question

NUCLEAR PORES

answer

PASSAGEWAYS THAT PERMIT CHEMICAL COMMUNICATION BETWEEN THE NUCLEUS AND THE CYTOSOL

question

NUCLEOPLASM

answer

FLUID, GEL-LIKE SUBSTANCE OF THE NUCLEUS

question

NUCLEOLI

answer

TRANSCIENT NUCLEAR ORGANELLES THAT SYNTHESIZE RIBOSOMAL RNA

question

CHOLESTROL

answer

STIFFENS PLASMA MEMBRANE, MAKES IT LESS FLUID AND PERMEABLE

question

AMPHIPATHIC

answer

HAS BOTH HYDROPHOBIC AND HYDROPHILIC PORTIONS

question

ANCHORING PROTEINS

answer

ATTACH THE PLASMA MEMBRANE TO OTHER STRUCTURES AND STABILIZE ITS POSITION

question

RECOGNITION PROTEINS

answer

DETECTED BY CELLS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

question

ENZYMES

answer

PLASMA MEMBRANES MAY BE INTEGRAL OR PERIPHERAL PROTEINS

question

RECEPTOR PROTEINS

answer

BIND TO SPECIFIC EXTRACELLULAR MOLECULES

question

LIGANDS

answer

ANYTHING FROM A SMALL ION LIKE CALCIUM TO A RELATIVELY LARGE AND COMPLEX HORMONE

question

CARRIER PROTEINS

answer

BIND SOLUTES AND TRANSPORT THEM ACROSS THE PLASMA MEMBRANE

question

CHANNELS

answer

INTEGRAL PROTEINS CONTAINING A CENTRAL PORE THAT FORMS A PASSAGEWAY COMPLETELY THROUGH THE PLASMA MEMBRANE

question

MICROVILLI

answer

FINGER SHAPED EXTENSIONS OF THE PLASMA MEMBRANES THAT INCREASE SURFACE AREA TO FACILITATE ABSORPTION OF EXTRACELLULAR MATERIALS

question

MICROFILAMENTS

answer

THE SMALLEST OF THE CYTOSKELETAL ELEMENTS

question

ACTIN

answer

THE PROTEIN THAT MAKES UP MICROFILAMENTS

question

TERMINAL WEB

answer

LAYER OF MICROFILAMENTS JUST INSIDE THE PLASMA MEMBRANE AT THE EXPOSED SURFACE OF A CELL

question

INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS

answer

LARGEST COMPONENTS OF THE CYTOSKELETON, EXTEND FROM THE CENTROSOME

question

CENTRIOLES

answer

ORGANIZE MICROTUBULES IN THE SPINDLE TO MOVE CHROMOSOMES DURING CELL DIVISION

question

CILIA

answer

PROPEL FLUIDS OR SOLIDS ACROSS CELL SURFACE AND CAN DETECT ENVIRONMENTAL STIMULI

question

FLAGELLA

answer

PROPELS SPERM

question

SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

answer

LACKS RIBOSOMES, TUBULAR CISTERNAE

question

ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

answer

WHERE MANY NEWLY SYNTHESIZED PROTEINS ARE CHEMICALLY MODIFIED AND PACKAGED FOR THE GOLGI APPARATUS

question

MEMBRANE RENEWAL VESICLES

answer

ADD TO THE SURFACE AREA OF THE PLASMA MEMBRANE

question

SECRETORY VESICLES

answer

CONTAIN PRODUCTS THAT WILL BE DISCHARGED FROM THE CELL BY EXOCYTOSIS

question

EXOCYTOSIS

answer

PROCESS WHERE VESICLES FUSE WITH THE PLASMA MEMBRANE AND EMPTY THEIR CONTENTS INTO THE EXTRACELLULAR ENVIRONMENT

question

LYSOSOMES

answer

SPECIAL VESICLES THAT PROVIDE AN ISOLATED ENVIRONMENT FOR POTENTIALLY DANGEROUS CHEMICAL REACTIONS

question

TRANS FACE

answer

"SHIPPING" SIDE WHICH IS USUALLY ORIENTED TOWARD THE FREE SURFACE

question

TRANSPORT VESICLES

answer

DELIVER PROTEINS FROM THE ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM TO THE GOLGI APPARATUS

question

CIS FACE

answer

"RECEIVING SIDE"

question

MEMBRANE FLOW

answer

CONTINUOUS MOVEMENT AND EXHANGE THROUGH MOVEMENT OF VESICLES

question

AUTOLYSIS

answer

DIGESTIVE ENZYMES BECOME ACTIVE AND THEN ATTACK THE CYTOPLASM IN A DESTRUCTIVE PROCESS

question

CRISTAE

answer

FOLDS IN THE INNER MEMBRANE

question

MATRIX

answer

LIQUID ENCLOSED BY THE INNER MEMBRANE

question

GLYCOLYSIS

answer

GLUCOSE MOLECULE IS BROKEN INTO TWO MOLECULES OF PYRUVATE

question

CITRIC ACID CYCLE

answer

ENZYMATIC PATHWAY THAT SYSTEMATICALLY BREAKS DOWN THE ABSORBED PYRUVATE REMNANT INTO CARBON DIOXIDE AND HYDROGEN ATOMS

question

AEROBIC METABOLISM

answer

ATP PRODUCTION IN MITOCHONDRIA USING OXYGEN

question

PERINUCLEAR SPACE

answer

SEPARATES THE TWO LAYERS OF THE NUCLEAR ENVELOPE

question

NUCLEAR ENVELOPE

answer

SURROUNDS THE NUCLEUS AND SEPARATES IT FROM THE CYTOPLASM

question

HISTONES

answer

PROTEINS THAT MAKE UP NUCLEOLI

question

NUCLEOSOMES

answer

WHEN THE COILS WRAP AROUND HISTONE MOLECULES AND FORM COMPLEX STRUCTURES

question

CHROMATIN

answer

LOOSELY COILED TANGLE OF FINE FILAMENTS THAT FORM WHEN CELLS ARE NOT DIVIDING

question

CHROMOSOMES

answer

STRUCTURES THAT FORM AT THE BEGINNING OF CELL DIVISION WHEN DNA COILING BECOMES TIGHTER

question

CENTROMERE

answer

LOCATION WHERE TWO COPIES OF EACH CHROMOSOME ARE HELD TOGETHER

question

GENETIC CODE

answer

THE CHEMICAL "LANGUAGE" THE CELL USES

question

Gene Expression

answer

Transcription: long terms storage in DNA transcribed into similar elements in RNA Translation: -translating RNA from nucleic acids to amino acids DNA->RNA-> Protein. Protein is the product of gene expression

question

GENE

answer

THE FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF HEREDITY

question

TRIPLET CODE

answer

ANOTHER NAME FOR A GENETIC CODE

question

THE CELL THEORY

answer

CELLS ARE THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF LIFE, NEW CELLS COME FROM DIVISION, THEY ARE THE SMALLEST STRUCTURAL UNITS THAT CARRY OUT ALL VITAL PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS

question

DIFFERENTION

answer

THE PROCESS OF GRADUAL SPECIALIZATION

question

EXTRACELLULAR FLUID

answer

WATERY MEDIUM THAT SURROUNDS OUR BODY CELLS

question

INTERSTITIAL FLUID

answer

EXTRACELLULAR FLUID FOUND IN MOST TISSUES

question

CYTOPLASM

answer

MATERIAL LOCATED BETWEEN THE PLASMA MEMBRANE AND THE MEMBRANE SURROUNDING THE NUCLEUS

question

CYTOSOL

answer

FLUID COMPONENT OF CYTOPLASM

question

INTRACELLULAR FLUID

answer

MAY CONTAIN INSOLUBLE MATERIALS, ANOTHER NAME FOR THE CYTOSOL

question

ORGANELLES

answer

INTRACELLULAR STRUCTURES SUSPENDED WITHIN THE CYTOSOL WITH SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS

question

NONMEMBRANOUS ORGANELLES

answer

ALL COMPONENTS ARE IN DIRECT CONTACT WITH THE CYTOSOL

question

PEROXISOME

answer

VESICLES CONTAINING DEGRADATIVE ENZYMES THAT BREAK DOWN ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AND NEUTRALIZES TOXIC COMPOUNDS

question

LYSOSOME

answer

VESICLES CONTAINING DIGESTIVE ENZYMES THAT BREAK DOWN ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AND DAMAGED ORGANELLES

question

GOLGI APPARATUS

answer

STACKS OF FLATTENED MEMBRANES CONTAINING CHAMBERS THAT STORE, ALTER, AND PACKAGE SYNTHESIZED PRODUCTS

question

NUCLEUS

answer

A FLUID NUCLEOPLASM CONTAINING ENZYMES, PROTEINS, DNA, AND NUCLEOTIDES SURROUNDED BY A DOUBLE MEMBRANE THAT CONTROLS METABOLISM, STORES AND PROCESSES GENETIC INFORMATION, CONTROLS PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

question

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

answer

NETWORK OF MEMBRANOUS SHEETS AND CHANNELS EXTENDING THROUGHOUT THE CYTOPLASM THAT FACILITATES THE SYNTHESIS OF SECRETORY PRODUCTS; INTRACELLULAR STORAGE AND TRANSPORT; DETOXIFICATION OF DRUGS OR TOXIN

question

RIBOSOMES

answer

RNA AND PROTEINS, FIXED RIBOSOMES BOUND TO ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, FREE RIBOSOMES SCATTERED IN CYTOPLASM AND SYNTHESIZES PROTEINS

question

MITOCHONDRION

answer

ENCLOSES IMPORTANT METABOLIC ENZYMES AND PRODUCES 95% OF ATP

question

CYTOSKELETON

answer

ORGANIZING CENTER LOCATED AT THE CENTROSOME THAT STRENGTHENS AND SUPPORTS CELL, AIDS IN MOVEMENT OF CELLULAR STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS

question

PLASMA MEMBRANE

answer

PHYSICAL BARRIER THAT SEPARATES THE INSIDE OF THE CELL FROM THE SURROUNDING EXTRACELLULAR FLUID

question

GLYCOCALYX

answer

A LAYER FORMED BY A SUPERFICIAL MEMBRANE OF CARBOHYDRATES

question

INTEGRAL PROTEINS

answer

PART OF THE MEMBRANE STRUCTURE AND CAN NOT BE REMOVED

question

TRANSMEMBRANE PROTEINS

answer

WHEN INTEGRAL PROTEINS SPAN THE WIDTH OF THE MEMBRANE ONE OR MORE TIMES

question

PERIPHERAL PROTEINS

answer

BOUND TO THE INNER OR OUTER SURFACE OF THE MEMBRANE

question

PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER

answer

PLASMA MEMBRANE DIFFERENT PHOSPHOLIPID MOLECULES IN IT FORM TWO LAYERS

question

SEROUS MEMBRANE

answer

COVERS VISCERA AND LINES THE TRUE BODY CAVITIES OF THE TRUNK

question

CONTROL SEGMENT

answer

THE FIRST SEGMENT OF A GENE

question

TEMPLATE STRAND

answer

DNA STRAND THAT WILL BE USED TO SYNTHESIZE RNA

question

Triplet Code DNA

answer

-AT- Lt. Dan was AT the -CG- coast guard

question

Codons=

answer

RNA!! Triplets= DNA tRNA- carrying amino acid with it

question

RNA POLYMERASE

answer

BINDS TO THE EXPOSED CONTROL SEGMENT AND, USING TRIPLETS AS A GUIDE, ASSEMBLES A STRAND OF mRNA

question

IMMATURE mRNA

answer

THE mRNA STRAND ASSEMBLED DURING TRANSCRIPTION MUST BE EDITED BEFORE IT LEAVES THE NUCLEUS

question

EXONS

answer

THE REMAINING CODING SEGMENTS IN RNA PROCESSING

question

INTRONS

answer

SNIPPED OUT DURING RNA PROCESSING

question

INITIATION

answer

PHASE OF TRANSLATION BEGINS WHEN mRNA STRAND BINDS TO A SMALL RIBOSOMAL SUBUNIT NEAR THE P SITE

question

INITIATION COMPLEX

answer

WHEN THE SMALL AND LARGE RIBOSOMAL SUBUNITS INTERLOCK AROUND THE mRNA STRAND, FORMING A FUNCTIONAL RIBOSOME

question

ELONGATION

answer

AMINO ACIDS ARE ADDED ONE BY ONE TO THE GROWING POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN

question

TERMINATION

answer

OCCURS AS A PROTEIN RELEASING FACTOR, NOT A tRNA MOLECULE, RECOGNIZES THE STOP CODON

question

DIFFUSION

answer

THE NET MOVEMENT OF A SUBSTANCE FROM AN AREA OF HIGHER CONCENTRATION TO AN AREA OF LOWER CONCENTRATION -all gasses move in the body by simple diffusion. only. -all diffusion is passive, even facilitated -"with its concentration gradient"= movement from an area of high concentration to ares of low concentration -"against its gradient"= opposite

question

membrane channel proteins

answer

what water, small water soluble molecules, and ions diffuse through

question

CONCENTRATION GRADIENT

answer

THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HIGH AND LOW CONCENTRATIONS

question

Factors that influence diffusion rates

answer

-distance (shorter the distance_ -molecule or ion size (small diffuse faster) -temperature (higher the temperature-faster) -concentration gradient (steeper the concentration gradient- faster) -electrical forces (opposites attract)

question

OSMOSIS

answer

THE DIFFUSION OF WATER ACROSS A SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE MEMBRANE- i.e. the solvent, not a solute -movement of water instead of solute to main similar overall solute concentrations between the cytosol and extracellular fluid

question

OSMOTIC FLOW

answer

THE MOVEMENT OF WATER DRIVEN BY OSMOSIS The greater the initial difference in solute concentrations- stronger the osmotic flow

question

OSMOTIC PRESSURE

answer

INDICATION OF THE FORCE WITH WHICH PURE WATER MOVES INTO A SOLUTION -indication od physical force of net water movement into a solution with higher solute concentration

question

HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE

answer

THE RESULT OF PUSHING AGAINST A FLUID -measue how much physical pressure by applying force

question

OSMOLARITY/OSMOTIC CONCENTRATION

answer

THE TOTAL SOLUTE CONCENTRATION IN AN AQUEOUS SOLUTION

question

TONICITY

answer

SAME AS OSMOLARITY EXCEPT DESCRIbES HOW A SOLUTION AFFECTS A CELL. Has 3 types. -"how much stuff is dissolved" how much pull does that generate? -we always compare the fluid outside a cell to what is inside a cell. therefore, the solution is iso, hypo, or hyper tonic compared to a normal cell -word is describing the solution...not the cell

question

ISOTONIC

answer

A SOLUTION THAT DOES NOT CAUSE AN OSMOTIC FLOW OF WATER INTO OR OUT OF A CELL.

question

HYPOTONIC

answer

A SOLUTION THAT CAUSES OSMOTIC WATER FLOW INTO A CELL i.e.- hemolysis- when red blood cells swell up so much that they burst -"low amount of studs in water" low pull

question

HARAMBE

answer

AN INSIDE JOB

question

HEMOLYSIS

answer

WHEN A CELL BURSTS AND RELEASES ITS CONTENTS

question

HYPERTONIC

answer

FORCES WATER OUT OF A CELL causes crenation

question

CRENATION

answer

THE SHRINKING OF RED BLOOD CELLS

question

NORMAL SALINE

answer

.9% SOLUTION OF SODIUM CHLORIDE .9% g/dL of NaCL -isotonic with blood -too much salt=hypertonic

question

Carrier Proteins

answer

what nutrients that are insoluble in lipids and too large to fit through membrane channels must pass through

question

COTRANSPORT

answer

WHEN CARRIER PROTEINS SIMULTANEOUSLY MOVE MORE THAN ONE SUBSTANCE IN ONE DIRECTION

question

COUNTERTRANSPORT

answer

SIMULTANEOUSLY MOVES TWO SUBSTANCES IN OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS. Carrier protein is called an exchange pump.

question

EXCHANGE PUMP

answer

WHAT CARRIER PROTEINS ARE REFERRED AS DURING COUNTERTRANSPORT

question

FACILITATED DIFFUSION

answer

PROCESS WHERE SUBSTANCES ARE PASSIVELY TRANSPORTED ACROSS THE PLASMA MEMBRANE- no ATP is required -shape of the protein changes -all diffusion= passive -movement rate limited by number of available carrier proteins (=can become saturated)

question

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

answer

ATP PROVIDES THE ENERGY NEEDED TO MOVE IONS OR MOLECULES ACROSS THE PLASMA MEMBRANE- non dependent on (& against) concentration gradient ION PUMPS- (Na, K, Ca, Mg) -sodium potassium pump pumps k in<--- pumpkin -primary active transport- because it uses ATP to change its shape -sodium ion concentration is high in extracellular -potassium is low in extracellular.

question

Sodium-potassium ATPase

answer

the pump that the sodium and potassium concentration differences creates

question

SECONDARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT

answer

DOES NOT REQUIRE ENERGY FROM ATP, BUT OFTEN NEEDS TO EXPEND IT LATER TO PRESERVE HOMEOSTASIS -since sodium is being taken in, Active transport is required to get sodium back out. "costs" about one ATP for every 3 glucose molecules it transports into the cell -sodium concentration to go up in the cell so the active transporter needs to pump sodium out -WHere the individual transport mechanism under consideration does not itself lyse ATP, but the overall process requires ATP usage on a linked process does

question

VESICULAR TRANSPORT

answer

MATERIALS MOVE INTO AND OUT OF CELLS VIA VESICLES -small membranous sacs that form at, or fuse with, the plasma membrane

question

RECEPTOR- MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS

answer

SMALL VESICLES FORM AT THE PLASMA MEMBRANE SURFACE containing a specific target molecule

question

Process of Receptor-meditated endocytosis

answer

- the specific target molecules=ligands - a clathrin coated vesicle forms from this (proteins are recycled back to membrane) - lysosome fuses with endosome allowing ligands to enter cytoplasm by diffusion or active transport -endosome membrane detaches from the secondary lysosome and goes back up to the cell surface

question

ENDOCYTOSIS

answer

THE IMPORTING OF EXTRACELLULAR SUBSTANCES THROUGH THE FORMATION OF VESICLES AT THE CELL SURFACE -active process!!

question

ENDOSOMES

answer

THE VESICLES THAT FORM DURING ENDOCYTOSIS

question

PINOCYTOSIS

answer

FORMATION OF ENDOSOMES FILLED WITH EXTRACELLULAR FLUID -not very selective because it doesn't involve ligands. sometimes it produces vesicles that are on one side of the cell that are discharged on the other -still forms deep groves that pinch off and enter the cytoplasm

question

PSEUDOPODIA

answer

CYTOPLASMIC EXTENSIONS THAT BEGIN PHAGOCYTOSIS -forms to fuse a phagosome -vessicle fuses with lysosomes -nutrients diffuse into cytoplasm -residue is ejected from the cel; through exocytosis

question

PHAGOCYTOSIS

answer

"CELL EATING" produces phagosomes

question

PHAGOSOMES

answer

PRODUCED DURING PHAGOCYTOSIS -contain solid objects that may be as large as the cell itself

question

Phagocytes/microphages

answer

-only specialized cells perform phagocytosis

question

EXOCYTOSIS

answer

A VESICLE FORMED INSIDE THE CELL FUSES WITH, AND BECOMES PART OF, THE PLASMA MEMBRANE -may be waste products (lysosomal products) -or secretory products (mucins or hormones) -active process because it requires ATP

question

Cell division

answer

- a form of cellular reproduction that makes transformation happen

question

APOPTOSIS

answer

GENETICALLY CONTROLLED CELL DEATH -cells can last hours or decades. they age and get old or they contain "suicide genes ^^^"

question

DAUGHTER CELLS

answer

PRODUCED BY THE DIVISION OF A SINGLE CELL produced by mitosis (contain a set of 46 chromosomes) -before they divide and reproduce, they themselves grow to the size of the original cell

question

Meiosis

answer

-produces sex cells (sperm or oocytes) which contain only 23 chromosomes -sexual reproduction

question

INTERPHASE

answer

THE PERIOD IN WHICH THE CELL IS PERFORMING NORMAL FUNCTIONS AND NOT ACTIVELY ENGAGED IN CELL DIVISION -preparing to divide by duplicating chromosomes and synthesizing proteins -doing normal cell business

question

CYTOKINESIS

answer

THE DIVISION OF THE CYTOPLASM, WHICH PHYSICALLY SEPARATES THE TWO DAUGHTER CELLS- end of cell division -begins with the formation of a cleave furrow during anaphase and continues throughout telophase

question

SOMATIC CELLS

answer

BODY CELLS- spends most of their time in interphase

question

g1 phase

answer

-cell that are ready to divide enter this phase -starts producing and replicating all of the organelles and proteins -If not preforming its usual function it could take 8-12 hours. if it is preforming usual function, the process could go on for months -

question

S phase

answer

-6-8 hours -DNA replication and synthesis of histones -DNA polymerase- adds nucleotides to make continuous copy of upper DNA strand - DNA Polymrease- adds nucleotides to make complementary copy of lower DNA strand -DNA helices- enzymes undoing strands of DNA

question

G2 Phase

answer

-2-5 hours -dedicated to protein synthesis and centriole replication -pretty much ready to divide, but not quite yet

question

M Phase

answer

-mitosis and cytokinesesis

question

G0 phase

answer

-when cells are just preforming regular functions -skeletal (muscle cells) and neuron cells mostly just stay in this phase -cells that are not going to divide -muscle cells get bigger when you work out

question

DNA Replcation

answer

-begins with DNA HELICASE enzymes disrupt hydrogen bonds between the bonds

question

DNA polymerase

answer

-binds to the exposed nitrogenous bases promoting bonding between the nitrogenous bases of the DNA and Complementary DNA nucleotides -can only work in one direction -binds to the upper leading strand template and adds nucleotides to make a single, continuous complementary copay called the LEADING STRAND which grows toward the zipper

question

2nd DNA polymerase

answer

-binds to the point of unzipping and assemble a complementary copy that goes until it bumps into the first segment created by the first DNA polymerase

question

DNA ligases

answer

-enzymes that space together the two DNA segments into a strand called the lagging strand

question

STEM CELLS

answer

DIVIDE REPEATEDLY WITH VERY BRIEF INTERPHASE PERIODS -purpose is to divide

question

MITOSIS

answer

DUPLICATED CHROMOSOMES OF A CELL SEPARATE AND MIGRATE INTO TWO IDENTICAL NUCLEI -purposes= growth, replacement, repair - when you defecate- your gut is shedding lining so you need to make more cells -general process of becoming two cells (cell division)

question

Cell cycle

answer

- takes about 22-24 hours for dividing human cells

question

THE FOUR STAGES OF MITOSIS

answer

PROPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, AND TELOPHASE

question

PROPHASE

answer

CHROMOSOMES COIL SO TIGHTLY THAT THEY BECOME VISIBLE AS INDIVIDUAL STRUCTURES

question

CHROMATID

answer

COPIES OF A CHROMOSOME- paired chromatids are connected at a region known as the centromere

question

KINETOCHORE

answer

A RAISED REGION ON THE CENTROMERE WHERE THE SPINDLE FIBERS ATTACH TO THE CHROMATIDS

question

ASTRAL RAYS

answer

MICROTUBULES THAT EXTEND INTO THE CYTOPLASM

question

SPINDLE FIBERS

answer

MICROTUBULES THAT FORM BETWEEN CENTRIOLE PAIRS

question

METAPHASE

answer

CHROMATIDS MOVE TO A NARROW CENTRAL ZONE AND ENDS WHEN ALL THE CHROMATIDS ARE ALIGNED IN THE PLANE OF THE METAPHASE PLATE

question

ANAPHASE

answer

WHEN THE CENTROMERE OF EACH CHROMATID PAIR SPLITS AND THE CHROMATIDS SEPARATE -pulled along the spindle fibers

question

Spindle Apparatus

answer

-two chromatids are now pulled apart by this -Anapahse ends when the chromatids arrive near the centrioles at opposite ends of the cell

question

TELOPHASE

answer

CELL PREPARES TO RETURN TO INTERPHASE, THE NUCLEAR ENVELOPES RE-FORM, THE NUCLEI ENLARGE, AND THE CHROMOSOMES GRADUALLY UNCOIL TOO THE CHROMATIN STATE. LAST PHASE OF MITOSIS

question

CLEAVAGE FURROW

answer

FORMS WHEN THE CYTOPLASM CONSTRICTS ALONG THE PLANE OF THE METAPHASE PLATE

question

CANCER

answer

AN ILLNESS CHARACTERIZED BY MUTATIONS THAT DISRUPT NORMAL CONTROL MECHANISMS THAT REGULATE THE RATES OF CELL DIVISION

question

TUMOR/NEOPLASM

answer

A MASS OR SWELLING PRODUCED BY ABNORMAL CELL GROWTH AND DIVISION

question

BENIGN TUMOR

answer

CELLS REMAIN WITHIN THE ORIGINATING TISSUE- can be removed by surgery

question

INVASION

answer

WHEN A TUMOR IS NO LONGER GROWING AS AN ISOLATED MASS OF CELLS AND BEGINS MIGRATING INTO SURROUNDING TISSUES

question

MALIGNANT TUMOR

answer

CELLS DIVIDE RAPIDLY AND RELEASE CHEMICALS THAT STIMULATE THE GROWTH OF BLOOD VESSELS

question

ANGEIOGENESIS

answer

THE GROWTH OF BLOOD VESSELS

question

METASTASIS

answer

MALIGNANT CELLS MIGRATE INTO NEARBY BLOOD VESSELS AND TISSUES AND CAN PRODUCE SECONDARY TUMORS IS TISSUES REMOTE FROM THE PRIMARY SITE

question

Where do cancer cells get their energy from

answer

-from healthy tissues, competing with normal cells for space and nutrients

question

RNA

answer

-single stranded -uses codons -uces Uracial instead of

question

rRNA, mRNA, tRNA

answer

rRNA- ribosomal rna mRNA- carries the genetic information tRNA- carries proteins

question

translation

answer

-happens in the cytoplasm plasm "quam ribosome, mRNA pattern is translated - produces a typical protein in about 20 sec -mRNA can interact with multiple ribosomes simultaneously and produce multiple copies quickly

question

transcription

answer

-happens in the nucleus

Chapter 3: Visual Anatomy and Physiology – Flashcards

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