Visual Anatomy & Physiology, Chapter 1 Answers – Flashcards
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Anatomy
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Means "a cutting open". Is the study of internal and external structures of the body and the physical relationships among body parts.
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Gross anatomy
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Also known as macroscopic anatomy. Involves the examination of relatively large structures and features usually visible with the unaided eye.
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Microscopic anatomy
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Type of anatomy that deals with structures that cannot be seen without magnification.
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Physiology
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The study of function. Considers the function of the human body.
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Are form and function interrelated?
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Yes. An example is that your elbow joint functions like a hinge. It lets your forearm move toward or away from your shoulder; but it does not allow twisting at the joint. These functional limits are imposed by the internal structure of the joint.
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Organism
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The highest level of organization. All organ systems in the body must work together to maintain life and health.
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Cells
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These are the smallest independent organisms and the smallest units of life.
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Micrometer
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The unit used to measure cell size (one millionth of a meter)
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Histology
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The study of tissues.
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Epithelial tissue
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Covers and protects exposed surfaces, lines internal passageways and chambers, and produces glandular secretions.
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Connective tissue
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Fills internal spaces, provides structural support, and stores energy.
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Muscle tissue
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Contracts to produce active movement.
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Organ
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A functional unit composed of more than one tissue type.
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Organ system
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Consists of organs that interact to perform a specific range of functions, often in a coordinated fashion.
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Integumentary system
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Major functions are protection from environmental hazards; temperature control.
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Skeletal system
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Major function is support, protection of soft tissues; mineral storage; blood formation.
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Muscular system
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Major function is locomotion, support, heat production.
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Nervous system
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Major function is directing immediate responses to stimuli, usually by coordinating the activities of other organ systems.
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Endocrine system
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Major function is directing long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems.
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Cardiovascular system
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Function is internal transport of cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes, and gases.
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Lymphatic system
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Major function is defense against infection and disease.
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Respiratory system
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Function is the delivery of air to sites where gas exchange can occur between the air and circulating blood.
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Digestive system
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Function is processing of food and absorption of organic nutrients, minerals, vitamins, and water.
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Urinary system
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Function is the elimination of excess water, salts, and waste products; control of pH.
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Reproductive system
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Function is the production of sex cells and hormones.
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Homeostasis
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The presence of a stable internal environment. This is absolutely vital to an organism's survival.
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Homeostatic regulation
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The adjustment of physiological systems to preserve homeostasis in environments that are often inconsistent, unpredictable, and potentially dangerous.
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Receptor
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sensor
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Control center
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integration center. Receives and processes information supplied by the receptor, and sends out commands.
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Effector
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Responds to the commands of the control center by opposing the stimulus.
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Set point
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Desired value
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Feedback
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Occurs when receptor stimulation triggers a response that changes the environment at the receptor.
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Negative Feedback
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This method of homeostatic regulation is called _______ _______ because an effector activated by the control center opposes, or negates, the original stimulus. It tends to minimize change, keeping variation in key body systems within limits compatible with our long-term survival.
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Positive Feedback
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An initial stimulus produces a response that exaggerates or enhances the change on the original conditions, rather than opposing it. You seldom encounter this feedback type in your daily life, simply because it tends to produce extreme responses.
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Positive Feedback loop
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An escalating cycle. Example would be continued clotting, each step releases chemicals that further accelerate the clotting process.
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Anatomical position
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Position in which hands are at the sides with the palms facing forward, and the feet together.
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Supine
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A person lying down in the anatomical position is said to be ________ when face is up.
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Prone
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A person lying down in the anatomical position is said to be ________ when face is down.
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Hallux
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Great toe
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Digits or phalanges
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Toes or fingers
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Tarsal
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Ankle
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Crural
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front of lower leg
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Patellar
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Kneecap
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Pollex
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Thumb
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Palmar
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Palm
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Carpal
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Wrist
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Antebrachial
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Forearm
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Antecubital
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Front of elbow
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Brachial
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Arm
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Axillary
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Armpit
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Mental
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Chin
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Cervical
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Neck
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Buccal
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Cheek
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Otic
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Ear
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Frontal
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Forehead
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Nasal
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Nose
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Ocular or Orbital
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Eye
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Cranial
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Skull
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Facial
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Face
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Oral
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Mouth
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Thoracic
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Chest
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Mammary
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Breast
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Umbilical
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Navel
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Manual
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Hand
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Inguinal
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Groin
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Femoral
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Thigh
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Pedal
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Foot
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Cephalic
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Head
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Dorsal
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Back
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Olecranal
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Back of elbow
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Lumbar
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Loin
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Gluteal
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Buttock
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Popliteal
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Back of knee
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Sural
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Calf
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Calcaneal
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Heel of foot
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Acromial
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Shoulder
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Plantar
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Sole of foot
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Spinal
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Vertebral
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Anterior
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The front surface
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Posterior
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The back side. Also known as Dorsal.
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Superior
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Above
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Caudal
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The tail. Coccyx in a human.
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Inferior
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Below
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Medial
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Toward the body's longitudinal axis, toward the midsagittal plane.
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Lateral
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Away from the body's longitudinal axis, away from the midsagittal plane.
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Proximal
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Toward an attached base.
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Distal
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Away from an attached base.
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Superficial
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At, near, or relatively close to the body surface.
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Deep
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Farther from the body surface.
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Transverse or horizontal section
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Separates superior and inferior portions of the body. A cut in this plane is called a cross section.
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Sagittal section
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Separates right and left portions.
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Midsagittal section or median section
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The plane passes through the midline, dividing the body into right and left halves.
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Frontal or coronal section
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Separates the anterior and posterior portions of the body.
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Thoracic Cavity
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Everything deep to the chest wall is considered to be within the _______ ________. (Heart and Lungs)
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Abdominopelvic Cavity
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All of the structures deep to the abdominal and pelvic walls are said to be within the _________ ________.
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Body cavities
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Fluid-filled chambers holding internal organs. They protect delicate organs from shocks and impacts as well as permit significant changes in the size and shape of internal organs.
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Viscera
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The internal organs that are partially or completely enclosed by body cavities.
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Pericardial cavity
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Surrounds the heart.
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Pericardium
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A delicate membrane, called a serous membrane, lining the pericardial cavity.
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Diaphragm
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A muscular sheet that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity.
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Peritoneal cavity
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A chamber lined by a serous membrane known as the peritoneum. A few organs, such as the kidneys and pancreas, lie between the peritoneal lining and the muscular wall of the abdominal cavity.
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Mediastinum
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A mass of connective tissue that separates the two plural pleural cavities and stabilizes the positions of embedded organs and blood vessels.
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Pleural Cavity
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Each lung is enclosed within a ________ ___________, lined by a shiny, slippery serous membrane.
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Pleural membrane
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A shiny, slippery serous membrane that lines the Pleural cavities.
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Peritoneum
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A serous membrane that lines the Peritoneal cavity.
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Peritoneal Cavity
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A cavity within the abdominopelvic cavity which is lined by the peritoneum.
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Retroperitoneal
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A few organs, such as the kidneys and pancreas, lie between the peritoneal lining and the muscular wall of the abdominal cavity. These organs are said to be ________________.
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Abdominopelvic Quadrants
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Formed by imaginary perpendicular lines that intersect at the umbilical (navel).
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Four types of tissues
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nervous, epithelial, connective and muscular
