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Wan Li

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-Last Ming Emperor (r. 1572 to 1620) that saw the defeat to the Manchus -Did not get along with his officials -Officials were corrupt, Emperor Wanli couldn't run the government -He wanted to name his own heir -Nothing could get done in the empire because he withdrew to his private quarters and took the imperial seal with him

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Li Zicheng 1606-1644

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-Started a rebellion -Established a bandit group after being punished by a local magistrate for his debts -Accused the Ming of living the high life while everyone else was suffering -He claims a new dynasty

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Nurhaci

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Leader of Manchu people who organized a society that mimicked the Chinese system through Confucianism and Bureaucracy

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Qing Banner System

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-Part Chinese, Mogol and Machu -Chinese and Mogol banners slightly outnumbered the Manchu together, not individually -Each banner had a certain number of companies, and each company had to contribute a certain number of warriors

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Hong Taiji

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-Son of Nurhaci -Declared Qing Dynasty after invading China -Setup capital in Peking

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Wu Sangui

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-General of the Ming dynasty who sided with the Manchus when they came to invade China and claim the chinese heartland as theirs -Conflict with Li Zicheng because the latter had taken the general's favorite concubine to be his wife -Li Zicheng had taken Wu's father captive and threaten to kill him if Wu didn't back him against the Manchus, but Wu sides with the Manchus anyways

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Zheng Chenggong (Koxinga) (1624-1662)

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-Product of the South China Sea -Father was pirate-merchant -Born in Japan -Base in Xiamen, Fujian, China -Establishes fort in Taiwan after expelling the Dutch

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Kangxi

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-A Great Qing Emperor (r.1661-1722) -Wants to keep Manchus separate from Chinese -Forbids manchu women from binding feet and doesn't want elite manchu families intermarrying with Han Chinese -Froze the tax system

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Yongzheng

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-A great Qing Emperor (r. 1722-1735) -Rationalized the bureaucracy -More revenue to the central government to distribute money more equitable -Secret memorial system to keep tabs on officials

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Qianlong

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-A great Qing Emperor (r. 1735-1799) -Conquest of Central Asia

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Gentry

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-The gentry correspond to the upper class, and to be qualified must have passed the examination system -Taught in schools; providing education Most students had to pay Wasn't a regularized tuition schedule But -Advised officials -Reputation as scholars -Real influence at the local level Intermediaries between local people and the state -Gentry were relied upon to determine how much locals should be paying in taxes, often allowed some gentry to lower their own tax burden -Upkeep of the state : granaries /food production ; feeding traveling officials ; upkeep of dikes and irrigation -Charity work

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Queue

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-Hairstyle mandated by the Manchu that required men to shave their foreheads and let their hair grow long into a pony tail -Manchus punished those who did not properly upkeep the queue and sentenced those to die who refused -Very unpopular among Chinese at the beginning because it violated Confucian principles but eventually by the end of the dynasty became a mainstay of the Chinese identity

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Three Bonds of Women

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Father-Daughter Husband-Wife Mother-Son

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Involution

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-Progress without increased productivity -Chinese plots were so small that Chinese didn't invest money into machinery and instead just worked harder and harder

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Examination System

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-Path to holding office within the empire, but had to pass a certain level, passing the most basic exam did not qualify for office, but exempted those who did pass from being harassed by government and leniency on taxes -Produced the gentry -Highly prestigious

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The Opium War

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-Came as a result of the British smuggling opium into China as a way to make up its trade deficit with China; Qing pushed back condemned/outlawed Opium use in the country and severely punished those who smuggled opium into the country seizing their chests and pouring it into the sea -Some britons were upset and wanted revenge -Sent an envoy to get concessions from Chinese

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Unequal Treaty System

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-A series of treaties used that were in favor of western powers Imposition of extraterritoriality Indemnities Treaty Ports Hong Kong Most Favored Nation Clause Fixed tariffs

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Tribute System

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Kow-Tow Prostration Emperor of China as true son of Heaven Even though other countries acknowledged China as the all power, they ended up giving away more money than the system brought in Chinese were after prestige and honor from tributaries

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Kow Tow

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the act of deep respect shown by prostration, that is, kneeling and bowing so low as to have one's head touching the ground. In the most solemn of ceremonies, for example at the coronation of a new Emperor, the Emperor's subjects would undertake the ceremony of the "three kneelings and nine kowtows", the so-called grand kowtow, which involves kneeling from a standing position three times, and each time, performing the kowtow three times while kneeling. Immanuel Hsu describes the "full kowtow" as "three kneelings and nine knockings of the head on the ground.

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Matter Ricci

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-A Jesuit that had very amazing memory skills -Ended up working in Ming Court

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Adam Schall von Bell

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-Also a jesuit that served in Ming dynasty and continued into Qing -Served in Bureau of Astronomy -Prompted Chinese interest in western mathematics and astronomy

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Rites Controversy

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-Pope in 1704 ordered Christians to stop offering ancestor rituals as a result of the Confucian value of paying respect to ancestors, but foreigners saw it as worshiping gods -Qing banned Christianity in 1724

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Canton System

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-Chinese will let the foreigners (names Britons) buy all the tea they wanted, but the Chinese would control the market -Hong Merchants would pay money for business permits

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McCartney Mission

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To carry a letter to Qianlong to ask to open ports to trade, especially opium McCartney wouldnt Kow Tow for Qianlong Qianlong responds to Britain with big fat NO

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Lin zexu

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Encouraged the formation of triads to defend Canton against the British A posse of untouchable officials; setup snitch boxes

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Treaty of Nanjing 1842

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-Happened after the first Opium War with the British, it was an unequal treaty -China's Semi-Colonial Status Indemnities Treaty Ports No limits on foreigners' rights Hong Kong → Given to Britain Indefinitely Fixed Tariffs Chinese government lost its ability to set its own tariff rates Extraterritoriality Most Favored Nation Clause -Source of great contention for Chinese citizens

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Treaty Port

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No limits on foreigners' rights 5 Ports given to Foreigners

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Extraterritoriality

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Foreigners were to be tried in court by their own countries laws

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He Shen 1750-1799

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An imperial guard that had the full trust of Emperor Qianlong Became essentially the most powerful person in the empire Resulted in nepotism He amassed great fortunes

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White Lotus Rebellion 1795-1804

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Prelude to bigger rebellions of 1800s Maitreiya Buddhism This world has to end to be able to go on to live with Buddha in the new world The rebels capitalized on all the chaos going on in the empire as justification for their movement

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Taiping Rebellion

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Revolt in Qing dynasty led by Hong Xiuquan Ideology influenced by a version of christianity Egalitarianism Mutual Responsibility

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Hong Xiuquan

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Founder of Taiping Rebellion Member of Hakka minority Said that he was Jesus' brother, no holy ghost, he was the third piece of the trinity Corruption was sapping the strength of the people Blamed the Manchus for China's weakness; Manchus = Devil that needed to be eradicated

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Yang Xiuqing

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A poor charcoal burner So caught up in the ritual that he enters a trance and God starts to talk through him God speaks through him and tell people to destroy Confucianism Part of Taiping Rebellion, but later killed by people within taiping for trying to say that he was the true Holy Ghost Challenge to Hong XiuQian's power

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Zeng Guofan

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A rising scholar in the Qing bureaucracy Lived in Hunan that bordered the Taiping rebellion He was tapped by the Qing to lead a Militia army to fight Taiping He trains his own army and tried to convince people in the region to take up arms against the taiping using Confucian rhetoric Tells people to fight for their values that they hold dear to themselves

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Charles "Chinese" Gordon

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Led the defense against/attack on the Taiping movement when they were about to attack Shanghai British didn't want to have to renegotiate terms with a new government because they were content with the terms in place with Qing court

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The Ever Victorious Army

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Army was men that was used by Qing to put down Nian and Taiping Rebellions Army trained in European techniques, tactics, and strategies Model for later Chinese armies Originally under the command of Frederick Townsend Ward, then to Charles 'Chinese' Gordon

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Self-Strengthening Movement

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Wars with Foreign Powers and Domestic Tensions Lin Zexu stood up but ended up getting exiled 1870 Tianjin War 1860s last of rebellions put down Military Self-Strengthening Li Hong Zhang, Protege of Zeng Guofan Went out to buy/build ships and guns Early Industrialization Attempts Shipping Industry loaded with corruption Nepotism Industries served as personal profit machines

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Sino-Japanese War

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French quickly destroyed Souther Fleet Conflict over Korea Japan defeated Chinese But all the southern chinese generals didn't sent their fleets, didn't think that it was their war Japan got all the same rights from China that the foreigners did But also Taiwan and Liao Dong ceded to Japan However, Russia swooped in and took Liao Dong Japan also forced to open its ports Led to Meji Restoration Nationalism in Japan Centralized government

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100 Days Reform

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Issued by Emperor Guangxu Scramble for Concession & Spheres of Influence Foreigners thought that Qing was soon going to collapse Saw Kang Youwei's reforms Confucius as a reformer western techniques completely compatible with confucian values Confucius believed in progress Constitutional Monarchy kang youwei and Liang Qichao fled the country to live in exile

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Boxer Uprising 1898-1901

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Secret organization that was fighting against the Japanese and West Anti-Christian and Anti-Foreign Ousting of guangxu and reformers Revive the Qing and oust the foreigners

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Zongli Yamen

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Established in 1861 to handle treaties with foreigner Importance of learning foreign languages -interpreters But still had to be indoctrinated in Confucian texts before you could enter into Yamen Emulate the west Chinese learning for the foundation, western learning for utility

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Yung Ming Missions

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Persuaded the Qing government to send Chinese youth to study science and engineering in the United States

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Treaty of Shimonoseki 1895

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Chinese defeat to Japan a big wake up call. self strengthening efforts had failed Japanese had won all the same rights that the western foreigners did of China But it saw China cede Taiwan and Liao Dong to Japan as well

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Kang Youwei 1858-1927

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Reformers 3 Reforms Modernization → Have to learn from the world: particularly Russia and Japan Change in of itself is good References the Yijing -Classical text Trying to get people to stop thinking in cycles We need to preserve our territory and our people Sets a stage for a racial identity not a cultural identity

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Guangxu

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Qing Emperor at the end of the 19th century Issued series of reforms Education Economic Military Bureaucracy But Cixi said no and had him arrested and executed several reformers She returned from retirement to lead the Qing until her death in 1908

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Empress Cixi

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Empress Dowager Held power at the turn of the century until the end of the empire Very conservative, and held back China from reforms Especially notorious for taking power back from her nephew when he issue d 100 days reforms edicts

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Russo-Japanese War

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Big win for Japan and Constitutionalism Japan gained respect from foreigners Victory for Asia and important for Chinese nationalism

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Constitutional Missions of 1906

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Send ambassadors out to investigate constitutionalism around the world When the commission returned told the qing to emulate Japan

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Liang Qichao

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Called for reforms in China, but still a Qing loyalist Nationalism through education Confucianism promoted clansmen mentality that prevent people from acting in the best interests of the country

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Sun Yatsen

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Father of 1911 revolution Famous for his 1895 rebellion and the Qing attempt to kidnap him after he fled to London First true president of the Southern Provinces that declared independence

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Wuchang Uprising

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Sleeper cells within China were planning revolution Bomb accidentally went off, Qing seize important documents and starts to round up sleeper cells Revolution starts, Southern provinces declare Independence

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Yuan Shikai

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First "president" of unified Republic of China after Qing ceded throne

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