Visual Anatomy & Physiology, Chapter 1 Test Questions – Flashcards
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4 Basic Functions of all living things
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Respond to change in their immediate environment, show adaptability, grow and reproduce, and are capable of some degree of movement.
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Responsiveness
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Required for adaptability and indicates that the organism recognizes changes in its internal or external environment.
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Adaptability
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Required for survival in a constantly changing world and changes the organism's behavior, capabilities or structure.
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Growth and reproduction
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Indicates that the organism is successful.
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Movement
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Distributes materials throughout large organisms, changes orientation or position of a plant or immobile animal, moves mobile animals around the environment.
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Respiration
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Usually refers to the absorption and utilization of oxygen, and the generation and release of carbon dioxide. Oxygen is required for chemical processes that release energy in a usable form; carbon dioxide is released as a waste product.
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Circulation
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Movement of fluid within the organism; may involve a pump and a network of special vessels.
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Digestion
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The chemical breakdown of complex materials for absorption and use by the organism.
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Excretion
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The elimination of chemical waste products generated by the organism.
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Definition of Biology
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The study of life
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Anatomy
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Means "a cutting open". Is the study of internal and external structures of the body and the physical relationships among body parts.
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Gross anatomy
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Also known as macroscopic anatomy. Involves the examination of relatively large structures and features usually visible with the unaided eye.
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Microscopic anatomy
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Type of anatomy that deals with structures that cannot be seen without magnification.
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Physiology
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The study of function. Considers the function of the human body.
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Are form and function interrelated?
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Yes. An example is that your elbow joint functions like a hinge. It lets your forearm move toward or away from your shoulder; but it does not allow twisting at the joint. These functional limits are imposed by the internal structure of the joint.
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Organism
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The highest level of organization. All organ systems in the body must work together to maintain life and health.
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Cells
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These are the smallest independent organisms and the smallest units of life.
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Smooth muscle cells
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Long and slender cells. These are the skeletal muscle cells that give you the ability to move around.
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Blood cells
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These cells are either flat discs (red) or roughly spherical (white).
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Red blood cells
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The most abundant cells in the body - transport oxygen and carbon dioxide in the bloodstream.
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White blood cells
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Responsible for fighting off infection and combating disease.
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Bone cells
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Reside within small cavities inside the mass of a bone. These are responsible for the maintenance of the bone and for recycling the calcium and phosphate stored there.
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Fat cells
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Roughly spherical storage containers. Whenever we take in more energy than we expend, the excess energy obtained from the food gets stored as fat, and these cells get larger and more numerous.
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Principles of Cell Theory
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Cells are the structural building blocks of all plants and animals, cells are produced by the divisions of pre-existing cells, cells are the smallest structural units that perform all vital functions.
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Reproductive cells
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Also known as sex cells. These are involved in sexual reproduction. Oocyte in women, sperm in men.
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Nerve cells
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These cells process information - thought, memory, consciousness, and muscle control are all based on the actions of, and interactions among neurons.
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Micrometer
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The unit used to measure cell size.
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Histology
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The study of tissues.
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Epithelial tissue
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Covers and protects exposed surfaces, lines internal passageways and chambers, and produces glandular secretions.
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Connective tissue
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Fills internal spaces, provides structural support, and stores energy.
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Muscle tissue
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Contracts to produce active movement.
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Skeletal muscle tissue
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A muscle tissue that is usually attached to the skeleton, directly or indirectly, and its contractions move or stabilize the position of bones or internal organs.
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Cardiac muscle tissue
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A muscle tissue found only in the heart, where its coordinated contractions propel blood through the blood vessels.
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Smooth muscle tissue
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A muscle tissue that can be found in the walls of blood vessels, within glands, and along the respiratory, circulatory, digestive, and reproductive tracts.
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Neural tissue
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Conducts electrical impulses and carries information.
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Four primary tissue types
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Epithelial, connective, muscle and neural.
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Organ
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A functional unit composed of more than one tissue type.
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Organ system
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Consists of organs that interact to perform a specific range of functions, often in a coordinated fashion.
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Integumentary system
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Major functions are protection from environmental hazards; temperature control.
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Skeletal system
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Major function is support, protection of soft tissues; mineral storage; blood formation.
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Muscular system
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Major function is locomotion, support, heat production.
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Nervous system
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Major function is directing immediate responses to stimuli, usually by coordinating the activities of other organ systems.
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Endocrine system
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Major function is directing long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems.
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Cardiovascular system
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Function is internal transport of cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes, and gases.
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Lymphatic system
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Major function is defense against infection and disease.
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Respiratory system
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Function is the delivery of air to sites where gas exchange can occur between the air and circulating blood.
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Digestive system
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Function is processing of food and absorption of organic nutrients, minerals, vitamins, and water.
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Urinary system
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Function is the elimination of excess water, salts, and waste products; control of pH.
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Reproductive system
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Function is the production of sex cells and hormones.
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Homeostasis
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The presence of a stable internal environment. This is absolutely vital to an organism's survival.
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Homeostatic regulation
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The adjustment of physiological systems to preserve homeostasis in environments that are often inconsistent, unpredictable, and potentially dangerous.
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Receptor
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sensor
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Control center
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integration center. Receives and processes information supplied by the receptor, and sends out commands.
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Effector
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Responds to the commands of the control center by opposing the stimulus.
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Set point
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Desired value
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Feedback
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Occurs when receptor stimulation triggers a response that changes the environment at the receptor.
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Negative Feedback
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This method of homeostatic regulation is called _______ _______ because an effector activated by the control center opposes, or negates, the original stimulus. It tends to minimize change, keeping variation in key body systems within limits compatible with our long-term survival.
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Positive Feedback
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An initial stimulus produces a response that exaggerates or enhances the change on the original conditions, rather than opposing it. You seldom encounter this feedback type in your daily life, simply because it tends to produce extreme responses.
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Positive Feedback loop
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An escalating cycle. Example would be continued clotting, each step releases chemicals that further accelerate the clotting process.
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Anatomical position
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Position in which hands are at the sides with the palms facing forward, and the feet together.
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Supine
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A person lying down in the anatomical position is said to be ________ when face is up.
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Prone
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A person lying down in the anatomical position is said to be ________ when face is down.
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Hallux
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Great toe
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Digits or phalanges
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Toes or fingers
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Tarsal
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Ankle
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Crural
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leg
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Patellar
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Kneecap
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Pollex
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Thumb
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Palmar
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Palm
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Carpal
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Wrist
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Antebrachial
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Forearm
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Antecubital
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Front of elbow
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Brachial
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Arm
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Axillary
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Armpit
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Mental
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Chin
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Cervical
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Neck
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Buccal
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Cheek
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Otic
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Ear
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Frontal
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Forehead
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Nasal
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Nose
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Ocular or Orbital
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Eye
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Cranial
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Skull
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Facial
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Face
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Oral
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Mouth
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Thoracic
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Chest
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Mammary
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Breast
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Umbilical
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Navel
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Manual
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Hand
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Inguinal
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Groin
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Femoral
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Thigh
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Pedal
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Foot
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Cephalic
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Head
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Dorsal
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Back
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Olecranal
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Back of elbow
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Lumbar
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Loin
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Gluteal
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Buttock
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Popliteal
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Back of knee
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Sural
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Calf
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Calcaneal
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Heel of foot
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Acromial
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Shoulder
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Plantar
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Sole of foot
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Spinal
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Vertebral
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Anterior
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The front surface
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Posterior
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The back side. Also known as Dorsal.
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Superior
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Above
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Caudal
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The tail. Coccyx in a human.
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Inferior
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Below
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Medial
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Toward the body's longitudinal axis, toward the midsagittal plane.
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Lateral
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Away from the body's longitudinal axis, away from the midsagittal plane.
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Proximal
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Toward an attached base.
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Distal
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Away from an attached base.
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Superficial
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At, near, or relatively close to the body surface.
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Deep
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Farther from the body surface.
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Transverse or horizontal section
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Separates superior and inferior portions of the body. A cut in this plane is called a cross section.
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Sagittal section
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Separates right and left portions.
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Midsagittal section or median section
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The plane passes through the midline, dividing the body into right and left halves.
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Parasagittal section
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A cut parallel to the midsagittal plane, separates the body into right and left portions of unequal size.
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Frontal or coronal section
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Separates the anterior and posterior portions of the body.
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Thoracic Cavity
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Everything deep to the chest wall is considered to be within the _______ ________. (Heart and Lungs)
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Abdominopelvic Cavity
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All of the structures deep to the abdominal and pelvic walls are said to be within the _________ ________.
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Body cavities
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Fluid-filled chambers holding internal organs. They protect delicate organs from shocks and impacts as well as permit significant changes in the size and shape of internal organs.
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Viscera
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The internal organs that are partially or completely enclosed by body cavities.
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Pericardial cavity
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Surrounds the heart.
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Pericardium
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A delicate membrane, called a serous membrane, lining the pericardial cavity.
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Diaphragm
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A muscular sheet that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity.
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Peritoneal cavity
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A chamber lined by a serous membrane known as the peritoneum. A few organs, such as the kidneys and pancreas, lie between the peritoneal lining and the muscular wall of the abdominal cavity.
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Mediastinum
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A mass of connective tissue that separates the two plural pleural cavities and stabilizes the positions of embedded organs and blood vessels.
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Pleural Cavity
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Each lung is enclosed within a ________ ___________, lined by a shiny, slippery serous membrane.
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Pleura
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A shiny, slippery serous membrane that lines the Pleural cavities.
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Peritoneum
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A serous membrane that lines the Peritoneal cavity.
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Peritoneal Cavity
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A cavity within the abdominopelvic cavity which is lined by the peritoneum.
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Retroperitoneal
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A few organs, such as the kidneys and pancreas, lie between the peritoneal lining and the muscular wall of the abdominal cavity. These organs are said to be ________________.
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Infra peritoneal
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Organs, such as the urinary bladder and the distal portions of the ureters and large intestine, which extend inferior to the peritoneal cavity, are said to be _____________________.
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Abdominopelvic Quadrants
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Formed by imaginary perpendicular lines that intersect at the umbilical (navel).
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Abdominopelvic Regions
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A method of organizing the abdominopelvic area into 9 regions. It offers more precise terms to describe the orientations and location of internal organs.
