view of organized religion, today Huck Fin is controversial for its racial slurs and what some consider demeaning images of African Americans.

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Mark Twain

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SHOWS rather than TELLS who a character is. Five methods: the character's thoughts, words, actions, or appearance, and the opinion of other characters.

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Indirect Characterization

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The explicit description of a character. Words such as: honest, timid, strong, loving, etc. that TELL us about the character.

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Direct Characterization

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When the opposite of what we expect to happen actually happens.

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Situational Irony

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When the audience or reader knows something that the characters do not know.

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Dramatic Irony

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Build from a conclusion to a larger premise

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Inductive Argument

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Build from accepted truths to specific conclusions. The conclusion logically follows the premises.

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Rhetorical Argument (Deductive Reasoning)

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consists of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion

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Syllogism

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A long narrative poem on a serious subject told in a formal and/or elevated style centering on a heroic figure. An epic is in a forma style, not an ordinary speaking voice. An epic is not depressing, but is about heroes and mythical figures.

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Epic Poem

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literary use of distinctive characteristics and/or idiosyncrasies of a particular locality and/or its inhabitants. Think Huck Fin.

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Regional Writing (aka Local Color)

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language that appeals to the senses and paints a picture in the reader's mind

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Imagery

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two consecutive rhyming lines

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couplet

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putting together or arranging elements to make a whole pattern or product

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synthesis

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first-hand information: personal correspondence, interviews, etc.

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primary sources

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the attribution of human characteristics to inanimate objects, plants, or animals

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Personification

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an exaggeration: I spent a million hours on my report!

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hyperbole

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a short, concise poem that deals with a single thought or event and ends with a "twist" or an ingenious turn of thought

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epigram

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rhyme within a given line of poetry

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internal rhyme

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a stylistic device that gives a hint of what is to come

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foreshadowing

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involves the understanding that people use language differently in different contexts

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the pragmatic (or practical) cueing system involves...

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Using the knowledge of matching written symbols with their sounds, or grapheme-phoneme relation. Limitations: Can only be used effectively for words in which the letter patterns are known to the reader, and the reader must also know how to analyze an unknown word.

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what does phonological cueing involve?

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Using the reader's grammatical knowledge of spoken and written language to figure out the significance of an unknown word in a text. Using the meaning of the text and the context. Not the structure of the language. Syntactic cueing does not refer to the social and cultural aspects of the writing.

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What Does Syntactic Cueing involve?

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Semantic cueing involves using the meaning of the text and the context to figure out an unknown word. Semantic Cues include: genre of the selection; the illustrations; reader's knowledge of topic selected; and context of written words.

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What is Semantic Cueing?

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Don't show the film version before you read the text! Teachers should provide context for the students and help with archaic language. Graphic organizers help students keep track of characters and complicated plot lines.

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Reading Challenging Text

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knowledge of syntax and the structure of language are essential critical reading skills. But knowledge of specific grammatical terms are not shown to be important in critical reading.

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characteristics of strong readers

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Language acquisition is an innate, developmental process. However, nurture may affect the process. Therefore early intervention is an effective approach to mitigating language deficits caused by innate or environmental factors.

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What is language acquisition according to Noam Chomsky and Jean Piaget?

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to present a point of and promote evidence, which may be factual or anecdotal, and to support the argument. The structure is usually very formal, as in debate, with counter-positions and counterarguments.

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What is the purpose of the argumentative essay?

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An analytical essay shows how something works or what it is (e.g. a story, a disease, and engine) by breaking it down into its component parts

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Analytical Essay

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tells a story and has a discernible plot and characters

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Narrative

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describes something

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Descriptive Essay

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enables the teacher and the student to observe certain things as they write and asses the composition

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A Rubric

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used to explain what students do in classrooms and to indicate some of their capabilities

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Observation

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Most common Five iambs per line iamb = unstressed, stressed syllables

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Iambic Pentameter

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Make a command, utilizing 'you' as the understood subject. "Up and help us". This sentence doesn't say "you, up and help us", but that is the understood meaning. These sentences are a call to action.

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Imperative Sentences

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A portfolio is a purposeful collection of work that exhibits efforts, progress, and achievement of students and enables teachers to document teaching in an authentic setting.

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What is a Portfolio?

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the student's current reading level. For reading instruction to be effective, it is important that reading materials not be too far above or below a student's reading level.

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Lexile Range Indicates...

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Individual goals for a student should be a cooperative effort of teacher and student.

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How should individual goals be set for a student?

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A story in which characters, settings, and events stand for other people or events or for abstract ideas and qualities. "The Pilgrim's Progress" chronicles the character Pilgrim's journey to the Celestial City, an ALLEGORY for man's journey to salvation. "Animal Farm" is an allegorical expression of the Russian Revolution.

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Allegorical Novels

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the speaker says one thing, but means another.

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Verbal Irony

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"The" is a type of adjective called a DEFINITE ARTICLE

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THE

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"A" is an indefinite article

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A

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"An" is an indefinite article

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AN

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"With" is a preposition

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WITH

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"And" is a conjunction

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AND

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where two words are combined to form a new one. If the new word becomes an adjective, then we have a compound adjective, like: redheaded.

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Compound Adjective

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repetition of similarly constructed phrases, clauses, or sentences. Parallelism or parallel construction is the repetition of identical grammatical elements in a sentence: ... rummaging...dumping...knocking.

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Parallel Structure

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Comparison using like or as

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Simile

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characters that represent opposite traits or ideas for the purpose of highlighting an important theme of work. Tom the cruel realist, and Gatsby, the romantic dreamer are examples. Both Jim and Pap are father figures to Huck, but Jim is caring and protective while Pap, who is Huck's real father, is cruel and abandons him.

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Foils

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character who opposes the protagonist. for example, Huck is opposed by his alcoholic father, but he is also opposed by a society that does not approve of him

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Antagonist

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the character who takes the lead, drives the action in a work of fiction or drama. This would be Huck.

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Protagonist

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a short narrative of an interesting, amusing, or biographical incident that serves to elucidate a point or idea

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Anecdote

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generalizations about groups of people based on one example

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stereotypes

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A occurs before B; therefore A causes B

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post hoc

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an argument that does not logically follow the statement before

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non sequitur

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a legitimate and effective tool in establishing a comprehensive argument

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paraphrasing

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An effective persuasive argument includes a full recognition and clear analysis of the counterargument showing its strengths and weaknesses. It doesn't necessarily need to include an explanation of your personal feelings or emotions.

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Persuasive Argument

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language characteristics of a particular region or group of people. Like Mark Twain's The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn--southern dialect. Twain mimics the diction and syntax of a semi-literate boy from a small town in Missouri. This is the same thing as Local Color

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Dialect

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refers to abstract ides or concepts such as love, courage, and honesty

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Abstract Language

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This is the planning phase. Everything a writer does before creating the first draft is a part of this phase. A great deal of thinking happens here. Think about a topic (brainstorm, talk, jot down ideas, make a list) Freewriting Delimiting a Topic Organize info in an organizational format purpose Pick your audience Choose your point of view Research and Documentation Techniques Last steps of prewriting

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Prewriting

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the true telling of a person's life. Written by someone other than the subject

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Biography

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Associated with African American writers in the 1920s and 1930s. Big names: Hughes and Cullen These writers took cues from African American forms of expression including jazz and spirituals

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The Harlem Renaissance

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adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. They answer the questions: when, where, how and to what degree?

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Adverbs

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to introduce lists to clarify and expand upon the first clause

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colon use

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breaks a subject into its component parts

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An analysis

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Makes a strong statement at the beginning of the sentence and then further supports, clarifies, expands upon, or describes that statement in the longer rest of the sentence.

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Cumulative Sentence

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Has the bulk of words at the beginning leading to the most important part of the sentence at the end.

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A Periodic Sentence

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a direct object is a noun or a pronoun that follows a transitive verb and answers the question who or what.

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Direct Object

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introduce dependent clauses, not complete sentences or independent clauses. Examples: -Time: after, while, before -Place: where -Cause: since, because -Condition: unless, if -Contrast or Concession: despite, although

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Transition Words

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a dictionary

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Lexicon

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words that sound like what they mean. buzz, hiss, whoosh, ding-dong, snap, crackle, pop

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Onomatopoeia

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the intentional repetition of words The Bible is filled with this figure of speech: "Blessed are the..."

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Anaphora

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An inconsistent comparison. Example: She was stretched so far she was almost completely buried. Here we have two separate metaphors (stretched and buried) that are competing.

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Mixed Metaphor

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a play on multiple meanings of a word or homonyms cleverly used for an often humorous effect

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Pun

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short phrase constructions that present a paradox. Words that have opposite connotations, or meanings

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Oxymoron

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Increase the amount of time the student spends on repetition and review.

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Students with Difficulty Retaining Information

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If tow or more independent clauses are run together without a conjunction or proper punctuation (semi-colon), it is a run-on sentence. Comma-splices are common run-on sentences. Here, two or more independent clauses are joined by a comma. The comma typically needs to be changed into a semi-colon.

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Run-On Sentence

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A sentence that does not have a complete independent clause

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Fragmented Sentence

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One's mother tongue is one's indigenous, or native, language, or the first language one leans to speak.

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Mother Tongue

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Whether students are learning a single language or multiple languages, the language acquisition program in which they are engaged must challenge them both academically and linguistically.

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Language Acquisition Program

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slant line is a close but inexact rhyme

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Slant Line

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occurs at the end of lines

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End Rhyme

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everyday speech

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Colloquial Language

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An indirect reference to a previous source. Like if someone says, "you're no Don Juan". The Allusion is Don Juan--a prior written source being made reference to.

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Allusion

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no longer in common usage, so difficult for today's student's to understand

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Archaic Words

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two unstressed syllables followed by a stressed one.

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Anapest

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three syllables, stressed followed by two unstressed

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Dactylic Foot

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syllables are stressed, unstressed

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Trochaic

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Five pairs of unstressed, stressed syllables

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Iambic Pentameter

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The Prologue is an example of a Shakespearean sonnet. it is 14 lines of iambic pentameter. the rhyme scheme is ABAB CDCD EFEF GG. The last two lines are often called the rhyming couplet

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The Prologue

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Subordinators make a clause or phrase dependent rather than independent. Subordinators introduce embedded clauses in order to reduce ambiguity and increase continuity. "We were shocked that Gillian hit the home run" The subordinator is "that"

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Subordinators

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Active--occurs when the subject performs the action: Jeanette "placed" In passive voice sentences, the subject is being acted upon: The car "was parked"

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Active versus Passive Voice Sentences

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Comparing the best and the worst of times and using the phrase "dead, to begin with" suggest that such would not always be the case are examples of Dickins use of contrasts

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Charles Dickens use of Contrasts

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it all started with the arrival of three invading Germanic tribes during the 5th century CE. These tribes, the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes, crossed the North Sea from what today is Denmark and Northern Germany into England. Although, at that time, the Brits spoke a Celtic language, English is a member of the Germanic family of languages. Germanic is a branch of the Indo-European language family.

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History of English Language

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the repetition of vowel sounds (Assonance begins with a vowel--think vowel sounds)

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Assonance

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the antecedent of a pronoun is the word that is being replaced. Gillian got up. She was hungry. Here, "she" is replacing "Gillian" so Gillian is the antecedent to the pronoun "she"

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Antecedent of a pronoun

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the repetition of initial consonant sounds

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Alliteration

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poetry without set rhyme and meter. a type of poetry that transcends traditional rhythm and rhyme schemes

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Free Verse

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draws a comparison to show how two things are alike, often with the purpose of instruction

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Analogy

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The American Library Association (ALA) presents this award to a picture book

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Caldecott Award

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literary award that the American Library Association (ALA) present yearly

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Newberry Medal

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rhyme can refer to corresponding sounds, to rhyme schemes, and/or to the metrical order; rhyme is not a group of lines

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rhyme

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a group of lines in a poem there is often a metrical order and a repeated rhyme don't confuse with verse

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Stanza

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(read between the lines) A figure of speech in which one thing is likened to some wholly different thing: "that leacherous man is a wolf" An abstract comparison between two things: "And she steal love's sweet bait from fearful hooks" Whose literal meaning is unrelated to the thing being described.

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Metaphor

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a character's conflict with the outside world.

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External Conflict

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the events of the plot, the bulk of the story

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The Rising Action Or Complications

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The perspective of the narration

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Point of View

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occurs within the character

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Internal Conflict

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Basic Situation Occurs at the beginning of the story where the characters, settings, and conflicts are introduced. Sets the groundwork for a work of fiction or a drama

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Exposition

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the high point of the work, where the main conflict will be decided one way or another.

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climax

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the end of the plot where the plot, where the conflicts will be resolved, or perhaps left unresolved or ambiguous, leaving an opening for a sequel.

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Resolution

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use this technique to reveal topics for writing assignments Focused Freewriting: each student focuses on an idea, word or phrase and then writes everything possible about the focus topic that comes to mind within a given time limit. Continue to write for the entire time. Save product in writing folder for future development.

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Freewriting

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Common literary elements include: plot, characters, climax, theme, mood, resolution and setting.

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Literary Elements

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the who in the story. Can be an object like the tea pot in The Beauty and the Beast or a human like Harry Potter

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character

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the main character of the story. Not always a good guy

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Protagonist

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the character that helps the Protagonist solve the conflict by opposing that character

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Antagonist

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WHEN and WHERE the story takes place

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Setting

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The events that make a story. You will have rising events that lead to the climax and falling events that lead to the resolution. So it goes... EXPOSITION ... RISING ACTION...CLIMAX...FALLING ACTION...RESOLUTION

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Plot

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The problem in the story. Types of conflict: man v self man v nature man v society man v man

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Conflict

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the lesson or moral from the story. what can I take away from the story?

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theme

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The Person that is telling the story... First Person: Narrator is personally participating in the story as it unfold (I, me, my we, and us) Second Person: Someone who participated is telling you the story (you) Third Person: A narrator telling a story they had nothing to do with. (he, she, it, they) Omniscient: Narrator tells feelings, etc. of all characters. Limited Omniscient: Narrator shares the feelings, thoughts of one character only Camera View/Objective View: Don't know thoughts, etc. can only tell what you objectively see happening

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Point of View

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Necessary in order to have a readable selection. Icing on the cake! All devices are not in each story Examples of devices: simile, rhythm, repetition, or alliteration

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Literary Devices

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words with the same sounds (cat and hat)

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rhyme

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the cadence or beat of the piece--its music. :)

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rhythm

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shows where something is in time or place At--a specific location On--on a surface In--inside So, I am in a house at 25564 on Arthur Place.

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Prepositions

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-separate two closely related independent clauses -to separate a list where there are commas

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Semicolon

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The teacher needs to model topic selection and the process of delimiting the topic. Students should do exercises in delimiting topics. Eventually, the will be able to delimit their own topic. To help in the delimiting process, advise students: limit subject to one person or one example, limit to a specific time or place, specific event, condition, purpose or procedure. If students can't delimit a topic, then they may end up with a topic too broad to cover within the time and or page constraints.

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Delimiting a Topic

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consider what the purpose of the finished piece will be -explain or inform -to persuade -to express personal thoughts, feelings or opinions -to describe Sometimes writers combine two or more of these

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Purpose

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strategies to help students to organize their thoughts during the prewriting phase: -making lists -sematic (context cues) webbing -drawing/sketching -discussion (brainstorming) Teachers should remind students to engage in one of these activities before starting any writing activity because kids want to skip this step usually. This step increases likelihood that their writing will be organized.

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Organizing Thoughts

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varies among disciplines What counts as a good lab report differs from what constitutes a successful history paper, essay exam, or literary interpretation.

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Characteristics of Good Writing

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1) Prewriting 2) Drafting 3) Revising 4) Editing and Evaluation 5) Rewriting -- The Final Rewrite 6) Publishing

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Stages of Writing

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1) Establish a time frame 2) Choose a topic, and start developing a thesis statement 3) consult resources 4) Record the bibliography info in correct style

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Research Techniques-- Stage of Writing

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Two main styles: 1) MLA (Modern Language Association) -Style most frequently used -example: Johnson, Owen. Stover at Yale. New York: Frederick A. Stokes, 1912 -example when citing in body of work: (Author)_____ (pg) 2) APA (American Psychological Association) - example: Johnson, O. (1912). Stover at Yale. New York: Frederick A. Stokes. (NOTE that "Stover at Yale" is italized) - example when citing in body of work: (author, pg)

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Documentation Techniques--Stage of Writing

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-develop the final outline -organize the note cards in the same order as the outline -write the rough draft -check the documentation carefully -revise -rewrite-check all parts (text, citations, bibliography) -proof read

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Last Steps of the Prewriting Stage

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what is the audience you intend to reach? Ask: -who will be reading my work? -How old are they? -are they adults, teenagers or children? -What background do they have in the subject? -What interests and opinions are they likely to have? -Are there words I should define for them?

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Audience

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This group may be a difficult one for a writer or speaker to address: -Most demanding audience in terms of knowledge, presentation, and graphics or visuals. -Experts are often theorists or practitioners. -Document formats are often elaborate and technical -Style and Vocab may be specialized or technical

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Audience-- EXPERTS

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These individuals may have more information than the lay audience, but they need particulars to make an informed decision.

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Audience-- MANAGERIAL

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Expects or needs background information and more description They may benefit from graphics or visuals They may connect with the human interest aspect of the article.

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Audience--UNTRAINED OR LAY

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You learn to write by writing. Writing Across The Curriculum (WAC) is a project that builds writing into all levels of education. Writing instruction can tap into writing students already do (Websites, text messaging, journals, instant messaging) to show connections between the writing they initiate versus writing assigned to them.

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How do People Learn to Write?

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Don't reduce writing to a formula of steps to follow. Writing is recursive (draft, revise, edit, revise, etc.) Writers are never done honing their skills or garnering strategies as they move thru their lives. Teachers should give guidance and options for ways of approaching the organization of the writing and the writing itself. Evaluate! Also collaborative situations teach students to learn to work effectively as a group. Encourage students to develop routines, skills, strategies, and practices for generating, revising, and editing different kinds of texts. Encourage the development of reflective abilities and meta-awareness about writing

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Writing Is A Process...

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writing may be a gift to some, but this is not the only way to learn to write. Writing is a skill that can be learned and honed. Teachers make a difference in how well students learn the skill of writing. Young/new writers require support from peers, from mentors and especially teachers.

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Everyone Has the Capacity to Write

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Different words that sound the same, like: See and Sea

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Homonym

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Motifs are recurring structures, contrasts, or literary devices that can help to develop and inform the text's major themes

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Motifs

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Last lines from Little Women by Louisa Mae Alcott The four March sisters represent multiple ways women can walk through life. The novel and Marmee (the mother) finally decide that women must make some sacrifices for their families, in order to have the happiest life possible. This ending is ambiguous since the novel repeatedly called traditional values into question.

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Who wrote: "Oh my girls, however long you may live, I never can wish you a greater happiness than this!"

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An action, in the present, that is a continuing action. Note that verbs expressing a state of mind or mental activity generally are not used in the progressive form.

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Present Progressive Tense

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A metrical foot is defined as one stressed syllable and a number of unstressed syllables (from zero to four). Stressed syllables are indicated by a line symbol. Unstressed syllables are indicated by an upside down U symbol. thee are four possible metrical feet: 1) Iambic = un, stress 2) Trochaic = stress, un 3) Anapestic = un, un, stress 4) Dactylic = stress, un, un Line lengths tend to run up to eight feet: One Foot = Monometer Two Feet= Dimeter Three Feet= Trimeter Four Feet = Tetrameter Five Feet- Pentameter Six Feet= Hexameter Seven Feet = Septameter Eight Feet = Octameter

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Foot

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unstressed, stressed

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Metrical Feet -- IAMBIC

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stressed, unstressed

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Metrical Feet--Trochaic

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unstressed, unstressed, stressed

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Anapestic

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stressed, unstressed, unstressed

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Dactylic

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Monometer

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One Foot

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Dimeter

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Two Feet

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Trimeter

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Three Feet

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Tetrameter

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Four Feet

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Pentameter

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Five Feet

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Pentameter

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Six Feet

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Septameter

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Seven Feet

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Octameter

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Eight Feet

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During the mid-19th century in New England, several writers and intellectuals worked together to write, translate works, and publish and became known as transcendentalists. Their philosophy focused on protesting the Puritan ethic and materialism. They valued individualism, freedom, experimentation, and spirituality. Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nathaniel Hawthorn, Henry David Thoreau, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Oliver Wendall Holmes

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Transcendentalism

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a story in which people (or things or actions) represent an idea or a generalization about life. Allegories usually have a strong lesson or moral.

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Allegory

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The repetition of initial consonant sounds: Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers... or She sells seashells by the seashore..

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Alliteration

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a reference to a familiar person, place, thing or event: Don Juan, brave new world, Everyman, Machiavellian, utopia..

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Allusion

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a comparison of objects or ideas that appear to be different but are alike in some important way

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Analogy

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Meter that is composed of feet that are short-short-long, or unaccented-unaccented- accented. Usually used in light or whimsical poetry, such as a limerick.

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Anapestic Meter

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a brief story that illustrates or makes a point

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Anecdote

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A wise saying Usually short and written

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Aphorism

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A turn from the general audience to address a specific group of persons (or a personified abstraction) who is present or absent. Hamlet turned to the audience and spoke directly to one woman about this father's death.

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Apostrophe

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A repetition of the same sound in words close to one another: white stripes

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Assonance

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unrhymed verse often occurring in iambic pentameter

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blank verse

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a break in the rhythm of language, particularly a natural pause in a line of verse, marked in prosody by a double vertical line (")

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Caesura

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a method an author uses to let readers know more about the characters and their personal traits

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characterization

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an expression that has been used so often that it loses its expressive power: -dead as a doornail -I'm so hungry I could eat a horse -many hands make light work

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cliche

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Repetition of the FINAL CONSONANT sound in words containing DIFFERENT VOWELS. Example: Stroke of Luck Here, K is the final consonant sound in both words, but they have different vowels. :)

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Consonance

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aka run-on line in poetry -Occurs when one line ends and continues onto the next line to complete the meaning: Ex: My life has been the poem I would have writ, but I could not both live and utter it. Thoreau..

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Enjambment

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A philosophy that values human freedom and personal responsibility. Jean-Paul Sartre, Soren Kekegaard (father of E), Albert Camus, Freidrick Nietzche, Franz Kafka, Simone de Beauvoir

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Existentialism

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a literary device in which the author jumps back in time in the chronology of a narrative

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Flashback`

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a literary technique in which the author gives hints or clues about what is to come at some point later in the story

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Foreshadowing

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verse that contains an irregular metrical pattern and line length. aka vers libre

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Free Verse

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a category of literature defined by its style, form, and content

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genre

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a pair of lines of poetic verse written in iambic pentameter

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Heroic Couplet

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the flaw that leads to the downfall of a tragic hero. comes from the Greek "hybris" which means excessive pride.

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Hubris

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an exaggeration for emphasis or rhetorical effect. Ex: He was so hungry, he ate that whole cornfield for lunch, stalks and all.

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Hyperbole

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rhyme that occurs within a line of verse

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Internal Rhyme

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the use of a word or phrase to mean the exact opposite of its literal or expected meaning. There are three kinds: 1) Dramatic: we see character's errors, but character doesn't 2) Verbal: Writer says one thing, but means another 3) Situation: the purpose of a particular action differs greatly from the result.

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Irony

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a type of pun, or play on words, that results when two words become mixed up in the speaker's mind: -Don't put the horse before the cart..

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Malapropism

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a figure of speech in which a comparison is IMPLIED but not stated as such: -this winter is a bear -you are what you eat

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Metaphor

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a rhythmical pattern in verse that is made up of stressed and unstressed syllables

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Meter

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the feeling a text evokes in the READER, such as sadness, tranquility or elation

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Mood

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a moral is a lesson that a work of literature is teaching

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Moral

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the telling of a story

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narration

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a phrase that consists of two contradictory terms: -deafening silence

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oxymoron

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a contradictory statement that makes sense -man learns from history that man learns nothing from history

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paradox

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a literary device in which animals, ideas, and things are represented as having human traits -my teddybear gave me a hug today

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Personification

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the repetition of a line or phrase of a poem at regular intervals, particularly at the end of each stanza. the author uses repetition of a word, phrase or idea for emphasis or rhythmic effect

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Refrain

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persuasive writing

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rhetoric

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the regular or random occurrence of sound in poetry

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rhythm

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how the author uses words, phrase, and sentences to form ideas.

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style

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a person, place, thing, or event used to represent something else, such as the white flag represents surrender

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symbol

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The overall feeling created by an author's choice of words

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tone

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a metric line of poetry. A verse is named based on the kind and number of feet comprising it

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verse

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distinctive features of a person's speech and speech patterns

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voice

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A stanza is a division of poetry named for the number of lines it contains: couplet-two line stanza triplet-three line quatrain-four line quintet-five line seslet- six line septet- seven line octave - eight line

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stanza

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a short poem, often written by an anonymous author, comprised of short verses intended to be sung or recited.

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ballad

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the main section of a long poem

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canto

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a poem that is a mournful lament for the dead. Shakespeare's "Elegy" from Cymbeline Robert Lowis Stevenson's "Reqriem" Alfred Lord Tennyson's "In Memoriam"

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elegy

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A long narrative poem detailing a hero's deeds. Homer- The Iliad, The Odyssey Virgil- The Aenieid Miguel Cervantes- Don Quixotle Tolstoy- War and Peace Longfellow-- Hiawatha

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Epic

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Japanese poem 17 syllables 5,7,5 Haiku expresses a single thought

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Haiku

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a humorous verse form of five anapestic (un, un, stress) lines with a rhyme scheme of aabba

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limerick

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a short poem about personal feelings and emotions

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lyric

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a 14 line poem usually written in iambic pentameter, with a varied rhyme scheme Two main types: 1) Petrarchan (or Italian) and 2) Shakespearean (or English). A Petrarchan sonnet opens with an octave that states a proposition and ends with a sestet that states the solution. A Shakespearean includes 3 quatrains and a couplet

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sonnet

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a short story or folktale that contains a moral, which may be expressed explicitly at the end as a maxim. Aesop's Fables: The Country Mouse and the Town Mouse, and the Tortoise and The Hare are examples

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Fable

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A narrative that is made up of fantastic characters and creatures, such as witches, goblins, and fairies, and usually begins with ONCE UPON A TIME

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Fairytale

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A genre that uses magic and other supernatural forms as a primary element of plot, theme, and/or setting. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings C.S. Lewis' The Chronicles of Narnia Wm Morris' The Well at the World's End

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Fantasy

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a narrative form such as an epic, legend, myth, song, poem, or fable, that has been retold within a culture for generations. Viginia Hamilton: The People Could Fly Alvin Schwartz: And the Green Grass Grew All Around: Folk Poetry from Everyone.

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Folktale

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a narrative technique in which the main story is comprised primarily for the purpose of organizing a set of shorter stories, each of which is a story within a story. Chaucer--Canterbury Tales Emily Bronte--Wuthering Heights

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Frametale

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Fiction that is intended to frighten, unsettle, or scare the reader. Often overlaps with fantasy and science fiction. Shelly's Frankenstein Bradbury's Something Wicked This Way Comes King's the Shining

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Horror

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a narrative about human actions that is perceived by both the teller and the listeners to have taken place within human history and that possesses certain qualities that give the tale the appearance of truth or reality. Irving's The Legend of Sleepy Hollow

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Legend

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A suspenseful story that deals with a puzzling crime Edgar Allan Poe's The Murder in Rue Morgue Charles Dickens' The Mystery of Edwin Drood

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Mystery

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Narrative fiction that involves gods and heroes or has a theme that expresses a culture's ideology. There are myths from all around the world. Greek myths: Zeus and the Olympians, Achilles, and The Trojan War Roman myths: Hercules, Apollo, Venus

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Myth

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an extended fictional prose narrative

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Novel

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a short narrative (50 to 100 pages or so), George Orwell's Animal Farm Franz Kafka's The Metamorphosis

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novella

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a text or performance that imitates and mocks an author or work

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Parody

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A novel comprised of idealized events far removed from everyday life. This genre includes the subgenres: gothic romance and medieval romance. Mary Shelly's Frankenstein Shakespeare's Trolus and Cressida

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Romance

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literature that makes fun of social conventions or conditions, usually to evoke change

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Satire

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fiction that deals with the current or future development of technological advances. Kurt Vonnegut's Slaughterhouse-Five George Orwell's 1984 Aldous Huley's Brave New World Ray Bradbury's Fahrenheit 451

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science fiction

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a brief fictional prose narrative . Shirley Jackson's the Lottery Washington Irvings' Rip Van Winkle P.H. Lawrence's The Horse Dealer's Daughter Arthur Conan Doyle's Hound of the Baskervilles Dorothy Parker's Big Blend

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short story

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literature, often drama, ending in a catastrophic event for the protagonists after he or she faces several problems or conflicts

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tragedy

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a novel set in the western US, featuring the experiences of cowboys and frontiersmen. Zane Grey's Riders of the Purple Sage & Trail Driver Larry McMurtry's Lonesome Dove Conrad Richter's The Sea of Grass Own Wister's The Virginian

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western

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a person's account of his or her own life. nonfiction

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Autobiography

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a story about a person's life written by another person. nonfiction

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biography

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letter, diary, journal an expository piece written with eloquence that becomes a part of the recognize literature of an era. Documents often reveal historical facts, the social mores of the times, and the thoughts and personality of the author. Some have recorded and influenced history. The Bible, the Koran, the Constitution

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Document

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a document organized in paragraph form that can be long or short and can be in the form of a letter, dialogue, or discussion. George Orwell's Politics and the English Language Ralph Waldo Emerson's the American Scholar Alexander Pope's Moral Essays

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Essay

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1200-800 BCE Greek legends passed along orally, warrior princesses, fierce pirates, etc. Homer's Iliad and Odyssey Sophocles' Oedipus Rex

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Classical Period of Literature--Homer or Heroic Period

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Author unknown. Beowulf is the oldest surviving epic poem in the English language and the earliest piece of vernacular European literature. It was written in Old English, the language of the Saxons. Originally untitled, in the 19th century the poem began to be called by the name of its Scandinavian hero, whose adventures are its primary focus. Historical elements run through the poem, yet both the hero and the story are fiction. Beowulf is a prince of the Geats of southern Sweden who comes to Denmark to help King Hrothgar rid his fabulous hall, Heorot, of a terrible monster known as Grendel. The hero mortally wounds the creature, who flees the hall to die in its lair. The next night, Grendel's mother comes to Heorot to avenge her offspring and kills one of Hrothgar's men. Beowulf tracks her down and kills her, then returns to Heorot where he receives great honors and gifts before returning home. After ruling the Geats for half a century in peace, Beowulf must face a dragon who threatens his land. Unlike his earlier battles, this confrontation is terrible and deadly. He is deserted by all his retainers except his kinsman Wiglaf, and though he defeats the dragon he is mortally wounded. His funeral and a lament end the poem.

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Beowulf

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800-200 BCE Gorgias, Aesop, Plato, Socrates, Aristotle, Euripides, Sophocles Golden age of Greece Plato's The Republic

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Classical Period of Lit--Classical Green Period

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200 BCE - 455 CE Rome conquers Greece Playwrights are Plautus and Terence Writers are Ovid Horace and Virgil Philosophers are Aurelius and Lucretrus Cicero's Letters to Atticus Virgil's The Aeneid

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Classical Period of Lit--Classical Roman Period

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70 CE to 455 CE Early Christian writings appear. Augustone, Tertullain, Cyprian, Ambrose, and Jerome Jerome= Bible

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Classical Period of Lit--Patristic Period

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this lit is distinctive for its balance, order and reasonableness. It is known for its economy of words, direct expression, subtlety of thought, and attention to form. Greek oratory was perfected during this time. This period was so popular that during the Renaissance, a neoclassical movement began where authors brought back these classics

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Classical Period of Lit--generally

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The lit of this period constituted a response to the supremacy of the church. The Renaissance authors were responding to the church's appeals and to tradition over reason. While the Reformation authors were responding to the church's insistence on its won authority over that of scripture. During this time, lit flourished primarily in Italy, France, Spain and England. Thanks to the invention of the printing press (15th cent. Germany), and the Early Modern rise of the middle class (which had time and wealth to partake in literacy), literature spread more quickly and to a wider audience than ever before.

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The Renaissance/Reformation Period of Literature

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1558-1603 A flourishing period of lit, particularly drama. The Sonnet form of poetry was all the rage. Sonnets are poems about love. Shakespeare, Marlowe, Kyd, Sidney

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The R/R Period of Lit--Elizabethan Period

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has only one independent clause, and it has NO dependent clauses.It can contain one or more phrases.

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Simple Sentence

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has one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses. Ex: When you pass the Praxis II test (dependent clause), you'll enjoy a career in teaching (independent clause). You will get a teaching job (independent clause), even though it will be challenging (dependent clause).

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A Complex Sentence

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two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. Ex: I just earned my teaching degree (independent clause), and I plan to get a teaching job (independent clause) because I need a career (dependent clause)

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A Compound/Complex Sentence

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Independent = subject, verb, complete thought Dependent = subject, verb, incomplete thought. So Independent could be a sentence on its own, while dependent could not, as it would be a fragment. Dependent is often marked by words: after, although, as, as it, because, before, even it, eventhough, if, in order to, since, though, unless, when...

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Identifying Independent and Dependent Clauses

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names a thing that is tangible. they are either proper or common Ex: dog, Campus Cinema, football

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Concrete noun

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names an idea, condition or feeling (something not concrete, not tangible). Can be either common or proper Ex: ideals, justice, Americana

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Abstract noun

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name a group or unit Ex: gaggle, herd, community

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Collective nouns

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window, shrub, door, college, car. Not masculine (father, son), or feminine (mother, daughter).

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Gender of Nouns--Neuter

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Not masculine or feminine because role can be held by either a male or a female chairperson politician president professor teacher flight-attendant

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Gender of Nouns-- Indefinite

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Different ways a writing passage can be organized are: chronological order classification illustration (topic sentence followed by details) climax (details first, then topic sentence) location (describe person, place or thing) comparison cause and effect

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Organization of a Writing Passage

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a metaphor (a comparison of two unlike things) used throughout a work or over a series of lines in prose or poetry

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Extended Metaphor

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a type of argument in logic in which an expert or knowledgeable other is cited for the purpose of strengthening the argument

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Appeal to Authority

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Creative Expository Persuasive Argument

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Types of Discourse

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Creative writing includes thoughts, feelings with imagination and creativity

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Types of Discourse--Creative

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Expository writing seeks to explain or describe

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Types of Discourse--Expository

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Persuasive writing seeks to convince

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Types of Discourse--Persuasive

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Argument writing seeks to debate/argue a topic in a logical way

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Types of Discourse--Argument

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1) Analogies (compare relationships) 2) Extended Metaphors (metaphor used throughout story) 3) Appeal to Authority (use expert) 4) Appeal to Emotion (fear, pity, security, flattery)

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rhetorical strategies

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style tone point of view sarcasm (use of positive feedback or cutting wit to mock someone) counterpoints (contrasting ideas to communicate message) praise (positive message to influence)

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rhetorical features

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-Performing a speech, plays, videos, reader's theater -speech, debate, power point presentation -creating booklets, brochures, family scrapbooks, or personal websites -publishing a school newspaper, student magazine, or portfolio of work -publication in literary magazines for young adults, newspapers, contests, etc.

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Presentation Strategies in the Rhetoric Process

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sayings that you take figuratively Ex: You are driving me up a wall. Words or phrases that mean something different from the literal meanings of the words.

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Idiom

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study of the origin of words and the way in which their meanings have changed throughout history

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Etymology

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A word that is related in origin to another word, such as English "brother" and German "Bruder". Words that have a common etymological origin. Words that look similar and have the same origin in two languages.

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Cognates

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parts added to the beginning (prefix) or end (suffix) of a root word to create new words.

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Affixes

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Identification, analysis, and description of the structure of words

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Morphology

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specifies the correct way of using a specific writing system to write the language. A method of representing the sounds of a language by written or printed symbols. The practice or study of correct spelling according to established usage. The study of letters and how they are used to express sounds and form words.

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orthography

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A stanza of four lines, usually with the following rhyme pattern: AABB ABAB ABCB

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Quatrains

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when a word takes on a new syntactic function. For example, the word was a noun, now it is used as a verb. Shakespeare did this a lot.

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Functional Shift

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1870-1890s A group of French poets (and others) who react against the blaiseness... not a word... of realism. Experimented with new poetic forms (more free verse and the prose poem) They influenced modern poetry

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Symbolists

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1830-1900 Attempts to portray life honestly, without sensationalism, exaggeration, or melodrama. Characters and plots are taken largely from the middle class for middle class readers. Ordinary , contemporary life. thanks Dickens

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Realism Period

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1865-1900 When realism isn't enough, this period describes social conditions, heredity, and environment as an inescapable force in shaping human character

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Naturalism

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1835-1910 Late 19th Cent. movement that believed in art as an end to itself. Rejecting the idea that art had to set political or a high moral example. Ex: Oscar Wilde

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Aestheticism

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Overlap-- 1660-1790

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Enlightenment and Neoclassical Periods of Lit

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1660-1790 An intellectual movement in France that emphasized the importance of reason, progress, and liberty. The age of Reason brings in the popularity of non-fiction and essays, as well as philosophy.

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Enlightenment Period of lit

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1660-1798 Like the Enlightenment, this period rediscovered the classics and used them to emphasize balance, restraint, order and Natural Law. The Parody, the Satire, and non-fiction memoir essay is all the rage. The works of John Dryden, Samual Johnson, Alexander Pope, and Johnathan Swift are most popular.

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Neoclassical Period of Lit

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1750-1790 At tail end of Enlightenment/Neoclassical. America Colonial Period with Benjamin Franklin, Jefferson, Paine.

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Neoclassical Period--Age of Johnson

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1945 and onwards Postmodern authors will often treat very serious subjects -- WWII, The Cold War, Conspiracy Theories -- from a position of distance and disconnect, and will choose to depict their histories ironically and humorously

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Post - Modern Period of Literature

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1890-1945 A literary and artistic movement that radically breaks with traditional modes of Western art, thought, and morality. Major Themes: Isolation, Alienation, Subjectivity, and Self-Referentiality Lots of "stream of consciousness" writing. Here the writer isn't looking outside of him, he is looking inside to his brain. The Lost Generation of Writers is during this time T.S. Eliot's The Wasteland

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Modern Period of Literature

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During WWI, several American artists chose to live abroad to pursue their creative impulses.

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The Lost Generation

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1837-1901 Named for the reign of Queen Victoria Sentimental novels This lit expressed the fusion of pure romantic to gross realism. Tend to be idealized portraits of difficult lives in which hard work, perserverance, love and luck win out in the end. Usually, there is a central moral lesson. Scientific discoveries impacted this age of literature. Industrialism: Reform movements like emancipation, child labor, women's rights, and evolution. Lit tended to come closer to daily life which reflects its practical problems and interests. Lit was a powerful tool for human progress. Brontee Sisters, Dickens, Kipling, Wilkie Collins, Browning

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Victorian Period of Literature

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1798-1882/1850 Reaction against reason and the Neoclassical/Enlightenment periods. It was a shift from faith in REASON (Enlightenment) to faith in the SENSES, feelings, and imagination. These writers cared about the individual, intuition, and imagination. It celebrated nature, spontaneity, imagination, and subjectivity. Lots of women writers. The use of "local color" was advanced during this time. The Ode comes back into favor. Writers: Jane Austen, Mary Shelly Poets: Byron, Coleridge, Wordsworth, Shelly, Keats

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Romantic Period of Lit

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1764-1829 Overlapped Romantic, Englightenment, and Neoclassical. A style of lit that focuses on tone, mood and mysterious brooding settings. Characters succumb to base desires, temptations, and corruption.

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Gothic Period of Lit

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428-1066 Old English (Anglo-Saxon) Period 1066-1450 Middle English Period 1200-1485 Late or "High" Medieval Period After the fall of Rome, Medieval Lit focuses on Christianity (since the centers of learning were located in the church and in monasteries). Since news was difficult to come by, since people didn't move, the BALLAD form, the EPIC form and the CHRISTIAN PAGEANT or dramatic form were created. There is a great focus on the difference btw men and women and their relationship with God. The allegory and Parable are popular literary forms and devices -value of courtly love, code of chivalry. The emerging merchant class expressed their points of view in ballads. A ballad is a song or songlike poem that tells a story.

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Medieval Period of Lit

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450-1066 Old English Beowulf 1066-1550 Middle English Chaucer's Canterbury Tales 1550-1625 Elizabethan Shakespeare's MacBeth Hamlet 1625-1660 Puritan Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress 1660-1780 Neoclassical Dryden's The Conquest of Granada 1780-1840 Romantic Keat's Lamia and Isabella Austin's Pride and Prejudice 1840-1900 Victorian Dickens' Great Expectations 1900-1945 Modernism Yeat's In the Seven Woods Remarques' All Quiet on the Western Front 1945- Post-Modernism Nietzches' The Antichrist Orwell's 1984 Elliot's The wasteland

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British Literature Periods

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1630-1760 Colonial Williams & Hooker's Bay Psalm Book Franklin's Poor Richard's Almanack 1760-1787 Revolutionary Declaration of Independence Brown's The Power of Sympathy 1828-1836 Nationalist Coopers' Leatherstocking Tales Longfellow's Evangeline 1830-1860 American Renaissance Dickenson's poems Melville's Moby Dick Thoreau's Walden Pond 1900-1945 Moden Twain's The Adventures of Huckleberry Fin London's White Fang & The Call of the Wild Eliot's The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock Eliot's The Wasteland 1945- Contemporary Miller's The Crucible Miller's Death of a Salesman Morison's Beloved Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye Updike's Rabbit and Run

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American Literature Periods

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-using trade books, electronic devices/texts & internet -using nonprint materials such as film, music, art and advertisements -creating authentic literacy experiences -connecting students' prior knowledge and interests w/texts -reading aloud excerpts to students -selecting quality texts and other lesson materials

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Fostering Reading Appreciation & Motivation to Learn

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-linking vocab with texts themes or concepts -providing time to read and discuss quality texts -teaching students the role of "word finder" in a lit circle -teaching students structural cues such as common prefixes, suffixes, and roots -teaching students how to effectively use context cues to identify the meanings of words and phrases -using graphic organizers to help students see relationships among vocab words.

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Teaching Vocabulary

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1) Modeling: Teachers and capable peers should model their comprehension processes in either oral or written form. The teacher thinks or talks aloud to share her thought process while reading. 2) Questioning: Teacher's should use questions and teach students to ask questions at a variety of levels. Use Bloom's to help construct the questions. 3) Scaffolding: Involves and adult or a more capable peer providing structural supports to a student in a learning situation. Might take the form of a teacher reading aloud a portion of the text and then asking the student to repeat the same sentence. 4) Activating Prior Knowledge 5)Identifying Text Structures: Problem/Solution, Compare/Contrast, Argument, Analysis 6) Strategies: -identify important info -predicting and verifying -summarizing and note-taking -identifying cause and effect -synthesizing -visualizing and thinking aloud 7) Metacognition: ability to think and regulate own thinking.

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Teaching Reading Comprehension

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1) skimming 2) note-taking -Double-entry pages (notes on left, reflections on right) -SQ3R (Survey, Question, Read, Recite, Review) 3)graphic organizers -concept map, matrix, venn diagram, cause/effect, etc. 4) anticipation guides

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Study Strategies and Reading to Learn

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1) Character -- person or being in a narrative -Antagonist (opposes or competes with main character) -Protagonist (main character) 2) Conflict -- opposing elements or characters in a plot: -person v person -person v society (school, laws, norms) -person v self (what do I do?) -person v nature (natural disasters) -person v fate (God) (Uncontrollable problem) 3) Denouement -- outcome/resolution of plot in a story 4) Plot-- the structure of a work of lit; the sequence of events 5) Setting -- the time and place in which story occurs

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Story Elements

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Outcome/Resolution of plot in a story

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Denouement

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students exchange papers and review one another's work

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Assessing Student Writing-- Peer Review

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completed over a period of time beneficial to both student and teacher shows student's progress also helpful at parent teacher conferences

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Assessing Student Writing--Portfolios

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Each piece is regarded as a unit and receives a single score based upon the total quality of the essay. The premise of Hollistic Scoring is that the overall effect of an essay is a combination of several elements, including organization, sentence structure, mechanics, and word choice. Scored on a point system 1-6

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Assessing Student Writing--Holistic Scoring

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A predefined scheme for scoring. Very helpful in assessing quality. Helps eliminate the subjectivity of the scorers and -- when shared with the class -- enables the students to focus on the goals of the assignment as they work.

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Assessing Student Writing--Scoring Rubrics

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Helps students to set realistic goals, monitor their own learning and evaluate their performance. Keeping a journal is excellent for this.

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Assessing Student Writing--Self-Assessment

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a personal conference with the student may have more impact on the student than handing the student a written evaluation. Builds rapport.

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Assessing Student Writing -- Conferencing

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Modern writer A highly specific portrait of American society during the Roaring Twenties. Gatsby claws his way from rags to riches, only to find that his wealth cannot afford him the privileges enjoyed by those born into the upper class. The central character is Jay Gatsby, a wealthy New Yorker of indeterminate occupation. Gatsby is primarily known for the lavish parties he throws each weekend at his ostentatious Gothic mansion in West Egg. He is suspected of being involved in illegal bootlegging and other underworld activities. The narrator, Nick Carraway, is Gatsby's neighbor in West Egg. Nick is a young man from a prominent Midwestern family. Educated at Yale, he has come to New York to enter the bond business. In some sense, the novel is Nick's memoir, his unique view of the events of the summer of 1922; as such, his impressions and observations necessarily color the narrative as a whole. For the most part, he plays only a peripheral role in the events of the novel; he prefers to remain a passive observer.

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The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald

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Her autobiography shows prejudice, racism, abandonment, etc.

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Maya Angelou's I know Why a Caged Bird Sings

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Guy Montag is a fireman who burns books in a futuristic American city. In Montag's world, firemen start fires rather than putting them out. The people in this society do not read books, enjoy nature, spend time by themselves, think independently, or have meaningful conversations. Instead, they drive very fast, watch excessive amounts of television on wall-size sets, and listen to the radio on "Seashell Radio" sets attached to their ears.

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Ray Bradbury's Farenheit 451

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Summary The speaker stands in the woods, considering a fork in the road. Both ways are equally worn and equally overlaid with un-trodden leaves. The speaker chooses one, telling himself that he will take the other another day. Yet he knows it is unlikely that he will have the opportunity to do so. And he admits that someday in the future he will recreate the scene with a slight twist: He will claim that he took the less-traveled road. Form: "The Road Not Taken" consists of four stanzas of five lines. The rhyme scheme is ABAAB; the rhymes are strict and masculine, with the notable exception of the last line (we do not usually stress the -ence of difference). There are four stressed syllables per line, varying on an iambic tetrameter base.

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Robert Frost: The Road Not Taken

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Summary On the surface, this poem is simplicity itself. The speaker is stopping by some woods on a snowy evening. He or she takes in the lovely scene in near-silence, is tempted to stay longer, but acknowledges the pull of obligations and the considerable distance yet to be traveled before he or she can rest for the night. Form The poem consists of four (almost) identically constructed stanzas. Each line is iambic, with four stressed syllables: Within the four lines of each stanza, the first, second, and fourth lines rhyme. The third line does not, but it sets up the rhymes for the next stanza. For example, in the third stanza, queer, near, and year all rhyme, but lake rhymes with shake, mistake, and flake in the following stanza. The notable exception to this pattern comes in the final stanza, where the third line rhymes with the previous two and is repeated as the fourth line. Do not be fooled by the simple words and the easiness of the rhymes; this is a very difficult form to achieve in English without debilitating a poem's content with forced rhymes.

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Robert Frost: Stopping By the Woods On a Snowy Evening

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Crane focused on the individual psychology of a single soldier. Character starts off thinking he will become a hero but while in war he acts like a coward, hen as a part of a team, he fights-- he becomes brave. He now no longer needs a Red Badge of Courage. The novel ends with a declaration of Henry's development into a man of honor and courage. Qualities that Henry now sees quite differently from before when he was an inexperienced soldier. He no longer feels he needs to return home 'on his shield' he doesn't need a red badge of courage to show who he is, he knows he is brave, and that is enough.

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Stephen Crane: The Red Badge of Courage

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The Outsiders, first published in 1967, tells the story of class conflict between the greasers, a group of low-class youths, and the Socs (short for Socials), a group of privileged rich kids who live on the wealthy West Side of town. The novel broke ground in the genre of Young Adult fiction, transcending established boundaries in its portrayal of violence, class conflict, and prejudice.

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S. E. Hinton: The Outsiders

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written in mid-1600s Character craves travel. he ends up on an island. Various adventures happen. He has slaves at various points.

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Daniel Defoe: Robinson Crusoe

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Their Eyes Were Watching God was published in 1937, long after the heyday of the Harlem Renaissance. The literature of the 1920s, a period of postwar prosperity, was marked by a sense of freedom and experimentation, but the 1930s brought the Depression and an end to the cultural openness that had allowed the Harlem Renaissance to flourish. As the Depression worsened, political tension increased within the United States; cultural production came to be dominated by "social realism," a gritty, political style associated with left-wing radicalism. The movement's proponents felt that art should be primarily political and expose social injustice in the world. This new crop of writers and artists dismissed much of the Harlem Renaissance as bourgeois, devoid of important political content and thus devoid of any artistic merit. The influential and highly political black novelist Richard Wright, then an ardent Communist, wrote a scathing review of Their Eyes Were Watching God upon its publication, claiming that it was not "serious fiction" and that it "carries no theme, no message, no thought."

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Zora Neale Hurston: Their Eyes Were Watching God

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The speaker opens with a declaration of his own heartache. He feels numb, as though he had taken a drug only a moment ago. He is addressing a nightingale he hears singing somewhere in the forest and says that his "drowsy numbness" is not from envy of the nightingale's happiness, but rather from sharing it too completely; he is "too happy" that the nightingale sings the music of summer from amid some unseen plot of green trees and shadows.

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John Keats: Ode To A Nightingale

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Refers to a group of 18th Century poets and writers, mostly male, whose writings frequently touched on themes of death, mortality, religion, and melancholy. Often elegiac in tone (and title) — an elegy is, by the 18th Century, simply a poem in lament of a death — these poems make frequent use of funereal or gloomy imagery, though their purpose was rarely sensationalist. Most of the Graveyard School poets were very Christian writers — many were in fact clergymen — who used the imagery of night, death, and gloom in spiritual contemplations of human mortality and our relation to the divine.

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Graveyard School of Poets

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I. The Burial of the Dead April is the cruellest month, breeding Lilacs out of the dead land, mixing Memory and desire, stirring Dull roots with spring rain. His early works, like "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" and The Waste Land, draw on a wide range of cultural reference to depict a modern world that is in ruins yet somehow beautiful and deeply meaningful. Eliot uses techniques like pastiche and juxtaposition to make his points without having to argue them explicitly.

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T.S. Eliot: The Waste Land

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The Rape of the Lock is a humorous indictment of the vanities and idleness of 18th-century high society. Basing his poem on a real incident among families of his acquaintance, Pope intended his verses to cool hot tempers and to encourage his friends to laugh at their own folly. The poem is perhaps the most outstanding example in the English language of the genre of mock-epic. Epics were big in England, this mocked the Epic by making fun of a certain class of people.

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Alexander Pope: The rape of Lock

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17th Century Supported King Charles I Polished, lyrical, erotically charged poems of gallantry and courtship. Ben Jonson, Robert Herrick, Richard Lovelace, Thomas Carew and Sir John Suckling

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The Cavalier Poets

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Cuneiform script or is one of the earliest known systems of writing, distinguished by its "wedge-shaped" marks on clay tablets, made by means of a blunt reed for a stylus. ...

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Cuneiform Script

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the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses

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Anaphora

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For a one-syllable word simply add the suffix -est to the word. Often times it is necessary to double the final consonant. Long-longest Big - Biggest If the one syllable word ends with an "e" you only need to add an -st. An example is: Fine-finest If a two-syllable word ends with a "y" then change the "y" to "I" and add -est. Pretty - prettiest Words that contain two or three syllables are preceded by the words most or least. An example would be most handsome or least perfect.

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Superlative Form

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conjunction that introduces a subordinate clause, e.g., although, because, since

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Subordinating Conjunction

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past perfect: a perfective tense used to express action completed in the past; "`I had finished' is an example of the past perfect"

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Past Perfect Tense

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•Cramming for tests is not a good study strategy. [gerund phrase as subject] •John enjoyed swimming in the lake after dark. [gerund phrase as object] •I'm really not interested in studying biochemistry for the rest of my life. [gerund phrase as object of the preposition in ]

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Gerund

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Present participles, verbals ending in -ing, and past participles, verbals that end in -ed (for regular verbs) or other forms (for irregular verbs), are combined with complements and modifiers and become part of important phrasal structures. Participial phrases always act as adjectives. When they begin a sentence, they are often set off by a comma (as an introductory modifier); otherwise, participial phrases will be set off by commas if they are parenthetical elements. •The stone steps, having been worn down by generations of students, needed to be replaced. [modifies "steps"] •Working around the clock, the firefighters finally put out the last of the California brush fires. [modifies "firefighters"] •The pond, frozen over since early December, is now safe for ice-skating. [modifies "pond"]

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Present Participles

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the use of many words where fewer would do, esp. in a deliberate attempt to be vague or evasive.

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Circumlocution

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the state of being incongruous or out of keeping. "the incongruity of his fleshy face and skinny body disturbed her"

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Incongruity

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An underused tool, the appositive phrase is always set apart from the rest of the sentence by commas. Although it most often appears as an interruption in the middle of a sentence, an appositive phrase can also be found at the beginning or end of a sentence as well. Be careful, because commas can separate other kinds of phrases and clauses, too. You will know you are looking at an appositive phrase if it can be removed from the sentence and still leave you with a complete sentence.

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Appositive Phrase

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According to current linguistic theories, the word's use in a particular situation is its best definition.

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what is the best definition of the meaning of a word

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a series of imitative stages occurring in a rough, overlapping sequence, including possible regressions.

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acquisition of language by children

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Received both the Newberry Medal and the Coretta Scott King Award for the same book, but he has never received the Margaret A. Edwards Award

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Christopher Paul Curtis

Middle School Praxis 0049 – Flashcards

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